One-factor Test Research Articles

Research and Application of Gangue for the Preparation of Polymerized Aluminum Magnesium Chloride Flocculant

Polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride (PAMC) flocculant was prepared from gangue as a raw material, and the effects of pH, the polymerization time, and the polymerization temperature on the performance of the PAMC were investigated by a one-factor test, based on which, orthogonal experiments (three-factor and two-level) were conducted to optimize the relevant parameters. Meanwhile, FTIR and SEM were used to characterize the polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride, and the sample was applied in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. The results showed that a pH value of 2.2 and a reaction at 60 °C for 4.5 h were the optimal preparation conditions; the characterization analysis showed that the synthesized product was polymerized aluminum magnesium chloride; the turbidity removal rate of the PAMC for printing and dyeing wastewater was increased by 2.1%, the COD removal rate was increased by 3.1%, the ammonia nitrogen removal rate was increased by 2.1%, and the chromaticity removal rate was increased by 9.2% compared with that of PAC.

Production and process optimization of coffee fresh fruit skin and flower cake

In order to explore the use of coffee fresh fruit skin in food, make a coffee fresh fruit skin flower cake. Through one-factor test and orthogonal test, study the effects of residue, glutinous rice flour and sugar on the filling, determine the best proportion of filling, sugar, water and oil on the filling. Through the test, in the water oil skin of coffee fresh fruit skin crisp cake, the water is replaced by the coffee fresh fruit skin filtrate, and the ratio of coffee fresh fruit skin to water is 1:1. The formula of coffee fresh fruit skin and flower cake is: filling white sugar 2g, glutinous rice flour 2g, coffee fresh fruit skin filter 4g; water oil skin white sugar 10g, high gluten flour 37.5g, coffee fresh fruit skin 5g powder, oil 14g. Under this process of coffee fresh fruit skin flower cake, from the inside to the outside has the taste of coffee fresh fruit skin fusion, very fragrant and crisp.

Preparation, characterisation and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Baicalin microsponges

Baicalin, a flavonoid extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, Scutellaria baicalensis has significant anti-inflammatory effects. Microsponges are drug delivery systems that improve drug stability and slow the release rate. The combination of baicalin and the microsponges produced a new and stable system for its delivery, resulting in a novel formulation of baicalin. Baicalin microsponges (BM) were prepared using the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. Effects of the mass ratio of the polymer (ethylcellulose) to baicalin, the concentration of the emulsifier polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), the stirring speed on the encapsulation efficiency (EE), and yield of the microsponges were investigated by combining the one-factor test and Box-Behnken design (BBD). The preparation process was standardised using 2.61:1 mass ratio of ethyl cellulose to baicalin, 2.17% concentration of PVA, with stirring at 794 rpm. Optimised BM formulations were evaluated for the parameters of EE (54.06 ± 3.02)% and yield of (70.37 ± 2.41)%, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in vitro cell evaluation. Results of the in vitro anti-inflammatory assay showed that baicalin microsponges-pretreated-lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7, mouse macrophages showed reduced inflammatory response, similar to that seen in baicalin-treated macrophages.

高速穴施肥装置设计与试验

In order to improve the adaptability of the fertilizer point-applied device to the working speed, the key components of the high-speed fertilizer point-applied device were designed and simulated by numerical calculation in this study. The effects of working speed, discharging height and discharging mass on the distribution length of fertilizer particles were analyzed by a one-factor test, and a suitable range of factors was determined. The Box-Behnken test was conducted to investigate the interaction effect of the three factors on the distribution length of fertilizer particles, and the quadratic regression was fitted to the test results to establish the regression equations of working speed, discharging height and discharging mass on the distribution length of fertilizer particles, and the optimal combinations of the parameters of working speed, discharging height and discharging mass were obtained by solving the equations. Finally, the reliability and authenticity of the simulation analysis were verified by bench test.

Extraction optimisation and compositional characterisation of total flavonoids from the Chinese herb tulip: a natural source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents

In this study, total flavonoids from the Chinese herb tulip were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), their main components were analysed and confirmed, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated. The results showed that the extraction rate of total flavonoids from the Chinese herb tulip reached 390.77 ± 3.88 mg·g−1 after optimisation by one-factor test and response surface methodology. 23 compounds were identified in the solution of total flavonoids from the Chinese herb tulip, including 18 flavonoids such as Hyperoside, Quercetin, Astilbin, etc., and the effects of total flavonoids of the Chinese herb tulip (TFT) on ABTS+ radicals, DPPH radicals, and superoxide anion with a good scavenging rate, good total reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity. Secondly, TFT showed good inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).

Design and Test of a Comb-Brush-Type Honeysuckle-Picking Device

In response to the issues of high honeysuckle-picking costs and low efficiency in honeysuckle picking, this study has devised a comb-brush-type picking device, considering the unique characteristics of honeysuckle plants. We elucidated the device’s structure and operational principles and designed critical components within the picking mechanism. Subsequently, through theoretical analysis, we identified the primary factors influencing the device’s operational performance. We then used the honeysuckle picking rates, honeysuckle breakage rates, and impurity rates as assessment metrics. Utilizing a one-factor test, we determined the permissible ranges for each factor. Employing the response surface methodology, we analyzed the interactions among these factors and conducted model parameter optimization. This optimization identified the optimal parameter combination: a forward speed of 3.99 km/h, a driving shaft speed of 316.53 rpm, and a picking teeth length of 70 mm. Finally, we performed verification tests using these optimized parameters. The results demonstrated that the maximum relative error between test verification values and model-optimized predictions was 4.86%. This outcome confirms that the comb-brush-type honeysuckle-picking device can meet the operational requirements of mechanized harvesting and offers valuable insights for developing harvesting devices for vine plants.

Customer participation in manufacturing firms’ new service development: the moderating role of CRM technology

PurposeThis paper aims to examine how customer participation in new service development (NSD) and customer relationship management (CRM) technology can improve the NSD performance of manufacturing firms. Additionally, the paper examines CRM technology usage to understand how it impacts new service performance both individually and jointly with customer participation in NSD.Design/methodology/approachThis study is a survey of 216 manufacturing managers who are overseeing the development of new services at their organizations. For the analysis, structural equation modeling is used with Amos 22.0. Measures of all latent variables in the analysis pass the traditional tests for reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Furthermore, the results of a common latent factor test for common method variance and Harman’s one-factor test indicate that common method bias is not a source of endogeneity in the model.FindingsCustomer participation has a positive effect on NSD performance. CRM technology usage also has a positive effect on NSD performance. The effect of customer participation on NSD performance is enhanced by CRM technology. The results of a post hoc analysis suggest that the usage of CRM technology has the most benefit for managing the technical aspects of customer participation.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has methodological limitations that may impact the generalizability of results. For instance, it is based on cross-sectional self-reported survey data, which is more subjective than longitudinal secondary data. Survey research lacks the depth and nuance of qualitative research designs, which are commonly employed to study NSD. In addition, this study focuses on large US manufacturing firms. The authors do not include small firms or international organizations in the sample. Despite these limitations, they believe the findings can provide significant contributions to the NSD literature.Practical implicationsAlthough prior research has shown that customer participation and CRM technology can individually influence new product development (NPD) performance, the results indicate they are equally effective factors in the development of new services. Furthermore, the authors show that customer participation can be enhanced via the use of CRM technologies. The interaction is more pronounced within the technical aspects of NSD.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the NSD literature, and it also has implications for managers leading NSD efforts in traditional tangible-product industries. The findings provide additional evidence that customer participation is an effective NSD strategy for manufacturing firms (Morgan et al., 2019). Furthermore, CRM technology is integral to NSD performance. CRM technology not only has a direct effect on NSD performance, but the interaction term of customer participation by CRM technology also has a positive effect on NSD performance.

Earthworm (Perionyx excavatus) Protein Hydrolysate: Hypoglycemic Activity and Its Stability for the Hydrolysate and Its Peptide Fractions

This study aims at exploring earthworm protein hydrolysate and its peptide fractions as a potential hypoglycemic agent by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Firstly, the best hydrolysis conditions to gain the hydrolysates with the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity (α-AIA) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (α-GIA) were figured out using a one-factor test. Next, the stability of the hypoglycemic activity of the hydrolysates and their 5 peptide fractions recovered using ultrafiltration membranes were assessed by employing the tests of in vitro digestion, thermal, and pH treatment. The results showed that at the best hydrolysis conditions, the hydrolysates exhibited α-AIA of 91.30 ± 2.51% and α-GIA of 44.69 ± 0.47%. Specifically, the <1 kDa peptide fraction from the hydrolysate expressed a greater α-AIA than that of acarbose, with nearly the same α-GIA as that of voglibose. The α-AIA and α-GIA of the hydrolysates and their fractions were enhanced after the in vitro digestion treatment, whereas they remained over 40% after the pH treatment in the range of 1 to 11 or heat treatment at 100 °C for 180 min. These data provide the preliminary evidence to develop the earthworm protein hydrolysate and its peptide fractions in functional food or nutraceutical products with hypoglycemic activity.

A systematic literature review of exploratory factor analyses in management

We review the application and reporting of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in management. First, we integrate recommendations from relevant reviews and simulation studies to provide modern guidelines regarding EFA for psychometric investigation, and we highlight severe concerns associated with EFA for Harman’s one-factor test. Second, we conduct a systematic literature review including 1,790 articles and 3,396 EFAs from 23 premier journals since the year 2000. Our review reveals that many widespread guidelines for EFA are infrequently applied. We also show that researchers regularly fail to report essential aspects of their EFAs, leaving it unknown whether they are correctly conducting their analyses. Third, our discussion reinforces modern recommendations that are infrequently applied, exposes researchers to emerging developments, and provides new factor loading interpretations based on our systematic review results. To conclude, we provide step-by-step visual guides and a checklist to aid future researchers on their application and reporting of EFA.

TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: MEDIATION ROLE OF EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT

This study examines the effect of talent management practices on the employee performance of the commercial banks of Nepal. The author examines the mediating effect of employee engagement on the relationship between talent management practices and employee performance. A stratified simple random sampling technique was employed to enable select the respondents from the three strata and data were collected from 300 employees working in Nepalese commercial banks. A structured questionnaire containing standard scales of talent management practices, employee engagement, employee performance, and some demographic variables was used. Harman’s one-factor test was conducted to test the common method biased. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling approach were used to analyze mediating effect. Three factors, namely talent attraction, talent development, and talent retention were identified as the talent management practices in Nepalese commercial banks, predicting the positive relationship of talent management practice to employee performance. Employee engagement mediates the relationship between talent management practices and employee performance. This study contributes to the resource-based views and social exchange theory and attempts to fulfill the gap in empirical research on personal psychology, human capital/ and organizational management in developing countries.

Cybervictimization and cyberbullying among college students: The chain mediating effects of stress and rumination.

The popularity of the Internet has led to an increase in cybervictimization and cyberbullying. Many studies have focused on the factors influencing cybervictimization or cyberbullying, but few have researched the mechanism that mediates these phenomena. Therefore, in this study, we use a chain mediation model to explore the mechanisms of cybervictimization and cyberbullying. This research is based on the general aggression model and examines whether stress and rumination play a mediating role in the relationship between cybervictimization and cyberbullying among Chinese college students. This study included 1,299 Chinese college students (597 men and 702 women, M = 21.24 years, SD = 3.16) who completed questionnaires on cybervictimization, stress, rumination, and cyberbullying. Harman's one-factor test was used to analyze common method bias; mean and standard deviations were used to analyze the descriptive statistics, Pearson's moment correlation was used to determine the relationship between variables, and Model 6 of the SPSS macro examined the mediating effect of stress and rumination. The results indicate that rumination mediated the relationship between cybervictimization and cyberbullying. In addition, stress and rumination acted as a chain mediator in this association. These results have the potential to reduce the likelihood of college students engaging in cyberbullying as a result of cybervictimization, minimize the rate of cyberbullying among youths, and lead to the development of interventions for cybervictimization and cyberbullying.

Game-based Teaching Methodology for Active and Informal Learning

ABSTRACT It is difficult to keep learners engaged in the classroom. Teachers need to innovate new ways to keep them active. The most common pedagogic methods require learners to be familiar with course terminologies and phrases. They may even require indepth knowledge of the concepts at times. However, a small number of pedagogic techniques have been developed to ensure that learners understand basic terminologies and phrases, and the relationships between them. This paper fills that gap by introducing a novel game-based pedagogic technique. Findings based on scores of participating and non-participating learners show that participating learners understood the important terminologies, phrases, and their relationships in the courses very well. The nonparticipating learners had difficulty remembering the relationships between terminologies. Experiments have shown that when innovative learning methodologies are used in the classroom, learners understand the important words and concepts better. ANOVA one-factor test suggests that learners have benefitted from this game-based pedagogic approach. It was discovered that gamification aids learners in remembering and relating terminologies and phrases. This method has resulted in better teamwork and comprehension. Gaming, as a pedagogic technique, to learn a course helps build creative, ingenious and pioneering thinking. It builds critical-thinking abilities among learners. Keywords: Active learning, engineering education, game-based pedagogic technique, gamification, innovative teaching-learning

A review of exploratory factor analysis in tourism and hospitality research: Identifying current practices and avenues for improvement

We perform a literature review of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in six premier tourism and hospitality journals to (1) identify best practices, (2) ensure that researchers apply these best practices, and (3) enable future authors to be more precise in their reporting of EFA. Our results identify that researchers (1) frequently obtain large sample sizes and perform data quality checks, (2) overwhelmingly prefer the principal component approach rather than the common factor approach, (3) are reliant on varimax and other orthogonal rotations, (4) utilize the Kaiser criterion rather than more supported approaches, (5) produce large primary and secondary loadings, and (6) have never identified concerning common method variance via Harman’s one-factor test. We urge researchers to utilize oblique rotations and supported factor retention approaches, and we recommend that researchers should place more attention on their secondary loadings. We lastly call for a moratorium on Harman’s one-factor test.

Occupational stress for employee turnover intention: mediation effect of service climate and emotion regulation

PurposeThis study examines the effect of occupational stress on turnover intention of employees working in the banking industry. The authors examine the mediating effects of service climate and emotional regulations of the employees in the relationship between occupational stress and intention to leave the organization.Design/methodology/approachThis study followed stratified sampling technique for data collection from employees of ten commercial banks based on the banks' financial performance of top 5 and bottom 5 out of 27 banks. Data were collected at 2 stages, first from 465 employees for occupational stressors and second from 408 employees among the participants in the first stage for turnover intention, service climate and emotional regulation. Harman’s one-factor test was conducted to examine the common method bias. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), regression analysis and Preacher and Hayes Process Macro approach were used to examine mediation effect.FindingsThree factors, namely workload (WL), role ambiguity and growth opportunity expectations were identified as the occupational stressors in the banking industry, predicting a positive relation of overall occupational stress to the intention to turnover. Service climate and the employees’ emotion regulation ability mediate the relationship between stress and turnover intention. Results also revealed no significant role of control variables in predicting occupational stress and turnover intention.Practical implicationsThis study implies that the WL, role ambiguity and growth opportunity expectations of the employees cause stress in employees which may lead to have turnover intention. In order to get success in competitive environment, managers of banking industry can address stressors by enhancing service climate and formulating policies and programs to strengthen the emotion regulation which is evidence to strengthen the reciprocity approach of social exchange theory in employees’ commitment.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the social exchange theory and attempts to fulfill the gaps in empirical research on personnel psychology, human capital\\ and organization management in developing countries.

" Comparative study of the effect of "Ginger-Lavender" capsule with Mefenamic Acid" on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea, A controlled experimental study

Introduction:Dysmenorrhea is a major problem in women's general and individual health. The aim this study was to compare effect ofGinger-Lavendercapsule on severity primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: A triple-blind clinical trial study was performed on 60 students living in dormitories Shahid Beheshti University in 1399 with a history dysmenorrhea .In intervention group 500mg capsules of and in control group 250mg capsules Mefenamic in similar capsules were prescribed.The mean and mean differences in pain intensity between groups were assessed by SPSS 24 using t-test, Bonferroni and Analysis Variance.Results: Before intervention there was no significant difference between groups in terms pain intensity(p=0.22). In first and second cycle after intervention between groups using two-factor statistical test showed a significant difference(p<0.05). Intra-group one-factor test with comparison three cycles showed a statistically significant difference in group ginger-lavender (p=0.001)and Mefenamic Acid (p=0.00), Bonferroni test in both groups showed a significant difference between mean pain intensity before intervention with first and second cycle (p=0.00).Analysis Variance showed that mean pain score in group was 1.53 less than the Acid capsule. There was a significant difference in duration bleeding compared to three cycle in Ginger-Lavender group.(p=0.07)Conclusion:The results study showed Ginger-Lavender capsule reduces pain primary dysmenorrhea without any serious side effects and is more effective than Acid.

Dealing with Common Method Variance in International Marketing Research

Common method variance (CMV) is an important concern in international marketing research because presumed substantive relationships may actually be due to shared method variance. Because method effects may vary systematically across cultures and countries, accounting for method effects in international marketing research is particularly critical. A systematic review of Journal of International Marketing articles published during a five-year period (2015–2019, N = 93) shows that (1) authors often report post hoc CMV tests but usually conclude that CMV is not an issue and (2) many post hoc tests are conducted using the Harman one-factor test and the marker variable technique, which have serious deficiencies for detecting and controlling CMV. Drawing on a classification and comparative evaluation of the most common statistical approaches for dealing with CMV, the authors recommend two approaches and propose a procedure for dealing with CMV in international marketing research. The procedure, which is based on multisample structural equation modeling, is illustrated with data from a cross-national pan-European survey (N = 11,970, 14 countries), which shows that even though method variance is present in the data, method effects do not seriously bias the substantive conclusions in this particular study.

EXPRESS: Dealing with Common Method Variance in International Marketing Research

Common method variance (CMV) is an important concern in international marketing research because presumed substantive relationships may actually be due to shared method variance. Since method effects may vary systematically across cultures and countries, accounting for method effects in international marketing research is particularly critical. A systematic review of articles published in the Journal of International Marketing over a five-year period (2015-2019, N = 93) shows that (a) authors often report post hoc CMV tests but usually conclude that CMV is not an issue and that (b) many post hoc tests are conducted using the Harman one-factor test and the marker variable technique, which have serious deficiencies for detecting and controlling CMV. Based on a classification and comparative evaluation of the most common statistical approaches for dealing with CMV, two approaches are recommended and a procedure for dealing with CMV in international marketing research is proposed. The procedure, which is based on multi-sample structural equation modeling, is illustrated with data from a cross-national pan-European survey (N =11,970, 14 countries), which shows that even though method variance is present in the data, method effects do not seriously bias the substantive conclusions in this particular study.

The biasing effect of common method variance: some clarifications

There are enduring misconceptions in the marketing and management literature about the potential biasing effects of Common Method Variance (CMV). One belief is that the biasing effect of CMV is of greater theoretical than practical importance; another belief is that if CMV is a potential problem, it can be easily identified with the Harman one-factor test. In this article, we show that both beliefs are ill founded and need correction. To demonstrate our key points with greater generality, we use analytical derivations rather than empirical simulations. First, we examine the effects of CMV on correlations between observed variables as a function of measure unreliability and the sign and size of the “true” trait correlation. We demonstrate that, for negative trait correlations, CMV leads to a substantial upward bias in observed correlations (i.e., observed correlations are less negative than the trait correlation), and under certain conditions observed correlations may even have the wrong sign (assuming that the method loadings are both positive or both negative). We also show that, for positive trait correlations, the downward bias due to measurement unreliability does not always mitigate the upward bias due to CMV (again assuming that the method loadings are either both positive or both negative). Importantly, our results indicate that the inflationary effect of CMV is larger at lower levels of (positive) trait correlations, whereas the deflationary effect of unreliability is larger at higher levels of trait correlations. Second, we demonstrate analytically the serious deficiencies of the popular Harman one-factor test for detecting common method variance and strongly recommend against its use in future research.

Self-Efficacy and Workplace Well-Being: Understanding the Role of Resilience in Manufacturing Organizations

Engaging in behavior that enhances the socio-psychological relations at the workplace provides a competitive advantage to organizations. Drawing from the emerging positive organizational behavior studies, the present research was designed to analyze the relationship between self-efficacy and resilience to promote workplace well-being. The main aim of the study was to examine the moderating role of resilience between self-efficacy and workplace well-being. About 527 full-time executives from the Indian public and private manufacturing industries participated in the study. Common method variance of the measure was carried out through one-factor test ( Podsakoff et al., 2003 ) using confirmatory factor analysis to understand the bias in responding to our questionnaire. Finally, we carried out a hierarchical regression analysis to test the interacting effect of resilience between self-efficacy and workplace well-being. The result of the study indicates a positive relationship between self-efficacy and workplace well-being. The moderation effect of resilience was also confirmed in the structural equation modeling output through LISREL. Results revealed that executives having higher self-efficacy and resilience will demonstrate a positive attitude toward workplace well-being. Self-efficacy and resilience are malleable in nature and get enriched through observation and learning. This study stands as one of the first few empirical works in positive organizational behavior studies that have been carried out on executives of manufacturing organizations in India. Hence, the findings of the study cannot be generalized beyond manufacturing organizations. The data are collected through random sampling method, hence due care need to be taken while generalizing the result in a larger population, so future research may be carried out on a large sample in diverse organizations and locations to have an appropriate comparison by addressing the effectiveness of resilience on other behavior constructs.

The relationship between abusive supervision and employee's reaction: the job demands-resources model perspective

PurposeBased on the job demands-resources model, the present study proposes viewing abusive supervision as one type of job demand causing employees' emotional exhaustion, which results in psychological withdrawal behavior. In addition, job crafting can be viewed as a means to acquire job resources, and it buffers the influence of abusive supervision on employees' emotional exhaustion. Moreover, the present study also proposes the moderating effect of job crafting on abusive supervision and psychological withdrawal behavior will be mediated by emotional exhaustion.Design/methodology/approachConsidering the issue of common method variance, data were not only collected in a multi-temporal research design but also tested by Harman's one-factor test. In addition, a series of confirmatory factor analyses was conducted to ensure the discriminant validity of measures. The moderated mediation hypotheses were tested on a sample of 267 participants.FindingsThe process model analysis showed that emotional exhaustion partially mediates the relationship between abusive supervision and psychological withdrawal behavior. Moreover, job crafting buffers the detrimental effect of abusive supervision on emotional exhaustion, and the less exhausted employees exhibit less psychological withdrawal behavior than those exhausted.Originality/valueThis study proposed a moderated mediation model to examine how and when abusive supervision leads to more employees' psychological withdrawal behaviors, and found that emotional exhaustion is one potential mechanism and job crafting is one potential moderator. Specifically, it was revealed that employees view abusive supervision as a kind of social and organizational aspect of job demands which will exacerbate emotional exhaustion, and, in turn, lead to more psychological withdrawal behavior. However, when employees view themselves as job crafter, they can adopt various job crafting behaviors to decrease the emotional exhaustion, and thus less psychological withdrawal behavior.