Bandwidth On Demand Research Articles

Performance of resource delayed release strategy in software-defined OTN over WDM networks for uniform and non-uniform traffic

In today's wide area networks, especially in Optical Transport Networks (OTN) with Software Defined Networking (SDN) features enabled over Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), Bandwidth on Demand (BoD) is an important service that can be satisfied by dynamic end-to-end service provisioning. Service provisioning time (SPT) and Blocking Probability (BP) are critical performance metrics for the users and carriers. This paper extends the concept of the Resource Delayed Release (RDR) strategy for WDM networks. The basic idea of this strategy is to introduce a delay in releasing the optical channel, when the channel is no longer carrying any services. This delay can help speed up the provisioning time for carrying the next service request, avoiding the time usually taken to establish a new optical channel. The main goals of the RDR method are to reduce SPT and BP while simultaneously satisfying the quality of service (QoS) constraints. In this paper, we investigate the effects of uniform and non-uniform traffic on the performance of RDR strategy. For non-uniform traffic simulation, we use a mesh topology with the 14 most populous cities in USA as of 2018 and model the non-uniform traffic based on population density. Further, we introduce a new metric called the Bandwidth Blocking Probability (BBP) to measure the quality of the service offered by the network. Simulation results show advantages of using the RDR method under a wide variety of traffic scenarios for both uniform and non-uniform traffic distributions compared to the traditional method. RDR reduces SPT by 45–90% for uniform traffic and 41–75% for non-uniform traffic. RDR reduces BP by 35–85% for uniform traffic and 30–75% for non-uniform traffic. Additionally, RDR lowers BBP by 31–73% for uniform traffic and 29–68% for non-uniform traffic.

5G Intelligent A+: A Pioneer Multi-Access Edge Computing Solution for 5G Private Networks

Multi-access edge computing (MEC) is a key technology for enabling various services in 5G applications. Existing works mainly focus on the key technologies of MEC. In this article, we, as a mobile operator, share our experience with a self-developed MEC system, called 5G Intelligent A+, for 5G private networks. This system is inline and transparent, and is located between the base station (BS) and the mobile core network. Therefore, it is not affected by changes in the BS and core network, and does not require pre-configuration. We demonstrate the key functions of the system, including versatile conditions for local breakout, flexible network access management, on-demand bandwidth allocation based on mobile subscriber ISDN number, time, and location. We also show how to support inter-region access via an innovative tunneling mechanism called tunnel MEC (T-MEC). We then demonstrate that the system can efficiently provide enterprises with diverse services, which can be performed online and in real time. This MEC system works well with many types of access networks and is applicable to non-standalone and standalone (SA) 5G networks. The proof of concept has been tested in Taiwan to prove the flexibility and usability of the MEC system. In addition, some functions and applications were also demonstrated at the Mobile World Congress 2018 and 2019.

5G beamforming techniques for the coverage of intended directions in modern wireless communication: in-depth review

AbstractThe growing need of the compact and portable antennas with high speed and low latency wireless communication is the present and future demand of the voice over Internet protocol, on-demand bandwidth, and multimedia applications. Fifth-generation (5G) covers certain low-frequency bands under 6 GHz spectrum, and most of the high-frequency bands under 60 GHz. 5G is the part of the millimeter wave spectrum (30–300 GHz) and is introduced to overcome the problem of spectrum shortage due to exponential enhancement of wireless applications in industry, medical, airborne, radar, satellite, and research fields. The International Telecommunication Union's objective of wireless communications promises to provide higher data rates up to 10 Gbps for 5G mobile users and connectivity to the artificial intelligence devices, along with high spectral efficiencies and enhanced coverage. The users for the 5G require around 5 and 50 Gbps of data rates for low and high mobility, respectively. Beamforming in 5G is the modern powerful technique for the coverage of the intended user/direction using the narrow beam width radiation patterns. A brief survey on 5G beamforming techniques, i.e. analog, digital, hybrid, switched, and adaptive etc. and its types, working algorithms, design of compact antennas, gain, and size/type of the substrates is carried out in this paper. The study of the hybrid coupler, branchline coupler, Wilkinson power divider, and Butler matrix in beamforming is required for 5G smart antennas. Different beam widths like ±15, ±35, ±45, and ±55° etc. are produced for the intended directions using a variety of beamforming techniques. From lower to higher frequency band beamforming applications with Roger's Duroid 4003/4350/5880, tectonic, and aluminum oxide dielectric substrates are discussed here. Various beamforming techniques with their merits, demerits, and applications are included in the paper for the knowledge extension of the beamforming antenna designers and research community.

Bandwidth On-Demand for Multimedia Big Data Transfer Across Geo-Distributed Cloud Data Centers

Multimedia content is massively generated from various applications and devices, and processed in cloud data centers. Multimedia service providers prefer that their data are processed in data centers close to users in order to offer them high performance and reliable multimedia services that meet the requirements specified in the Service Level of Agreement (SLA). This requires transferring huge data sets of video streams, games content, images etc. across geographically distributed cloud data centers using underutilized bandwidth in backbone transport networks. As the amount of multimedia content increases, the demand to transfer big data sets across data centers increases as well. As such, the leftover bandwidth that appears at different times and for different durations in the backbone network becomes insufficient to satisfy the rapidly increasing demand for multimedia big data transfer. This challenge led to the creation of multi-rate Bandwidth on-Demand (BoD) service offerings for communication between geographically distributed cloud data centers. In this paper, we focus on BoD services which are offered by the Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) layer because of its huge capacity. We propose a BoD broker which employs a scheduling algorithm that considers various deadlines of multimedia big data transfer requests. The broker in our model leverages the concept of standby wavelengths to minimize peak traffic and accommodate time requirements of delay-tolerant and delay-intolerant transfer requests. We also study strategies of routing and wavelength assignment using Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) optimization to rapidly handle volumes of multimedia big data transfer requests.

A comparative study for bandwidth on demand using ONOS reactive and intent forwarding

<span>Telco operators need to tailor their networks to be agile, efficient and able manage the operational cost at moderate level. Furthermore, the norm of network volatility practiced by many enterprises open to a new challenge in managing an increasing traffic over the same WAN. For an enterprise, turning toward Bandwidth-on-Demand (BoD) approach promises to deliver extra network capacity when in demand without the complexity of running separate network. However, they need to manually transform these high-level policies into low-level configuration command and thus error-prone. This study was to address the effects of SDN (software-defined network) on the BoD performance towards the differences between the reactive and intent forwarding based on the assessment matrix. The testbed was performed under Mininet simulator which interacted with ONOS (Open Network Operating System). Mesh type topology with a predetermine parameter matrix was used using random topology generator. The expected outcome from this research was to show the effect on the BoD performance under two type of forwarding; reactive and intent based on the assessment matrix. This report contributed towards determining the effectiveness of SDN architecture on BoD performance and to improve future benchmarking on SDN-BoD testbed.</span>

An Advance Reservation System to Improve Network Resource Utilization in Software-Defined Networks

Research and education networks (RENs) worldwide, attracted by the benefits of software-defined networking (SDN) for services involving traffic engineering (TE) such as bandwidth on demand (BoD), have started to include SDN in their network evolution plans. BoD allows users to request end-to-end connectivity services of known duration with a guaranteed bandwidth. Considering such a scenario, this paper presents a set of algorithms and two novel data structures for provisioning of the BoD service in SDN-based RENs. First, network snapshots are used to represent a period of time during which resource availability remains constant. Second, the network snapshot tree (NSTree) allows for different network snapshots to be arranged hierarchically using a time-based node aggregation policy. Additionally, each network snapshot stores multiple alternative paths for each source-destination pair. This innovative approach allows for the network resource utilization and number of service requests being accepted in the network to be improved compared to the most common approach of a single shortest path being considered for each destination. As a result, our approach allows for network resource utilization to be improved by approximately 30%. Furthermore, the two-phase procedure used to pre-compute alternative paths and perform admission control makes it possible to achieve response times on the order of milliseconds, enabling the real-time provision of the service.

Cost-Aware Traffic Management Under Demand Uncertainty from a Colocation Data Center User’s Perspective

Burstable billing is widely adopted by colocation data center providers to charge their users for data transferring. This paper proposes a cost-aware traffic management approach for a colocation data center user under burstable billing where it is charged based on the 95th percentile bandwidth usage. To do this, we first develop a tractable mathematical expression to calculate the 95th percentile usage of a user. Then, we develop an optimization problem to maximize the user’s surplus based on both deterministic and stochastic predictions of the user’s demand. We show that the resulted optimization problem, while non-convex by nature, can be efficiently solved or approximated using a convex program. We also show that the proposed approach can also be applied in a more general scenario where the user gets services from multiple service providers. Using real-world workload traces, we show that the proposed approach can reduce a colocation data center user’s IP transit cost by 26 percent and increase its total surplus by 23 percent, compared to the current practice of allocating bandwidth on-demand.

A Shapley-Value Mechanism for Bandwidth On Demand between Datacenters

Recent studies in cloud resource allocation and pricing have focused on computing and storage resources but not network bandwidth. Cloud users nowadays customarily deploy services across multiple geo-distributed datacenters, with significant inter-datacenter traffic generated, paid by cloud providers to ISPs. An effective bandwidth allocation and charging mechanism is needed between the cloud provider and the cloud users. Existing volume based static charging schemes lack market efficiency. This work presents the first dynamic pricing mechanism for inter-datacenter on-demand bandwidth, via a Shapley value based auction. Our auction is expressive enough to accept bids as a flat bandwidth rate plus a time duration, or a data volume with a transfer deadline. We start with an offline auction, design an optimal end-to-end traffic scheduling approach, and exploit the Shapley value in computing payments. Our auction is truthful, individual rational, budget balanced and approximately efficient in social welfare. An online version of the auction follows, where decisions are made instantly upon the arrival of each user's realtime transmission demand. We propose an efficient online traffic scheduling algorithm, and approximate the offline Shapley value based payments on the fly. We validate our mechanism design with solid theoretical analysis, as well as trace-driven simulation studies.

Dynamic Path Provisioning and Disruption-Free Reoptimization Algorithms for Bandwidth on-Demand Services Considering Fairness

Dynamic Path Provisioning and Disruption-Free Reoptimization Algorithms for Bandwidth on-Demand Services Considering Fairness

Experimental demonstration of bandwidth on demand (BoD) provisioning based on time scheduling in software-defined multi-domain optical networks

Abstract A hierarchical software-defined networking (SDN) control architecture is designed for multi-domain optical networks with the Open Daylight (ODL) controller. The OpenFlow-based Control Virtual Network Interface (CVNI) protocol is deployed between the network orchestrator and the domain controllers. Then, a dynamic bandwidth on demand (BoD) provisioning solution is proposed based on time scheduling in software-defined multi-domain optical networks (SD-MDON). Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLG)-disjoint routing schemes are adopted to separate each tenant for reliability. The SD-MDON testbed is built based on the proposed hierarchical control architecture. Then the proposed time scheduling-based BoD (Ts-BoD) solution is experimentally demonstrated on the testbed. The performance of the Ts-BoD solution is evaluated with respect to blocking probability, resource utilization, and lightpath setup latency.

Tumbler: Adaptable link access in the bots-infested Internet

Despite large-scale flooding attacks, capability-based defense schemes provide end hosts with guaranteed communication. However, facing the challenges of enabling scalable bandwidth fair sharing and adapting to attack strategies, none of the existing schemes adequately stand. In this paper we present Tumbler, a flooding attack defense mechanism that provides scalable competition-based bandwidth fairness at the Autonomous System (AS) granularity, and on-demand bandwidth allocation for end hosts in each AS. Tumbler enforces adaptability in the capability establishment via competition factors that are calculated upon leaf ASes’ bandwidth utilization and reputation. Transit ASes independently manage each competition factor based on the corresponding feedback from dedicated bandwidth accounting and monitoring policies. Through Internet-scale simulations, we demonstrate the effectiveness of Tumbler against a variety of attack scenarios and illustrate the deployment benefits for ISPs.

Field Trial of Bandwidth on Demand Services Based on Hierarchical Control Over Multi-Domain OTN Networks

A control mechanism for multi-domain optical networks with commercial optical transport network (OTN) equipment is demonstrated by using hierarchical software defined networking controllers. A solution based on extended OpenFlow is proposed to support the control virtual network interface in OTN networks. In this way, multi-vendor and multi-domain interoperability is achieved for transport networks, and bandwidth on demand (BoD) service is demonstrated in multi-vendor multi-domain OTN networks. Moreover, based on this hierarchical control architecture, BoD service is conducted in the field trial, which verifies the feasibility to introduce new services in the transport network.

Unified Multi-Layer among Software Defined Multi-Domain Optical Networks (Invited)

The software defined networking (SDN) enabled by OpenFlow protocol has gained popularity which can enable the network to be programmable and accommodate both fixed and flexible bandwidth services. In this paper, we present a unified multi-layer (UML) architecture with multiple controllers and a dynamic orchestra plane (DOP) for software defined multi-domain optical networks. The proposed architecture can shield the differences among various optical devices from multi-vendors and the details of connecting heterogeneous networks. The cross-domain services with on-demand bandwidth can be deployed via unified interfaces provided by the dynamic orchestra plane. Additionally, the globalization strategy and practical capture of signal processing are presented based on the architecture. The overall feasibility and efficiency of the proposed architecture is experimentally verified on the control plane of our OpenFlow-based testbed. The performance of globalization strategy under heavy traffic load scenario is also quantitatively evaluated based on UML architecture compared with other strategies in terms of blocking probability, average hops, and average resource consumption.

Authorization-based Approach for Customized Automated Resource Provisioning Services

Combining the concept of software control with existing legacy network technology promotes new networking services with low capital expenditure. Currently, many testbeds and academic operators provide bandwidth on demand (BoD) services over layers 2 and 3 wide area network. BoD decreases operational expenditures and manual errors. However, administrators must continue to manually configure virtual circuits for different stakeholders to accommodate configuration conflicts, quality of service (QoS), and service policies. This paper proposes a BoD framework called AutoNET to provide a set of BoD services with independent abstract topologies, resource allocation, and different QoS levels. User authorization is employed to control the eligibility to access a given BoD service. AutoNET uses the extended On-Demand Secure Circuits and Advance Reservation System (OSCARS) as controller software and MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) as a transport technology.

Trunk Reservation for Fair Utilization in Flexible Optical Networks

Flexible optical network (FON) architectures are considered a very promising solution where spectrum resources are allocated within flexible frequency grids. These architectures must handle the spectrum more efficiently and must support on-demand elastic bandwidth provisioning. However, when multi-bandwidth services coexist without a suitable bandwidth management, blocking of wider spectrum calls increases compared to narrower spectrum calls. This unfairness effect limits FONs' performance, not fulfilling much of the promise they hold. In this letter we present a new specific variant of trunk reservation policies that can effectively deal with fast on-demand bandwidth provisioning. Through network simulations we show that trunk reservation is able to guarantee fairness and to equalize the performance of an entire network in terms of blocking probability and link utilization with different flexible spectrum allocation policies.

On-demand Bandwidth and Stability Based Unicast Routing in Mobile Adhoc Networks

Abstract Characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) such as lack of central coordination, dynamic topology and limited resources pose a challenging problem in quality of service (QoS) routing. Providing an efficient, robust and low overhead QoS unicast route from source to destination is a critical issue. Bandwidth and route stability are the major important QoS parameters for applications where long duration connections are required with stringent bandwidth requirements for multimedia applications. This paper proposes an On-demand Bandwidth and Stability based Unicast Routing scheme (OBSUR) in MANET by adding additional QoS features to existing Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol. The objective of the OBSUR is to provide QoS satisfied, reliable and robust route for communicating nodes. The scheme works in following steps. (1) Each node in the network periodically (small regular intervals) estimates bandwidth availability, node and link stability, buffer availability, and stability factor between nodes. (2) Construction of neighbor stability and QoS database at every node which is used in route establishment process. (3) The unicast path is constructed by using route request and route reply packets with the help of route information cache, and (4) route maintenance in case of node mobility and route failures. Simulation results show that there is an improvement in terms of traffic admission ratio, control overhead, packet delivery ratio, end to end delay and throughput as compared to Route Stability Based QoS Routing (RSQR) in MANETs.

Ontology-Based Semantic Priority Scheduling for Multi-domain Active Measurements

Network control and management techniques (e.g., dynamic path switching and on-demand bandwidth provisioning) rely on active measurements of the end-to-end network status. The measurements are needed to meet network monitoring objectives such as network weather forecasting, anomaly detection, and fault-diagnosis. Recent widespread deployment of openly accessible multi-domain active measurement frameworks, such as perfSONAR, has resulted in users competing for system and network measurement resources. Hence, there is a need to prioritize measurement requests of users before they are scheduled on measurement resources. In this paper, we present a novel ontology-based semantic priority scheduling algorithm (SPS) that handles resource contention while servicing measurement requests for meeting network monitoring objectives. We adopt ontologies to formalize semantic definitions and develop an inference engine to dynamically prioritize measurement requests. The prioritization is based upon user roles, user sampling preferences, resource policies, and oversampling mitigation factors. Performance evaluation results demonstrate that our SPS algorithm outperforms existing deterministic and heuristic algorithms in terms of user `satisfaction ratio' and `average stretch' among serviced measurement requests. Further, by sampling experiments on real-network perfSONAR measurement data sets, we show that our SPS algorithm successfully mitigates oversampling and further improves the satisfaction ratio. Our SPS scheme and evaluation results are vital to manage large-scale measurement infrastructures used for meeting monitoring objectives in the next-generation applications and networks.

Multi-layer network architecture in support of end-to-end transparent optical connectivities

In order to effectively accommodate a wide variety of emerging and future applications with diverse requirements, an intelligent optical network capable of the rapid and resilient delivery of on-demand transparent transmission capacity is required. This paper investigates a multi-layer network architecture where a generalized multiple protocol label switching (GMPLS) controlled transparent wavelength switched optical network (WSON), as the transport core, collaborates with multiple client optical burst switching (OBS) networks distributed at the edge. Dynamic interworking mechanism as well as the related signaling/routing protocol extensions for multi-QoS burst streams transmission among different OBS domains are proposed so as to provision an end-to-end (e2e) transparent optical connectivity with on-demand bandwidth to end-users. Moreover, the survivability of this transparent optical connectivity is also addressed. To validate the feasibility of this architecture, an integrated OBS/WSON network testbed was constructed, and stable e2e transparent connectivities were successfully demonstrated for an efficient multi-QoS burst streams transmission.

Dynamic Resource Allocation and QoS Control Capabilities of the Japanese Academic Backbone Network

Dynamic resource control capabilities have become increasingly important for academic networks that must support big scientific research projects at the same time as less data intensive research and educational activities. This paper describes the dynamic resource allocation and QoS control capabilities of the Japanese academic backbone network, called SINET3, which supports a variety of academic applications with a wide range of network services. The article describes the network architecture, networking technologies, resource allocation, QoS control, and layer-1 bandwidth on-demand services. It also details typical services developed for scientific research, including the user interface, resource control, and management functions, and includes performance evaluations.

Reconfigurable WDM/TDM Access Network Providing 10-Gb/s/$\lambda$ Over 27-km SSMF With Colorless ONU

Due to the emerging bandwidth-hungry applications (e.g., high-quality video content), the traffic load may significantly vary in time across the access network. Therefore, the network operator should be capable of distributing the available bandwidth in a flexible manner in order to provide the end-user with an uninterrupted service. In this letter, we present the experimental results carried out on the testbed of a hybrid wavelength-division-multiplexing/time-division-multiplexing access network based on cost-efficient elements like an integrated optical add-drop multiplexer and a reflective electroabsorption modulator combined with a semiconductor optical amplifier which provides bandwidth on-demand. We successfully transmit simultaneous upstream and downstream traffic at 10 Gb/s/lambda (nonreturn-to-zero) over 27-km standard single-mode fiber in various configurations of four wavelengths.