One-way Chain Research Articles

Time-varying spillovers among pilot carbon emission trading markets in China.

Clarifying the time-varying spillovers among pilot carbon emission permit trading markets in China is an important foundation for building the national carbon emission trading market. We calculate the dynamic spillover of carbon price return among the pilot carbon emission permit trading markets in China with the time-varying connectedness approach. The dataset is constructed from transaction data from seven pilot carbon markets in China during the period of June 23, 2014, to December 31, 2020. The quantitative analysis suggests that (i) Beijing and Chongqing carbon emission trading markets are the main spillover markets of carbon price returns, with strong pricing power, while the Guangdong and Tianjin markets are the main receivers of the price return spillover in other pilot carbon emission trading markets. (ii) The spillover effect among China’s carbon markets has a strong policy orientation. The improvement and development of the carbon market driven by macroeconomic regulation and control policies can effectively improve the spillover ability of the carbon market, and the market trading activity, namely the volatility of the carbon price return rate, can amplify the spillover ability of the carbon market in the short term. (iii) There exist three types of price return spillover among China’s pilot carbon emission trading markets, including central divergence, one-way chain transmission, and circular spillover. Along with the improvement of market operation efficiency, the central divergent type of spillover shifts to the pattern of circular spillover. It is necessary for the government to improve market efficiency and ensure the coordinated development of China’s pilot carbon emission trading market and national carbon emission trading market.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-19914-4.

Secure neural network watermarking protocol against forging attack

In order to protect the intellectual property of neural network, an owner may select a set of trigger samples and their corresponding labels to train a network, and prove the ownership by the trigger set without revealing the inner mechanism and parameters of the network. However, if an attacker is allowed to access the neural network, he can forge a matching relationship between fake trigger samples and fake labels to confuse the ownership. In this paper, we propose a novel neural network watermarking protocol against the forging attack. By introducing one-way hash function, the trigger samples used to prove ownership must form a one-way chain, and their labels are also assigned. By this way, an attacker without the right of network training is impossible to construct a chain of trigger samples or the matching relationship between the trigger samples and the assigned labels. Our experiments show that the proposed protocol can resist the watermark forgery without sacrificing the network performance.

LBOA: Location-Based Secure Outsourced Aggregation in IoT

Secure outsourced aggregation in the Internet of Things (IoT) can solve the problem that sensing devices are limited in energy and bandwidth by outsourcing data aggregation task to a third-party service provider. Location-based secure outsourced aggregation (LBOA), aggregating data whose location satisfies user's location strategy, is very important in some location-critical scenarios (e.g., smart homes, intelligent transportation, and smart city). Recent work studied secure data aggregation to reduce transmission overhead and network bandwidth by optimizing topology of networks or adopting the cryptographic approach. However, as far as we know, scarcely any work considers the location information of the data source and the privacy protection of the data at the same time in the studies of secure outsourced aggregation. In this paper, we first propose an LBOA scheme LBOA Max , which can return the maximum value of sensory data whose location satisfies location strategy by applying one-way chain, order-preserving encryption, and some other cryptographic operation. Then, we proposed scheme LBOA Top-k and scheme LBOA Sum , which can return the largest k values of data and the summation value of data based on location, respectively. The security analysis results show that our schemes can satisfy the defined requirements and the experiment results show that our schemes are feasible and efficient for each entity in practice.

Extracting work from quantum states of radiation

Quantum optomechanics opens a possibility to mediate a physical connection of quantum optics and classical thermodynamics. We propose and theoretically analyze a one-way chain starting from various quantum states of radiation. In the chain, the radiation state is first ideally swapped to sufficiently large mechanical oscillator (membrane). Then the membrane mechanically pushes a classical almost mass-less piston, which is pressing a gas in a small container. As a result we observe strongly nonlinear and nonmonotonic transfer of the energy stored in classical and quantum uncertainty of radiation to mechanical work. The amount of work and even its sign depends strongly on the uncertainty of the radiation state. Our theoretical prediction would stimulate an experimental proposals for such optomechanical connection to thermodynamics.

A Navigation Message Authentication Proposal for the Galileo Open Service

GNSS vulnerabilities have become evident in the last decade. Authentication of the GNSS signals and data can be an important building block contributing to mitigating these vulnerabilities. This paper presents a Navigation Message Authentication (NMA) scheme based on the Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication (TESLA) protocol and a novel concept based on a single one-way chain for all senders and cross-authentication. The paper presents an NMA implementation in the Galileo Open Service (OS) navigation message that should provide similar navigation performance to data-authenticated users and standard non-authenticated users in terms of time to first fix, accuracy, and availability even in difficult reception conditions. The proposal also maintains a high level of signal unpredictability to help receivers protect against replay attacks. The scheme and implementation proposed yield significant improvements compared to the state of the art, offering the opportunity for Galileo to become the reference GNSS in civil navigation authentication. Copyright © 2016 Institute of Navigation

Does an Intrinsic Source Generate a Shared Low-Frequency Signature in Earth’s Climate and Rotation Rate?

Abstract Previous studies have shown strong negative correlation between multidecadal signatures in length of day (LOD)—an inverse measure of Earth’s rotational rate—and various climate indices. Mechanisms remain elusive. Climate processes are insufficient to explain observed rotational variability, leading many to hypothesize external (astronomical) forcing as a common source for observed low-frequency signatures. Here, an internal source, a core-to-climate, one-way chain of causality, is hypothesized. To test hypothesis feasibility, a recently published, model-estimated forced component is removed from an observed dataset of Northern Hemisphere (NH) surface temperatures to isolate the intrinsic component of climate variability, enhancing its comparison with LOD. To further explore the rotational connection to climate indices, the LOD anomaly record is compared with sea surface temperatures (SSTs)—global and regional. Because climate variability is most intensely expressed in the North Atlantic sector, LOD is compared to the dominant oceanic pattern there—the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). Results reveal that the LOD-related signal is more global than regional, being greater in the global SST record than in the AMO or in global-mean (land + ocean) or land-only surface temperatures. Furthermore, the strong (4σ) correlation of LOD with the estimated NH intrinsic component is consistent with the view proffered here, one of an internally generated, core-to-climate process imprinted on both the climate and Earth’s rotational rate. While the exact mechanism is not elucidated by this study’s results, reported correlations of geomagnetic and volcanic activity with LOD offer prospects to explain observations in the context of a core-to-climate chain of causality.

Password systems: Design and implementation

Critical infrastructures require protection systems that are both flexible and efficient. Flexibility is essential to capture the multi-organizational and state-based nature of these systems, efficiency is necessary to cope with limitations of hardware resources. To meet these requirements, we consider a classical protection environment featuring subjects that attempt to access the protected objects. We approach the problem of specifying the access privileges held by each subject. Our protection model associates a password system with each object; the password system features a password for each access privilege defined for this object. A subject can access the object if it holds a key matching one of the passwords in the password system, and the access privilege corresponding to this password permits to accomplish the access. Password systems are implemented as hierarchical bidimensional one-way chains. Trade-offs are possible between the memory requirements for storage of a password system and the processing time necessary to validate a key.

A Norwegian policy perspective on the relation between school leadership and pupils' learning outcomes.

This article illuminates and discusses how three contemporary Norwegian White papers and the OECD document Improving School Leadership: Policy and Practice narrate the relationship between school leadership and student learning outcomes. First, the article describes the identified dominant policy narrative connecting pupils' learning outcomes to school leadership, before the narrative techniques used to make this connection are explored in more detail. The analysis shows how a dominant public narrative describes the relationship between school leadership and pupils' learning outcomes as a hierarchical one-way chain of influence, and not as a dialogical and dynamic relationship where the elements are interdependent and influence each other. The one-way, hierarchical chain of influence constructed by the narrative plot meets the need policy has to reduce complexity in order to express governmental goals and distribute responsibility. The linearity and causality embedded in the policy narrative produces an understanding of the relationship between school leadership and learning outcomes that also signals a narrow range of options available to school leaders and teachers. By proposing a limited range of teacher- and leader practices as significant for the fulfilment of the policy goals, the narrative plot also constructs a relatively narrow frame for the professional work of school leaders and teachers.

Design and Implementation of General High-Speed Data Storage System

According to the trend of the development of the computer system bus more, designs the general high-speed data storage system based on computer platform structure.Put forward the "one-way chain" cache structure, to avoid the computer operating system of real-time data transmission, the influence of the multithreaded mode data transmission and storage of parallel processing.According to the basic principle of data storage in a computer system, put forward the standard file operations function replace special instruction set, the method of implementing the SCSI disk array storage at a high speed.Test results show that the data storage system based on computer platform with more generalization method to achieve the high speed of data storage.

Signal transmission in a Y-shaped one-way chain

It has been found that noise plays a key role to improve signal transmission in a one-way chain of bistable systems [Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. E 58, 2952 (1998)]. We here show that the signal transmission can be sharply improved without the aid of noise, if the one-way chain with a single source node is changed with two source nodes becoming a Y-shaped one-way chain. We further reveal that the enhanced signal transmission in the Y-shaped one-way chain is regulated by coupling strength, and that it is robust to noise perturbation and input signal irregularity. We finally analyze the mechanism of the enhanced signal transmission by the Y-shaped structure.

PayStar: A denomination flexible micropayment scheme

In this paper, the PayStar micropayment scheme with the property of flexible coin denomination is proposed. In practice each purchase may require a different amount of payment even in the scenario of micropayment applications and the proposed flexibility of denomination is therefore practical. Our design primarily intends to improve the performance of the customer’s side since small portable devices are usually employed. The proposed PayStar improves drastically the computational performance of the customer from the viewpoint of processing each smallest denomination, e.g., one cent, due to the nature of PayStar which divides one lengthy conventional payment chain into a bundle of short merged one-way chains. Computational performance of the merchant has been improved as well. In PayStar scheme, storage cost of the customer is extremely low, the customer only needs to store one secret value for each PayStar token and it is thus suitable for implementations on small portable devices.

Green's function theory for one-way particle chains

Recently, it has been shown that a new class of particle chains that support the simultaneous interplay of two-type rotations---geometric and electromagnetic---may possess strong nonreciprocity and one-way guiding effects. Here, we use the $Z$ transform to develop a rigorous Green's function theory for these one-way chains. A study of the chain's spectra and its analytic properties in the complex spectral ($Z$) plane, where each and every singularity (e.g., pole, branch cut, etc.) represents a distinct wave phenomenon, reveals all the wave constituents that may be excited. We explore the breach of symmetry of the complex $Z$ plane singularities and their manifestations as the symmetry breaking wave mechanisms that underly the one-way guiding effects. It is shown that this breach of symmetry in particle chains is possible only when both rotations---geometric and electromagnetic---are simultaneously present. It is also shown that the continuous spectrum (e.g., branch singularity) plays a pivotal role in suppressing the radiation into the ``forbidden'' direction.

A Load Balancing Multi-path Secure Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Lifetime optimization and security are two important design issues for WSNs with nonreplenishable energy resources. Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are susceptible to a number of attacks depending on the nature of the protocol, its application, and the environment in which the protocol is intended to be used. Routing protocols that do not take the malicious attacks into account can not be easily temper proofed. The longevity of WSNs is a crucial concern that significantly influences their applicability in a specific context. In this paper, we present a Load Balancing Multi-path Secure Routing (LBMSR) protocol to address these two issues concurrently through balanced energy consumption and one-way hash key chain and symmetric key cryptography. LBMSR is designed with two configurable parameters, load balance control and security level. Load balance is used to avoid the problem of energy consuming imbalance and the formation of energy holes. Security level is designed to determine the probabilistic distribution of the random walking that provides routing security. Simulation results and security analyses show that the proposed algorithm can provide excellent balance between routing efficiency and energy consumption while preventing routing attacks.

Self-Healing Key-Distribution Scheme with Collusion Attack Resistance Based on One-Way Key Chains and Secret Sharing in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, self-healing key-distribution schemes are used to ensure that, even if the message packets that are broadcast in some sessions get lost, the group nodes can still recover the lost session keys simply by using their personal secret keys and broadcast messages that have been received without requesting additional transmissions from the group manager. These schemes reduce network traffic, decrease the group manager's workload, and lower the risk of node exposure through traffic analysis. However, most existing schemes have many deficiencies, such as high overhead for storage and communication and collusion attacks. In this paper, we have proposed a modified, self-healing, key-distribution scheme based on one-way key chains and secret sharing. Our scheme has the properties of constant storage, lower communication overhead, long lifespan, forward secrecy, backward secrecy, and resistance to collusion attacks.

Energy-Efficient Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In view of the problems of limited energy of the nodes and threat to routing security in wireless sensor networks, Energy-efficient Secure Routing Protocol (ESRP), an energy-efficient secure routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, is proposed. According to the structured topology of hexagonal mesh, hops at different directions are calculated on the optimal route for transmitting data packets in ESRP. With the help of characters of hops, the nodes can rapidly find a route among multiple optimal routes by the policy of the twice probability routing selection. Data breach is prevented by data encryption and data security is realized by one-way hash key chain and symmetric key authentication. Analysis and simulation results show that ESRP has better performance on security and saving energy.

From eCcommerce to eCommerce 2.0: The Changing Role of the Customer

The eCommerce developments during the last two decades show how the role of the customer dramatically has changed. Being at the end of the one-way digitalized value chain in the beginning, today the customer can be actively participate in value creation in different roles such as expert, consultant, designer, or seller. Today, consumers are at eye-level with suppliers. Web 2.0 provides a variety of opportunities for the consumers to interact with suppliers but to interact among each other as well beyond the suppliers’ communication channels enabling social commerce. For the consumer this means on the one side that he or she gets more power and more independence to follow his or hers own interests. To do so, respective competencies are required. On the other side the consumer carries more responsibility as, e.g., wrong evaluations or feedbacks may have a major impact on companies, brands, or even single persons. A respective media- and information literacy is crucial in order to benefit from the new developments and in order not to get lost or even to suffer.

Secure Image Management Based on Deluge Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

In present, almost all of inline code dissemination algorithms focus on securing the propagation of code images and overlook the security vulnerabilities in the image management aspects of code dissemination, such as rebooting and erasing code images. In this paper, we first investigate the security issues in remote image management for code dissemination in wireless sensor networks and analyze the advantage and disadvantage of the algorithm proposed by Liu et al which employs three different key chains to design three different schemes. To reduce the computation load of authentication operation, a message cipher puzzle-based image management algorithm is proposed. In this approach, a one-way hash key chain is introduced to authenticate the Reboot and Erase command and a weak authentication mechanism is introduced to protect the version number. The message cipher puzzle-based authentication method is efficient, because it only introduces a few hash function operations and comparisons

Secure and Efficient Broadcast Authentication in Wireless Sensor Networks

Authenticated broadcast, enabling a base station to send commands and requests to low-powered sensor nodes in an authentic manner, is one of the core challenges for securing wireless sensor networks. μTESLA and its multilevel variants based on delayed exposure of one-way chains are well known valuable broadcast authentication schemes, but concerns still remain for their practical application. To use these schemes on resource-limited sensor nodes, a 64-bit key chain is desirable for efficiency, but care must be taken. We will first show, by both theoretical analysis and rigorous experiments on real sensor nodes, that if μTESLA is implemented in a raw form with 64-bit key chains, some of the future keys can be discovered through time-memory-data-tradeoff techniques. We will then present an extendable broadcast authentication scheme called X-TESLA, as a new member of the TESLA family, to remedy the fact that previous schemes do not consider problems arising from sleep modes, network failures, idle sessions, as well as the time-memory-data tradeoff risk, and to reduce their high cost of countering DoS attacks. In X-TESLA, two levels of chains that have distinct intervals and cross-authenticate each other are used. This allows the short key chains to continue indefinitely and makes new interesting strategies and management methods possible, significantly reducing unnecessary computation and buffer occupation, and leads to efficient solutions to the raised problems.

Molecular motors as an auto‐oscillator

The organization of biomotile systems possesses structural and functional hierarchy, building up from single molecules via protein assemblies and cells further up to an organ. A typical example is the hierarchy of cardiac muscle, on the top of which is the heart. The heartbeat is supported by the rhythmic contraction of the muscle cells that is controlled by the Ca(2+) oscillation triggered by periodic electrical excitation of pacemaker cells. Thus, it is usually believed that the heartbeat is governed by the control system based on a sequential one-way chain with the electrical∕chemical information transfer from the upper to the lower level of hierarchy. On the other hand, it has been known for many years that the contractile system of muscle, i.e., skinned muscle fibers and myofibrils, itself possesses the auto-oscillatory properties even in the constant chemical environment. A recent paper [Plaçais, et al. (2009), Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 158102] demonstrated the auto-oscillatory movement∕tension development in an in vitro motility assay composed of a single actin filament and randomly distributed myosin II molecules, suggesting that the auto-oscillatory properties are inherent to the contractile proteins. Here we discuss how the molecular motors may acquire the higher-ordered auto-oscillatory properties while stepping up the staircase of hierarchy.

Universally composable one-time signature and broadcast authentication

Broadcast authentication is a vital security primitive for the management of a copious number of parties. In the universally composable framework, this paper investigates broadcast authentication using one-time signature based on the fact that one-time signature has efficient signature generation and verification suitable for low-power devices, and gives immediate authentication, which is a favorable property for time-critical messages. This paper first formulates a broadcast authentication model with the ideal functionalities such as one-time signature and broadcast authentication, and proposes a broadcast authentication scheme in the hybrid model. This paper then improves HORS, which is secure based on a strong assumption (i.e., a subset-resilient hash function) and presents the improved version as HORS+, which differs from HORS such that it is a secure one-time signature based on weaker assumptions, i.e. one-way functions, one-way hash functions and collision-resistant hash functions. At the same time, a protocol OWC using one-way chains is proposed to provide more registered keys for multi-message broadcast authentication. Our broadcast authentication scheme constructed by the combined use of HORS+ and OWC is universally composable secure and suitable for low-power devices.