On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Research Articles

Hybrid security in AOMDV routing protocol with improved salp swarm algorithm in wireless sensor network

During these years the current trends shows a fast expansion in the field of wireless sensor network (WSN) based applications. Due to this much vulnerability are created and also coverage optimization becomes essential to improve overall performance. However, maximum of the model concentrates only on security or efficiency. In order to create a highly efficient protocol both concepts need to get concerted. So, we developed a protocol namely hybrid security in ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol with improved salp swarm algorithm (HSA-ISSA). This model is sub-divided into three sections. They are, wormhole attack and gray hole attack construction AOMDV protocol, improved salp swarm algorithm (SSA) model is used for weighted distance position updates which leads to improve the efficiency. And to secure the network from attacks we use hybrid security with the help of Diffie-Hellman key interchange algorithm and elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) algorithm. During performance evaluation the proposed HS-ISSA protocol provide stable results in terms of message success rate (MSR), end to end delay (E2E_Delay), network throughput (NT), and average energy efficiency (AEE). Our HAS-ISSA protocol outperformed all the other earlier works by providing hybrid security, optimized coverage as well as energy efficiency to the wireless sensor networks.

Wireless Body Area Routing Protocols Impact Analysis on Entity Mobility Models with Static Sink Node

The most important and emerging characteristic of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), which differentiates them from other wired and wireless area networks, is mobility. Therefore, the routing protocols for WBAN are designed in such a way that they can deal with dynamic changes in topology and provide maximum throughput, packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, and minimum energy consumption. Thus, achieving optimal values for every performance parameter becomes a big challenge. This work investigates the performance of three separate path discovery protocols, such as Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV), Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing protocol (AOMDV), for two different mobility models with a fixed-positioned sink. During experimentation, the AOMDV routing protocol achieves a high packet delivery ratio (PDR), average end-to-end delay, and throughput as compared to other routing protocols.

Trusted routing protocol for federated UAV ad hoc network

PurposeIn the final step, the trust model is applied to the on-demand federated multipath distance vector routing protocol (AOMDV) to introduce path trust as a foundation for routing selection in the route discovery phase, construct a trusted path, and implement a path warning mechanism to detect malicious nodes in the route maintenance phase, respectively.Design/methodology/approachA trust-based on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol is being developed to address the problem of flying ad-hoc network being subjected to internal attacks and experiencing frequent connection interruptions. Following the construction of the node trust assessment model and the presentation of trust evaluation criteria, the data packet forwarding rate, trusted interaction degree and detection packet receipt rate are discussed. In the next step, the direct trust degree of the adaptive fuzzy trust aggregation network compute node is constructed. After then, rely on the indirect trust degree of neighbouring nodes to calculate the trust degree of the node in the network. Design a trust fluctuation penalty mechanism, as a second step, to defend against the switch attack in the trust model.FindingsWhen compared to the lightweight trust-enhanced routing protocol (TEAOMDV), it significantly improves the data packet delivery rate and throughput of the network significantly.Originality/valueAdditionally, it reduces the amount of routing overhead and the average end-to-end delay.

Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Sensor Networks Using Genetic Algorithm.

In this paper, we examine routing protocols with the shortest path in sensor networks. In doing this, we propose a genetic algorithm (GA)-based Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector routing protocol (GA-AOMDV). We utilize a fitness function that optimizes routes based on the energy consumption in their nodes. We compare this algorithm with other existing ad hoc routing protocols including LEACH-GA, GA-AODV, AODV, DSR, EPAR, EBAR_BFS. Results prove that our protocol enhances the network performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, round trip time and energy consumption. GA-AOMDV protocol achieves average gain that is 7 to 22% over other protocols. Therefore, our protocol extends the network lifetime for data communications.

Link Reliable On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing for Reliable Video Streaming in MANET

Background: Due to the generic feature of AOMDV, it is widely used in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks such as the Internet which requires new challenges to deploy conversational real-time applications like VoIP (Voice over IP) and video conferencing. Objective: In AOMDV, the multiple routes between any source and destination pair are selected based on minimal hop count which does not ensure reliable video content delivery as the communicating nodes along the paths are prone to link failures and route breaks. Methods: To overcome such problems, the Link Reliable On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (LROMDV) is proposed by modifying the Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV). Results: The LROMDV uses an enhanced Cumulative Expected Transmission Count (enh-CETX) for selecting multiple routes between any source and destination pair to avoid link failures and route breaks in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks. Conclusion: The performance of LROMDV on H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video streaming under both Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function (EDCF) using NS2.34 and Enhanced EvalVid framework is evaluated and the simulation result shows the effectiveness of LROMDV.

Elephant Herding Optimization Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol for MANET

Energy consumption always represents a challenge in the ad hoc networks which spurred the researchers to benefit from the bio-inspired algorithms and their fitness functions to evaluate nodes energy through the path discovery stage. In this paper we propose energy efficient routing protocol based on the well-known Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol and a bio-inspired algorithm called Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO). In the proposed EHO-AOMDV the overall consumed energy of nodes is optimized by classifying nodes into two classes, while paths are discovered from the class of the fittest nodes with sufficient energy for transmission to reduce the probability of path failure and the increasing number of dead nodes through higher data loads. The EHO updating operator updates classes based on separating operator that evaluates nodes based on residual energy after each transmission round. Experiments were conducted using Ns-3 with five evaluation metrics routing overhead, packet delivery ratio, average energy consumption, end-to-end delay and number of dead nodes and four implemented protocols the proposed protocol, AOMDV and two bio-inspired protocols ACO-FDRPSO and FF-AOMDV. Results indicated that the proposed EHO-AOMDV attained higher packet delivery ratio with less routing overhead, average energy consumption and number of dead nodes over the state of art while in the end-to-end delay AOMDV has outperformed the proposed protocol.

Comparative Study of Two Reactive Routing Protocols with Realistic Mobility Model

A Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are dynamic wireless networks that can be formed without the need for any existing infrastructure in which each node can act as a host as well as a router. One of the main challenges of MANETs is the design of robust routing protocols that adapt to the frequent and randomly changing network topology. A variety of routing protocols have been proposed and several of them have been extensively simulated or implemented. In this study, we compare and evaluate the performance of two reactive routing protocols namely: The Ad-hoc On-Demand distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, which is unipath and Ad-hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. We observed that the results of AODV significantly outperformed that of the AOMDV in most cases contrary to the report that AOMDV outperformed AODV, but concerning in the literature that the selection of the mobility model has a significant impact the performance of the routing protocol.

Enhancement of QOS for Multi-user Environment in Cognitive Radio Network

CRT(Cognitive radio technology) enhances the utilization of available better spectrum in the channel. So to provide better Quality of Service for the user in this paper the Localizability aided localization(LAL) and Water filling Methodologies are proposed. This paper analyzes the routing protocols like AOMDV(Ad-hoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector routing), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) and AODV (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector). Considering the AODV as the existing routing protocol, this paper proposed with AOMDV and DSR routing algorithms for Localizability aided localization(LAL) and Water filling methodologies respectively. Current work on improving Quality of Service, the different routing protocols are proposed in this paper. The main factors analyzing in this paper are throughput, PDR( packet delivery ratio) and Delay. The simulation results will confirm the accuracy of the proposed techniques.

Enhancing multipath routing using an efficient multicriteria sorting technique

Saving energy in MANET represents a critical issue due to its material architecture. This paper aims to improve ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) using multicriteria analysis method. In order to construct effective disjoints paths, our approach focuses on sorting the different available paths considering several important criteria. Our objective is improving the network performances and routing stability using an efficient multicriteria method called Electre Tri. The use of this technique enhances data reach ability and minimises the required delay during packets forwarding. The proposed approach is evaluated comparatively to well known routing protocols considering various metrics. Simulation results prove that our approach improves significantly the network lifetime and the transmission delay.

Enhancing multipath routing using an efficient multicriteria sorting technique

Saving energy in MANET represents a critical issue due to its material architecture. This paper aims to improve ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) using multicriteria analysis method. In order to construct effective disjoints paths, our approach focuses on sorting the different available paths considering several important criteria. Our objective is improving the network performances and routing stability using an efficient multicriteria method called Electre Tri. The use of this technique enhances data reach ability and minimises the required delay during packets forwarding. The proposed approach is evaluated comparatively to well known routing protocols considering various metrics. Simulation results prove that our approach improves significantly the network lifetime and the transmission delay.

Confidence-based Security System for Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network of wireless nodes. The network topology may change quickly with respect to time, due to node mobility. The network is a disintegrated network, activities such as delivering messages by determining the topology essential to be implemented by the nodes themselves i.e., the routing activity will be unified into mobile nodes. Due to the lack of centralized administration in multihop routing and open environment, MANET’s are susceptible to attacks by compromised nodes; hence, to provide security also energy efficiency is a crucial issue. So as to decrease the hazards of malicious nodes and resolve energy consumption issues, a simple confidence-based protocol is built to evaluate neighbor’s behaviour using forwarding factors. The reactive Ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol (AOMDV), is extended and confidence-based Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (CBAOMDV) protocol, is implemented for MANET. This implemented protocol is able to find multiple routes in one route discovery. These routes are calculated by confidence values and hop counts. From there, the shortest path is selected which fulfills the requirements of data packets for reliability on confidence. Several experimentations have been directed to relate AOMDV and CBAOMDV protocols and the outcomes show that CBAOMDV advances throughput, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load, and average energy consumption.

A Multihoming ACO-MDV Routing for Maximum Power Efficiency in an IoT Environment

Internet of Things (IoT) is the recent technology emerged with new research ideas in the communication arena. With multiple sensors and actuators, it operates on limited energy for numerous applications and it requires major updates for data updating in the network. Mobility, redundancy, and bandwidth are the common factors used to measure the network performance. Data accessing using multihoming mechanism is used to enhance the network performance without any compromise in quality of service. Multi-homing is used to connect one or more devices into a heterogeneous multi-network by using IP address with a best routing strategy. Efficient routing in the multihoming mechanism develops a reliable network and provides a better power efficiency and QoS policy to the users. This proposed research work includes an efficient Ant Colony Optimization On-demand Multipath Distance Vector routing algorithm for enhancing power efficiency in multihoming mechanism based IoT. The proposed model highlights the best routing algorithm in terms of energy consumption and delay that is suitable in multihoming networks.

Using Improved Hilbert–Huang Transformation Method to Detect Routing-Layer Reduce of Quality Attack in Wireless Sensor Network

Denial of Service (DoS) attack is a serious threat to the security of Wireless Sensor Netwokr (WSN). Moreover, Reduce of Quality (RoQ) attack is a special DoS attack type. The RoQ attack is a potential DoS attack, it is simulator to normal traffic,so it is difficult to be detected by traditional detection method. Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) time–frequency analysis method can be used to analyze the non-linear signal generated by RoQ attack. However, mode mixing and false component are the challenge problems to analyze the RoQ attack by HHT method. Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method is used to eliminate the mode mixing problem. Correlated coefficient method is used to recognize the false components. In this paper, EEMD and correlated coefficient methods are combined to detect the weak signal generated by RoQ attack. Ad Hoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector routing protocol and random Routing REQuest flooding attack are simulated to implement RoQ attack in wireless sensor network by Network Simulator. Suitable white noises are added to original signal to detect the weak RoQ attack signal. Experiment results show that the improved HHT methods are highly effective to detect RoQ attack, when the standard deviation of white noise is 0.01 and the number of ensemble is 80, the detection results is best. When the correlated coefficient of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) is greater than 0.2, the IMFs can be used to analyze and detect RoQ attack. To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative experiment and method research on the routing-layer RoQ attack detection in WSN.

A novel optimal path selection strategy in MANET using energy awareness

Today, most ad hoc mobile devices operate on batteries. To maximise the lifetime of mobile networks, the power consumption rate of each node must be evenly distributed, and the overall transmission power for each connection request must be minimised. But many proposed routing protocols do not consider energy as an important factor for selecting routes. This causes earliest exhaustion of nodes and network in trouble. Here, a new approach for path selection strategy is introduced by using energy factor is known as energy aware ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (EA-AOMDV) routing protocol. The proposed scheme attempts to solve the above-mentioned problems in the way of selecting energy aware nodes on the path. During the route selection process, the node is considered only when the node is having above the minimum energy threshold value. The proposed model is tested with the NS2 simulator and the result we obtained is significant.

Preventing Gray Hole Attack using AOTMDV Routing protocol in MANE

MANETs are autonomous and decentralized networks. It is accessible to both genuine users and malicious attackers. In the network services, confidentiality and integrity of the data is affected due to security issues. MANETs are very vulnerable to various attacks from malicious nodes, some classical malicious attacks (eg., DoS attacks, warm-hole attack, gray-hole attack and black-hole attack). In this paper, we are calculating the trust value of nodes using decision factors such as direct degree and recommendation degree. We focus on further improvement of routing, trust based Ad-hoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector Routing (AOTMDV) protocol is used, which is an extension form of Ad-hoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector Routing (AOMDV) protocol. AOTMDV protocol is to incorporate other decision factors (Incentive function and Active degree) to improve the trust. By enhancing the trust, gray hole attacks will be prevented and the performance of network throughput, packet delivery ratio and malicious attack resistance also improved effectively.

TAR: TOA–AOA Based Random Transmission Directed Localization

This paper presents time-of-arrival (TOA) and angle-of-arrival (AOA) based random transmission directed localization (RTDL) technique. This technique can be applied in ad hoc networks, especially suitable for network with low frequency range in the wireless network. In this work, localization Error during node communication in wireless network would be optimized via TOA---AOA across multiple nodes and can focus on estimating the attackers' physical location in the network. In the proposed method using Ad hoc Mobile Distance Vector (AOMDV), we assume two categories of nodes: those equipped with known vector position of the omni-direction antenna (base-nodes) and those equipped with unknown vector position of the omni-direction antenna (target-nodes). All nodes are capable of communicating with other nodes. Base-nodes are capable of positioning (TOA---AOA estimation) the other nodes located in their coverage area. The system estimates the error rate of distance between the nodes, by measuring TOA---AOA based RTDL at an appropriate number of nodes. In the proposed system, we determine the Reliable Shortest Routing in Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AOMDV). This paper depicts the capability of the proposed method to considerably reduce the localization error and effectively determine the attacker's nearest location in the network.

Energy Efficient Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Energy consumption is a significant issue in ad hoc networks since mobile nodes are battery powered. In order to prolong the lifetime of ad hoc networks, it is the most critical issue to minimize the energy consumption of nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for choosing energy efficient path. This system also considers transmission power of nodes and residual energy as energy metrics in order to maximize the network lifetime and to reduce energy consumption of mobile nodes. The objective of our proposed system is to find an optimal route based on two energy metrics while choosing a route to transfer data packets. This system is implemented by using NS-2.34. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol with transmission power and residual energy control mode can extend the life-span of network and can achieve higher performance when compared to traditional ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol.

A Maximum Transmission Range and Relative Energy Based Multipath Routing Strategy in Manet’s

Manet’s are networks which can be setup on demand where mobile nodes rely on the finite energy. Considering the limited available energy as a restraint numerous methods have been emerged from time-to-time to expand the lifetime of a network by effective utilisation of energy. The highest favoured and competent mechanism to lengthen the lifetime of network is by transmission power management theory which contemplates nearby nodes with merest power level. This scheme doesn’t reduce the energy utilisation and communication overhead of the network. Based on our inquiry it is erect that routing procedure is to be altered relatively than controlling the transmission power and permitting only certain nodes in routing process. Routing mechanism is to be changed based on the assessment of received signal strength and relative remaining energy. Using this only specific nodes in the network are permitted to receive and validate the routing request. Aforementioned form of routing procedure is adopted to Ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (Ad-hoc-OMDV) routing protocol and a maximal transmission range and remaining energy based multipath protocol called AOMDV_RR is proposed and analysed under various dimensions of network. Commendable dissimilarity in capabilities are found and the suggested AOMDV_RR shows better performance than the normal AOMDV with reference to all the selected QoS entities.

Energy Aware Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing

The current disjoint path Ad hoc On-Demand Multi- path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol does not have any energy-awareness guarantees. When AOMDV is used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) energy is an important consideration. To enhance the AOMDV protocol an extra energy metric is added along with the hop count metric. This Energy aware or EA-AOMDV improves path selection using a trade-off between energy and hop count, thus giving more longevity to WSNs. EA-AOMDV is compared to the current AOMDV routing protocol to prove its worth in the context of WSNs. It is found that EA-AOMDV leads to better WSN energy-awareness in resource constrained WSNs.

Fault Tolerant Multi-Criteria Multi-Path Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

The Ad Hoc On-Demand Multi-Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol allows the transport of data along one or more paths in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The path chosen is based on a single shortest path hop count metric. The data on some WSNs is mission critical, for example, military and health care applications. Hence, fault tolerance in WSNs is becoming increasingly important. To improve the fault tolerance of WSNs in lossy environments, this work adds to the AOMDV routing protocol as it incorporates an additional packet loss metric. This Multi-criteria AOMDV or M-AOMDV is evaluated using the ns2 simulator. Simulations show that M- AOMDV maintains relatively low packet loss rates when the WSN is experiencing loss.