One-step Self-etch Adhesive Systems Research Articles

Immediate Dentin Sealing for Adhesive Cementation of Indirect Restorations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Immediate dentin sealing (IDS) involves applying an adhesive system to dentin directly after tooth preparation, before impression. This was considered an alternate to delayed dentin sealing (DDS), a technique in which hybridization is performed following the provisional phase and just before the indirect restoration luting procedure. This study aimed to compare the bond strength of restorations to dentin of the IDS and the DDS techniques throughout a systematic review and meta-analysis. The following PICOS framework was used: population, indirect restorations; intervention, IDS; control, DDS; outcomes, bond strength; and study design, in vitro studies. PubMed (MedLine), The Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus, and Embase were screened up to January 2022 by two reviewers (L.H. and R.B.). In vitro papers studying the bond strength to human dentin of the IDS technique compared to the DDS technique were considered. Meta-analyses were carried out by using a software program (Review Manager v5.4.1; The Cochrane Collaboration). Comparisons were made by considering the adhesive used for bonding (two-step etch-and-rinse, three step etch-and-rinse, one-step self-etch, two-step self-etch, and universal adhesives). A total of 3717 papers were retrieved in all databases. After full-text assessment, 22 potentially eligible studies were examined for qualitative analysis, leaving a total of 21 articles for the meta-analysis. For the immediate bond strength, regardless of the adhesive strategy used, the IDS technique improved the bond strength of restorations to the dentin (p < 0.001). Taking into account the subgroup analysis, it seems that the use of the IDS technique with a two-step etch-and-rinse or a one-step self-etch adhesive system does not represent any advantage over the DDS technique (p = 0.07, p = 0.15). On the other hand, for the aged bond strength, regardless of the adhesive strategy used, the IDS technique improved the bond strength of restorations to the dentin (p = 0.001). The subgroups analysis shows that this improvement is observed only when a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system (p < 0.001) or when a combination of an adhesive system plus a layer of flowable resin (p = 0.01) is used. The in vitro evidence suggests that the use of the IDS technique improves the bond strength of dentin to resin-based restorations regardless of the adhesive strategy used. The use of a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system or the combination of an adhesive system plus a layer of flowable resin seems to considerably enhance the bond strength in the long term.

Sonic application of one-step self-etch adhesive in composite restorations of non-carious cervical lesions: A double-blind randomized clinical trial.

To evaluate the influence of the sonic device on the clinical performance of one-step self-etch adhesive systems in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) after 18 months. Forty patients participated in this study. Eighty restorations were assigned to two groups (n=40): Sonic application and Manual application. After the adhesive application (iBond Self-Etch, Kulzer, Hanau, Germany), NCCLs were restored using composite resin (Charisma, Kulzer, Hanau, Germany). The restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 18 months both according to the Word Dental Federation (FDI) and the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Friedman repeated measures analysis of variance by rank and Wilcoxon test for significance in each pair were applied (α=0.05). After 18 months, 38 patients were evaluated. Twenty-three restorations were lost (19 for manual vs. 4 for sonic application). The retention rates (95% confidence interval) were 50% (CI 34.8%-65.1%) for manual application and 84.2% (CI 69.6%-92.6%) for sonic application (p < 0.05). Twelve restorations showed marginal staining (nine for manual vs. three for sonic application; FDI, p < 0.05) and nine some marginal discrepancy (seven for manual vs. two for sonic application; FDI, p < 0.05). No restorations showed postoperative sensitivity and caries recurrence at the time. The sonic application increases the retention rate of iBond Self-Etch after 18 months of clinical evaluation in NCCLs. The application of a simplified self-etch adhesive (iBond Self-Etch) associated to a sonic device seems to be an alternative to improve the clinical behavior in NCCLs.

Repair Bond Strength of High-viscosity Glass-ionomer Cements Using Resin Composite Bonded with Light- and Self-cured Adhesive Systems.

High-viscosity glass-ionomer cements (HVGICs) used with atraumatic restorative treatment can be repaired with light- or self-cured adhesive systems; however, the repair bond strength of two-step, self-etching and one-step adhesives in the light-cure mode surpass one-step self-cure adhesives. Working on a feasible self-cure approach in the absence of such in rural areas as well as in war zones is of prime importance.

Bonding Performance of a Hydrophilic Amide Monomer Containing Adhesive to Occlusal and Cervical Dentin.

This study aimed to evaluate the bonding performance of a new one-step self-etching adhesive system containing a novel hydrophilic amide monomer. Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CUB) and Clearfil Megabond 2 (CMB) were used as the one-step and two-step adhesive systems, respectively. Flat dentin surfaces of human premolars were exposed using #600 SiC (silicon carbide) and bonded with the respective adhesives of each system. The teeth were sectioned to obtain beams (1 mm × 1 mm) after 24 h of water storage. The mean bond strength and standard deviations (MPa) on an occlusal surface were as follows: CUB: 45.9 ± 19.7 and CMB: 67.9 ± 25.3. The values for cervical ones were CUB: 56.0 ± 20.3 and CMB: 67.6 ± 16.0, respectively. In both conditions, the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) value was lower than that of CMB. As seen during the microscopic observation, no adhesive failure was observed after μTBS testing because CUB formed a firm and tight adhesive interface.

Clinical Efficiency of Self-etching One-Step and Two-Step Adhesives in NCCL: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

One-step self-etch adhesive systems provide a clinical time gain, decreasing the number of clinical steps. When a clinician is able to follow a simpler process of adhesion there is less chance of adhesive failure. Objective: A systematic review and meta-analyses were performed to evaluate whether one-step self-etching (1SSE) adhesive systems are as effective as two-step self-etching (2SSE) adhesives in noncarious cervical lesion (NCCL) restorations.Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and recorded in the PROSPERO (CRD42018096747). Electronic systematic searches were conducted in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library for published articles. Only randomized clinical trials that compared 1SSE with 2SSE adhesives systems were selected. The outcomes were retention, postoperative sensitivity, secondary caries, color match, marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, and anatomical form.Results: The searches resulted in 476 studies. After applying the eligibility criteria, five randomized controlled trials were selected in which 822 restorations in NCCLs were distributed in 237 patients. The results showed no statistical difference between 1SSE and 2SSE in relation to retention (p=0.23; relative risk [RR]=1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.76, 3.19), postoperative sensitivity ( p=0.50; RR=3.00; 95% CI=0.13, 70.64), Secondary caries (p=0.63; RR=0.68; 95% CI=0.14, 3.31), color match (p=0.41; RR=0.64; 95% CI=0.23, 1.83), marginal discoloration (p=0.93; RR=1.02; 95% CI=0.65, 1.61), and anatomical form (p=0.56; RR=1.38; 95% CI=0.46, 4.13). However there was statistical difference in relation to marginal adaptation ( p=0.01; RR=1.95; 95% CI=1.14, 3.34).Conclusion: This systematic review with meta-analysis revealed that both 1SSE and 2SSE adhesive systems have comparable clinical effectiveness in a follow-up period of 12 to 24 months, except in relation to marginal adaptation.

Shear Bond Strength of Nanohybrid Composite to Biodentine with Three Different Adhesives

Biodentine® is a bioactive dentin coating widely used for dental restoration; however, its adhesion to the substrate could limit its clinical success. The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) between Biodentine® and a composite resin, using different types of adhesive. In total, 120 acrylic blocks with a central hole were prepared. They were fully filled with Biodentine®, and divided into two time groups: 12 min (n = 60) and 24 h (n = 60); each group was subdivided into four groups according to the adhesive: three-step etch and rinse (3-E&amp;R) (n = 15), two-step etch and rinse (n = 15), and a universal adhesive subdivided into two groups, two-step etch and rinse (n = 15) and one-step self-etch adhesive system (n = 15). After adhesive application, the composite was applied and stored at 100% humidity, at 37 °C, for 24 h, before the SBS test. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Fisher post hoc test, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The 12-min group showed statistically significant differences (p = 0.009), with the highest values of adhesion for 3-E&amp;R. No statistically significant differences were observed for the 24-h group (p = 0.813) and between adhesive systems (p = 0.071) regardless of adhesion time. Higher adhesion values were found at 24 h. It is essential to consider the longest setting time for Biodentine®. In terms of adhesive, 3-E&amp;R had the highest adhesion values.

Adhesion of dual-polymerized luting cement on superficial and deep dentin using different one-step self-etch mild adhesive systems

This study evaluated adhesion of dual-polymerized resin cement to superficial dentin (SD) and deep dentin (DD) using one-step self-etch adhesives at varying pH. After smear layer was created on third molars (N = 60, n = 15 per group), adhesive resins, 1- Clearfil S3 Bond Plus-CBP (Kuraray) (pH: 2.3), 2- Bisco All Bond Universal-BAU (Bisco) (pH: 3.2), 3- Single Bond Universal Adhesive-SBU (3M ESPE) (pH: 2.7), 4- Nova Compo-B Plus-NCBP (Imicryl) (pH: 2.5–3), were applied on SD and DD. Resin cement (Variolink II, Ivoclar Vivadent) was adhered incrementally on the SD surfaces using polyethylene molds and photo-polymerized for 40 s from 5 directions (output: 1200 mw/cm2). After macroshear and microshear test, in order to achieve DD specimens, SD were removed 1 mm in the pulp direction and the same bonding and test procedures were performed. The specimens were kept at 37 °C for 24 h. The adhesion tests were conducted in the Universal Testing Machine and failure types were analyzed. The data were analyzed using Univariate ANOVA, Tukey`s, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (α = .05). Test method, dentin level and the adhesive resin significantly affected the results (MPa) (p < .05). After macroshear test, more incidences of cohesive failures in DD were observed with NCBP Plus. On SD, NCBP presented the highest results followed by BAU using macroshear test. On DD, NCBP presented the highest results followed by SBU. Not only the pH but the chemical composition affected adhesion especially to SD while in DD, the difference between the adhesive resins was less significant.

Effect of Surface Sealant Reapplication on Clinical Performance of HEMA-containing and HEMA-free Self-etch Adhesives: Two-year Results.

To evaluate the clinical performance of one-step self-etch adhesives over two years with and without the application of a surface sealant. In total, 160 restorations in 40 patients were performed for occlusal caries. Each patient received four Class I restorations, which included a 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-containing (Clearfil S3 Bond) and HEMA-free (G-aenial Bond) one-step self-etch adhesive system with and without surface sealant. Half of the restored teeth received Fortify Plus (Bisco) surface sealant material, and the other half were polished with Sof-Lex discs only. Two experienced calibrated examiners clinically evaluated the restorations at baseline and at one- and two-year recalls according to the modified US Public Health Service criteria. The filled surface sealant material was reapplied at each evaluation period. After two years, none of the restorations had failed. There were no significant differences between the two dentin adhesives with or without a surface sealant application among the evaluation periods. Each dentin adhesive with and without surface sealant showed significant changes from the clinically ideal (Alfa) to clinically acceptable (Bravo) with regard to marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, and surface texture. Sealed restorations exhibited lower ideal restoration rates with regard to color matching and surface texture and higher ideal restoration rates with respect to marginal adaptation compared with unsealed restorations. In addition, the surface sealant application reduced the marginal discoloration of the HEMA-free one-step self-etch adhesive. The two-year success rates of HEMA-containing and HEMA-free self-etch adhesives with and without surface sealing application were excellent. Although the surface sealant application was not effective with regard to changes in color matching and surface texture, it improved the marginal adaptation of the dentin adhesive and the marginal discoloration of a HEMA-free adhesive.

The effect of warm air-blowing on the microtensile bond strength of one-step self-etch adhesives to root canal dentin

PurposeThe use of warm air-blowing to evaporate solvents of one-step self-etch adhesive systems (1-SEAs) has been reported to be a useful method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of warm air-blowing on root canal dentin. MethodsFour 1-SEAs (Clearfil Bond SE ONE, Unifil Core EM self-etch bond, Estelink, BeautiDualbond EX) were used. Each 1-SEA was applied to root canal dentin according to the manufacturers’ instructions. After the adhesives were applied, solvent was evaporated using either normal air (23±1°C) or warm air (80±1°C) for 20s, and resin composite was placed in the post spaces. The air from the dryer, which could be used in normal- or hot-air-mode, was applied at a distance of 5cm above the root canal cavity in the direction of tooth axis. The temperature of the stream of air from the dryer in the hot-air-mode was 80±1°C, and in the normal mode, 23±1°C. After water storage of the specimens for 24h, the μTBS were evaluated at the coronal and apical regions. The μTBSs were statistically analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Student’s t-test with Bonferroni correction (α=0.05). ResultsThe warm air-blowing significantly increased the μTBS of all 1-SEAs at the apical regions, and also significantly increased the μTBS of two adhesives (Estelink and BeautiDualBond EX) at coronal regions. ConclusionsThe μTBS of 1-SEAs to root canal dentin was improved by using warm air-blowing.

Microtensile bond strength of self-etching adhesives to enamel

Purpose It is uncertain whether single-step self-etching adhesives form bond to enamel as reliable as those of etch-and-rinse adhesives. This study compared the microtensile bond strengths to ground enamel of three one-step self-etching adhesive systems, a self-etching primer system and an etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Materials and methods Human enamel was ground flat with 320-grit silicon carbide paper. The self-etching adhesives Clearfil Tri S Bond (Kuraray), Futurabond NR (Voco) and Hybrid Bond (Sun-Medical), the adhesive with a self-etching primer Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray) and the etch-and-rinse adhesive Admira Bond (Voco) were applied as directed, followed by a core of the same manufacturers' hybrid resin composite. A microtensile bond strength evaluation was performed after 48 h of water storage, using untrimmed beams ~1.0 ± 0.1 mm2 in cross-sectional area at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Results There were no pretest failures in any group, and failures were predominately adhesive or mixed. Adhesion to enamel of Futurabond NR and Clearfil SE Bond was not significantly different from Admira Bond, while Clearfil Tri S Bond and Hybrid Bond demonstrated significantly lower bond strengths (one-way analysis of variance, Tukey–Kramer multiple-comparison test, P Clinical significance Bond strength to ground enamel of self-etching adhesive systems was dependant on the type of adhesive and some materials showed bond strength that was not different than that of etch-and-rinse system.

Evaluation of fracture resistance of premolars restored with packable composite resin using different types of adhesive systems

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of human extracted premolars restored with packable composite resin by using three types of adhesive systems: two-step etch-and-rinse system, two-step self-etch primer adhesive system, and one-step self-etch adhesive system. Materials and methods Fifty sound maxillary second premolars were selected. Forty specimens received class II mesio-occluso-distal cavities with a 2 ± 0.2 mm pulpal depth, 1.5 ± 0.2 mm gingival width, 2 ± 0.2 mm axial height, and parallel proximal walls with 3 ± 0.2 mm buccolingual width. All samples were divided into five groups (10 each): group I: positive control group (intact teeth), group II: negative control group (prepared unrestored), groups III, IV, and V: prepared and restored with Filtek Z350 XT packable composite resin by using three types of adhesive systems; Adper Single Bond, Clearfil liner Bond F, Single Bond Universal Adhesives respectively. After thermocycling, Specimens were subjected to compressive axial loading, and were tested individually in a universal testing machine. Peak loads at fracture were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 20.0. Results All groups were significantly higher than prepared but unrestored teeth with no significant difference was recorded between the three types of adhesives. Conclusion Restoring with packable composite using adhesive system had improved the fracture resistance of teeth subjected to class II mesio-occluso-distal preparations. Using the adhesive systems, insignificantly affect fracture resistance of premolars.

Influence of dentin pretreatment with 2.5% titanium tetrafluoride on inhibiting caries at the tooth-restoration interface in situ

ObjectiveInvestigate the effects of dentin pretreatment with 2.5% titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) aqueous solution followed by two-step self-etching (CLE/Clearfil SE Bond) and one-step self-etching adhesive systems (SBU/Single Bond Universal) on carious lesion inhibition at the tooth-restoration interface using an in situ model. DesignSixty-four cavities at the enamel-dentin junction of dental fragments were randomly distributed according to groups (n=16): 1) TiF4+CLE; 2) TiF4+SBU; 3) CLE; 4) SBU. Cavities were restored using resin composite, and placed in intraoral palatal devices used by 16 volunteers for 21days, to induce caries formation in situ. The fragments were then ground-flat to perform Knoop microhardness tests. Nine indentations were performed on each enamel and dentin substrate, subjacent to the restoration. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s test were applied. ResultsEnamel: groups receiving TiF4 dentin pretreatment (regardless of adhesive system and tooth-restoration interface distance) presented higher hardness means at a depth of 25μm from the outer tooth surface (p<0.0001). Dentin: groups receiving CLE presented higher means when applying TiF4 pretreatment, whereas groups restored with SBU presented higher means without pretreatment (p=0.0003). ConclusionsDentin pretreatment with TiF4 inhibited demineralization of the enamel interface in situ, regardless of the adhesive, and TiF4 pretreatment followed by CLE application showed higher potential for inhibiting dentin demineralization at the interface.

Effect of a one-step self-etch adhesive on endogenous dentin matrix metalloproteinases.

Degradation of the hybrid layer created in dentin by dentin adhesives is caused by enzyme activities present within the dentin matrix that destroy unprotected collagen fibrils. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a one-step self-etch adhesive system on dentinal matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 4 (MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively) using in situ zymography and an enzymatic activity assay. The null hypothesis tested was that there are no differences in the activities of dentinal MMPs before and after treatment with a one-step adhesive system. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in dentin treated with the one-step adhesive, Adper Easy Bond, were quantified using an enzymatic activity assay system. The MMP activities within the hybrid layer created by the one-step adhesive tested were also evaluated using in situ zymography. The enzymatic assay revealed an increase in MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities after treatment with adhesive. In situ zymography indicated that gelatinolytic activity is present within the hybrid layer created with the one-step self-etch adhesive. The host-derived gelatinases were localized within the hybrid layer and remained active after the bonding procedure. It is concluded that the one-step self-etch adhesive investigated activates endogenous MMP-2 and MMP-9 with the dentin matrix, which may cause collagen degradation over time.

Bonding effectiveness and multi-interfacial characterization of two direct buildup resin core systems bonded to post-space dentin.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bonding effectiveness of two resin core buildup systems using conventional methods in the field of adhesive dentistry and a new non-destructive method. Twenty-four single-rooted human teeth were built up with dual-cure one-step self-etch adhesive and composite systems (SY1: Clearfil DC bond and Clearfil DC core automix, SY2: Clearfil bond SE one and Clearfil DC core automix one). The prepared samples were sectioned into approximately 1×1-mm-thick beams and subjected to micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) testing (n=24). The fractured beams after μTBS testing were analyzed by SEM and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The three teeth filled with each resin core system were sectioned and embedded in epoxy resin to observe the dentin-bonding interface under TEM (n=6). Moreover, three of each resin core-filled teeth without any processing were examined using μCT (n=6). Two-way ANOVA revealed that the two factors "root region" (p<0.001, F=15.22) and "system" (SY1<SY2; p<0.001, F=22.52) had a significant influence. The μTBS gradually decreased from the coronal side to the apical side of the root canal. Morphological evaluation revealed that SY2 was superior in terms of resin curing at the apical side. μCT non-destructive evaluation clearly revealed gap formation in SY1. SY2, which included a new light-independent catalyst, showed better bonding effectiveness and adhesive interface to dentin compared to that of SY1. The new catalyst, which is activated by contact with adhesive and resin composite, can be used for resin core buildup restorations.

Bond durability of contemporary adhesive systems to pulp chamber dentin

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term bond strengths of dentin adhesive systems, which include one-step self-etch adhesive systems (Optibond All-in-one, Kerr; Adper Prompt L-POP, 3 M ESPE), a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (Optibond FL, Kerr) and two-step self-etch adhesive (AdheSE Bond, Ivoclar), applied to pulp chamber dentin surfaces after 12-month water storage by using microtensile bond strength (µTBS) test.Materials and methods: Dentin adhesive systems were applied to unprepared pulp chamber dentin surfaces according to manufacturer’s directions, respectively (n = 5). After applying adhesive systems, composite buildups were done incrementally. Bond strengths to pulp chamber dentin surfaces were determined using µTBS test after water storage for 24 h and 12 month. Kruskal–Wallis analysis and Mann–Whitney U-test for pairwise comparisons were used to determine statistical differences in µTBS between the groups at a significance level of 5%.Results: There were no significant differences in µTBS between storage periods for tested adhesives regardless adhesive class.Conclusion: Bond durability of tested adhesive systems, including one-bottle self-etch adhesives with pulp chamber dentin surfaces, may be considered stable after 12-month water storage. Therefore, one-step self-etch, also called “user-friendly” adhesives may perform and traditional three-step etch-and-rinse adhesives in the long-term when used for bonding to pulp chamber dentin surfaces.

Meta-Analysis of the Influence of Bonding Parameters on the Clinical Outcome of Tooth-colored Cervical Restorations.

To meta-analyze the literature on the clinical performance of Class V restorations to assess the factors that influence retention, marginal integrity, and marginal discoloration of cervical lesions restored with composite resins, glass-ionomer-cement-based materials [glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGICs)], and polyacid-modified resin composites (PMRC). The English literature was searched (MEDLINE and SCOPUS) for prospective clinical trials on cervical restorations with an observation period of at least 18 months. The studies had to report about retention, marginal discoloration, marginal integrity, and marginal caries and include a description of the operative technique (beveling of enamel, roughening of dentin, type of isolation). Eighty-one studies involving 185 experiments for 47 adhesives matched the inclusion criteria. The statistical analysis was carried out by using the following linear mixed model: log (-log (Y /100)) = β + α log(T ) + error with β = log(λ), where β is a summary measure of the non-linear deterioration occurring in each experiment, including a random study effect. On average, 12.3% of the cervical restorations were lost, 27.9% exhibited marginal discoloration, and 34.6% exhibited deterioration of marginal integrity after 5 years. The calculation of the clinical index was 17.4% of failures after 5 years and 32.3% after 8 years. A higher variability was found for retention loss and marginal discoloration. Hardly any secondary caries lesions were detected, even in the experiments with a follow-up time longer than 8 years. Restorations placed using rubber-dam in teeth whose dentin was roughened showed a statistically significantly higher retention rate than those placed in teeth with unprepared dentin or without rubber-dam (p < 0.05). However, enamel beveling had no influence on any of the examined variables. Significant differences were found between pairs of adhesive systems and also between pairs of classes of adhesive systems. One-step self-etching had a significantly worse clinically index than two-step self-etching and three-step etch-and-rinse (p = 0.026 and p = 0.002, respectively). The clinical performance is significantly influenced by the type of adhesive system and/or the adhesive class to which the system belongs. Whether the dentin/enamel is roughened or not and whether rubberdam isolation is used or not also significantly influenced the clinical performance. Composite resin restorations placed with two-step self-etching and three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive systems should be preferred over onestep self-etching adhesive systems, GIC-based materials, and PMRCs.

The influence of blood and/or hemostatic agent contamination on Micro-TBS to dentin

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of blood contamination and hemostatic agent Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS: Ankaferd Drug Inc, Istanbul, Turkey) on the microtensile bond strength of a self-etching adhesive. Material and methods: Flat dentin surfaces were created from 40-M teeth and randomly divided to four groups according to contamination and adhesive procedure. The specimens of Group 1 are contaminated with blood; ABS was applied to the specimens of Group 2 after blood contamination and applied to the specimens of Group 3 without blood contamination. Group 4 is control group and self-etching adhesive was applied to all specimens. Teeth were restored with a nanohybrid composite. The specimens were sectioned to the beams and microtensile testing was carried out and the data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance test. Tukey’s honestly significant difference post hoc test was also performed for multiple comparisons to compare subgroups. Results: Group 4 had the highest strength value, followed by Group 3, while Group 1, which contacts only with blood, had the lowest strength value. Conclusion: ABS has a negative effect on the bond strength of one-step self-etching adhesive system.

Effect of partially demineralized dentin beneath the hybrid layer on dentin–adhesive interface micromechanics

ObjectiveTo investigate the presence of non-infiltrated, partially demineralized dentin (PDD) beneath the hybrid layer for self-etch adhesive systems, and its effect on micromechanical behavior of dentin–adhesive interfaces (DAIs). This in-vitro laboratory and computer simulation study hypothesized that the presence of non-infiltrated PDD beneath the hybrid layer does not influence the mechanical behavior of the DAI of self-etch adhesive systems. MethodsFifteen sound third molars were restored with composite resin using three adhesive systems: Scotchbond Multipurpose (SBMP), Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB) and Adper Promp L-Pop (APLP). The thickness and length of all DAIs were assessed using scanning electron microscopy, and used to generate three-dimensional finite element models. Elastic moduli of the hybrid layer, adhesive layer, intertubular dentin, peritubular dentin and resin tags were acquired using a nano-indenter. Finite element software was used to determine the maximum principal stress. Mixed models analysis of variance was used to verify statistical differences (P<0.05). ResultsElastic moduli and morphology were found to differ between the adhesive systems, as well as the presence and extension of PDD. SignificanceBoth self-etch adhesive systems (APLP and CSEB) had PDD. The DAI stress levels were higher for the one-step self-etch adhesive system (APLP) compared with the etch-and-rinse adhesive system (SBMP) and the self-etch primer system (CSEB).

Effect of Saliva on the Tensile Bond Strength of Different Generation Adhesive Systems: An In-Vitro Study.

Newer development of bonding agents have gained a better understanding of factors affecting adhesion of interface between composite and dentin surface to improve longevity of restorations. The present study evaluated the influence of salivary contamination on the tensile bond strength of different generation adhesive systems (two-step etch-and-rinse, two-step self-etch and one-step self-etch) during different bonding stages to dentin where isolation is not maintained. Superficial dentin surfaces of 90 extracted human molars were randomly divided into three study Groups (Group A: Two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system; Group B: Two-step self-etch adhesive system and Group C: One-step self-etch adhesive system) according to the different generation of adhesives used. According to treatment conditions in different bonding steps, each Group was further divided into three Subgroups containing ten teeth in each. After adhesive application, resin composite blocks were built on dentin and light cured subsequently. The teeth were then stored in water for 24 hours before sending for testing of tensile bond strength by Universal Testing Machine. The collected data were then statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. One-step self-etch adhesive system revealed maximum mean tensile bond strength followed in descending order by Two-step self-etch adhesive system and Two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system both in uncontaminated and saliva contaminated conditions respectively. Unlike One-step self-etch adhesive system, saliva contamination could reduce tensile bond strength of the two-step self-etch and two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Furthermore, the step of bonding procedures and the type of adhesive seems to be effective on the bond strength of adhesives contaminated with saliva.

Evaluation of sealing ability two self-etching adhesive systems and a glass ionomer lining LC under composite restoration in primary tooth: An in vitro study.

Aims and Objectives:To evaluate the sealing ability of two self-etching adhesive systems and glass ionomer cement (GIC) lining Light cure (LC) under composite restorations in primary teeth.Materials and Methods:Class V cavities are prepared on the cervical third of the facial and lingual surfaces of primary molars. The specimens are then assigned into four experimental groups. The restored primary molars are stored in distilled water and subjected to thermocycling. Each section was examined using a stereomicroscope to assess dye penetration at the margin of the restoration and evaluated via pictures.Statistical Analysis Used:The degree of microleakage was analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test and the intergroup significance by multiple comparison analysis.Results:The mean rank of the groups are Group I (Adper Prompt™ + Z−100) 19.44, Group II (UniFil BOND + Solare) 5.38, Group III (GIC lining LC + Z−100) 20.06, and Group IV (GIC lining LC + Solare) 21.13 with the P < 0.001.Conclusion:Composite resin restorations bonded with two-step self-etching adhesive system (UniFil Bond) exhibited lesser microleakage than one-step self-etching adhesive system (Adperprompt™) in primary teeth.