OMNI Scale Research Articles

Cross-cultural adaptation and concurrent validity of the children’s OMNI scale of perceived exertion for Arm-Crank activity in Spina Bifida

Purpose To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the OMNI verbal descriptors to Brazilian-Portuguese and examine the validity of the Brazilian version for arm-crank activity. Materials and methods Cross-cultural adaptation stages were: permission, translation, synthesis, back translation, expert committee review, pretesting, and submission and appraisal. For the concurrent validity, a Brazilian OMNI-Wheel scale was used to obtain rating of perceived exertion for the overall body (RPEOverall) and arms (RPEArms) in participants (n = 9, 10–17 years) with spina bifida. Cardiopulmonary exercise test was used to measure heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO2). Repeated Measures Correlation (rrm) was used to examine the scale validity. Results The cross-cultural adaptation produced equivalence between English and Brazilian-Portuguese verbal descriptors based on successful translation and pretesting. The Brazilian OMNI-wheel was validated based on strong associations of RPEOverall with VO2 (rrm (35) = 0.86, 95% CI [0.93, 0.73], p < 0.001) and HR (rrm (35) = 0.89, 95% CI [0.94, 0.79], p < 0.001) and RPEArms with VO2 (rrm (33) = 0.82, 95% CI [0.91, 0.66], p < 0.001) and HR (rrm (33) = 0.82, 95% CI [0.91, 0.66], p < 0.001). Conclusions The OMNI scale was cross-culturally adapted to Brazilian-Portuguese. The Brazilian OMNI-Wheel was validated based on strong associations of RPE with HR and VO2. Implications For Rehabilitation The original English OMNI was cross-culturally adapted to Brazilian-Portuguese. A Brazilian wheelchair OMNI was concurrently validated for Arm-Crank Activity in adolescents with spina bifida. This OMNI scale version may aid health providers in monitoring perceived exertion in Brazil.

The Omni Scale Is Not Suitable for Assessing Self-Perceived Exertion during Physical Activity in Preschoolers.

We aimed to identify the utility, reliability, and validity of an adapted version of the OMNI self-perceived exertion (PE) rating scale in preschoolers. Firstly, 50 (mean age ± standard deviation [SD] = 5.3 ± 0.5 years, 40% girls) performed a cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) test twice, with a one-week interval between assessments, and rated their PE either individually or in groups. Secondly, 69 children (mean age ± SD = 4.5 ± 0.5 years, 49% girls) performed two CRF tests, separated by a one-week interval, twice and rated their self-PE. Thirdly, the heart rate (HR) of 147 children (mean age ± SD = 5.0 ± 0.6 years, 47% girls) were compared against self-rated PE after finishing the CRF test. Self-assessed PE differed when the scale was administered individually (e.g., 82% rated PE with 10) or in groups (42% rated PE with 10). The scale showed poor test-retest reliability (ICC:0.314-0.031). No significant associations were found between the HR and PE ratings. An adapted version of the OMNI scale was found not suitable for assessing self-PE in preschoolers.

Lower limb muscle fatigue after uphill walking in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.

Fatigue during walking is a common complaint in cerebral palsy (CP). The primary purpose of this study is to investigate muscle fatigue from surface electromyography (sEMG) measurements after a treadmill-based fatigue protocol with increasing incline and speed in children with CP with drop foot. The secondary purpose is to investigate whether changes in sagittal kinematics of hip, knee and ankle occur after fatigue. Eighteen subjects with unilateral spastic CP performed the protocol while wearing their ankle-foot orthosis and scored their fatigue on the OMNI scale of perceived exertion. The median frequency (MF) and root mean square (RMS) were used as sEMG measures for fatigue and linear mixed effects model were applied. The MF was significantly decreased in fatigued condition, especially in the affected leg and in the tibialis anterior and peroneus longus muscle. The RMS did not change significantly in fatigued condition, while the OMNI fatigue score indicated patients felt really fatigued. No changes in sagittal kinematics of hip, knee and ankle were found using statistical non-parametric mapping. In conclusion, the current fatigue protocol seems promising in inducing fatigue in a population with CP with drop foot and it could be used to expand knowledge on muscle fatigue during walking in CP.

Effectiveness of a 3D bikefitting method in riding pain, fatigue, and comfort: a randomized controlled clinical trial

ABSTRACT To investigate the effects of bike fitting compared to qualitative-based riding posture recommendations on comfort, fatigue, and pain in amateur cyclists. This was a randomised controlled parallel trial of 162 amateur cyclists divided into two groups: bike fitting group (BFG) – participants received a bike fitting session based on 3D kinematic assessments; and a control group (QG) – participants who received a handout containing qualitative-based cycling posture recommendations. Primary outcomes were perceived comfort (FEEL Scale), perceived fatigue (OMNI Scale), and perceived pain (numeric rating pain scale, NRPS). Outcomes were assessed at baseline, when the interventions were delivered, and after 15 days. Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted using student t-tests between pre and post intervention on both groups. All dependent variables from BFG displayed significant statistical difference between both groups post-intervention (p < 0.05). FEEL Scale and OMNI Scale results showed the highest changes of all variables under analysis (mean differences of 3.12 and 3.95 points, respectively); while the body parts with more reduction in riding pain were Groin and Back (mean differences of 1.68 and 1.35, respectively). In conclusion, 3D kinematic bikefit demonstrated superior improvements over riding pain, comfort and fatigue compared to qualitative riding posture recommendations.

Long-Term Effects of a Kinematic Bikefitting Method on Pain, Comfort, and Fatigue: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Highlights What are the main findings? Pain and comfort levels improved after bikefit and remained stable through 4 months.Even with discrete increase after 3 months, fatigue levels remained significantly lower. What is the implication of the main findings? Ergonomic adjustments through bikefitting improves riding experience for a long period of time, and it can contribute to increase cycling adhesion.With increased riding comfort and reduced pain, participants showed increased fatigue and mileage levels, indicating increased sports practice. The purpose of this study is to analyze the long-term riders’ subjective responses to a standardized bikefitting method on their bicycles. Eighty-six amateur mountain bikers had their riding posture and bicycle components ergonomically adjusted through a 3D kinematic bikefitting method. Validated subjective scales (Feeling, OMNI, and Numerical Rating Pain Scale) were used to assess their overall riding comfort and fatigue along with localized pain for six body parts. Data were collected just before intervention (baseline or pre), immediately after (or post), and 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after the bikefit session. A Student’s t-test comparing before bikefit and after 120 days showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in localized pain for all six body parts and riding comfort along with a large effect size effect (d = 1.18) for riding comfort. Although initially reduced, fatigue scores gradually increased over the months, showing a high correlation (r = 0.946) with increased monthly training volume. In conclusion, overall riding discomfort and pain were significantly decreased after a standardized kinematic bikefit session even after 120 days post intervention. However, fatigue scores began to rise after 30 days, showing a high correlation with increasing monthly training volume.

Effects of combined hip exercise and passive stretching on muscle stiffness, pain perception and painrelated disability, and physical function in older adults with low back pain.

This study aimed to examine the effects of combined hip exercise and passive stretching as a novel treatment method for low back pain (LBP) in older adults. Altogether, 20 Koreans with LBP aged 60-79 years (67.3 ± 5.92 years) were randomly assigned to undertake combined exercise (CE; n = 10) or lumbar stabilization exercise (LSE; n = 10). All participants performed their respective exercise program for 25-30 min with an OMNI scale of 6-8 for 8 weeks, three times a week. Body composition, muscle stiffness, pain-visual analog scale (P-VAS), Oswestry disability index, and physical function were evaluated before and after the exercise intervention. The CE group demonstrated greater improvements in lean body mass (η2 = 0.402, p = 0.003) and percent body fat (η2 = 0.222, p = 0.036) than the LSE group. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in muscle stiffness, P-VAS scores, and Oswestry disability index scores, although no significant differences were observed between the interventions. All physical function parameters demonstrated a significant improvement in both groups, and the CE group demonstrated greater improvement in the YMCA sit-and-reach (η2 = 0.338, p = 0.007) and straight leg raise tests (η2 = 0.283, p = 0.016) than the LSE group. CE is comparable to LSE as an effective and successful exercise intervention that reduces muscle stiffness and P-VAS scores. Moreover, CE is more effective than LSE in enhancing the physical function of older adults with LBP.

Relationship Between Visual Analog Scales And Commonly-used Scales Of Perceived Readiness And Exertion

PURPOSE: Subjective measures of perceived readiness and exertion are widely used in research and practical settings. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of two visual analog scales (VAS) to their counterparts for readiness and exertion metrics. METHODS: A sample of 20 ROTC participants (female n = 1, aged 18-28 y) participated this study. Participants were asked to provide subject measures of readiness (before) and exertion (after) completing the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) during two sessions. Upon arrival, participants were asked to report their perceived readiness on a commonly-used perceived readiness scale (PRS: 0-10) and on a modified visual analog scale of perceived readiness (100-mm line anchored with “Unable to Perform” and “Ready for Peak Performance”). Then, all participants completed the current Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) and reported post session ratings of perceived exertion on the Omni scale (Omni RPE: 0-10) and a modified visual analog scale of perceived exertion (100-mm line anchored with “Rest/No Exertion” and “Maximal Exertion”). VAS scoring required the participant to mark on the 100-mm line where they fell on the spectrum and their score was later measured to the nearest millimeter the line passed. The protocol was repeated 72 h later. Data from both sessions were pooled for analysis for each comparison. Spearman’s Rho correlations were used to explore the relationships between the visual analog scales and their traditional, ordinal counterparts. RESULTS: The results of the Spearman’s Rho correlations showed moderately-strong correlations between the measures of readiness (rs(37) = 0.65, p < 0.001) and exertion (rs(35) = 0.77, p < 0.001). Of note, one participant did not complete session two and participant errors on the data collection sheet for Omni RPE called for the removal of two exertion-related data points. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that both visual analog scales have moderately-strong relationships with traditionally-used subjective metrics for readiness and exertion - establishing a level of criterion validity. Therefore, visual analog scales show promise as tool with which researchers and practitioners can assess subjective responses and be confident the data are continuous, limiting bias related to recall with serial measures.

Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscle Performance and Muscle Damage: A Double Blind, Randomized Crossover Study

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been used as an ergogenic substance during high-intensity exercises. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of NaHCO3 supplementation on external and internal load parameters during isokinetic exercise in trained subjects. Ten subjects were tested on two occasions: after ingesting 0.3 g.kg-1 of body mass of NaHCO3 or placebo. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction was performed before and after a dynamic protocol consisting of 10 series of 10 movements of flexion/extension of the knee extensors at 120° s-1 at an interval of 60 s between series. Outcomes considered were: peak torque (isokinetic dynamometry), blood lactate and creatine concentration (CK), analysis of perceptions of effort (OMNI scale), pain (visual analog scale) and recovery (scale raging 6 to 20). Performance was assessed using peak torque values. Muscle damage was assessed prior and 24 h post exercise. The subjective perceptions of effort, pain and recovery were assessed at different times and the internal load of the session was assessed 30 min post-effort. Although significant reductions in peak torque were noted both in isometric (NaHCO3:-29.11 ± 22.95%, Placebo: −23.51 ± 15.23%; p = 0.38) and isokinetic strength (NaHCO3:-23.0 ± 13.9%, Placebo:-19.6 ± 9.1%; p = 0.09), there was no effect of supplementation on performance (p > 0.05). The blood CK concentrations (NaHCO3: pre:225.3 ± 135.9 U/L, post: 418.4 ± 318.4 U/L; Placebo: pre:238 ± 94.03 U/L, post:486 ± 336.6 U/L) increased after protocol (p = 0.005), however, without differences between conditions. In conclusion, the NaHCO3 did not attribute benefits in performance or in parameters related to the internal load of exercise.

A normalized rate of perceived exertion at ventilatory breakpoint for different exercise modalities and production of exercise intensity with self-regulation for Singapore children.

The purpose of this study was to identify a normalized RPE response at ventilatory breakpoint (V<inf>pt</inf>) for male adolescents 13-17 years old, and whether these adolescents could self-regulate at target RPEs of 4 and 6. Twenty healthy males participated in the study, with 10 males in each of the cycling and walking/running groups. Participants performed orientation and V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> trials before performing a perceptual estimation exercise trial to obtain RPE V<inf>pt</inf>, and two production trials to assess self-regulation ability. V<inf>pt</inf> corresponded to 67.7% V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> for the cycling group and 70.4% V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> for the walking/running group. There were no group differences on RPE-Overall V<inf>pt</inf> (cycling: 4.6; walking/running: 4.4), RPE-Legs V<inf>pt</inf> (cycling: 5.4; walking/running: 4.6), and RPE-Chest V<inf>pt</inf> (cycling: 4.0; walking/running: 4.8). A normalized RPE-Overall V<inf>pt</inf> response was identified at five. V̇O<inf>2</inf> did not differ between the estimation and production trials at targets RPE of 4 (1.59 vs. 1.57 L·min-1) and 6 (1.87 vs. 1.79 L·min-1). Similarly, heart rate (HR) did not differ between estimation and production trials at targets RPE 4 (152.4 vs. 151.1 beats·min-1) and 6 (167.1 vs. 162.4 beats·min-1). Both V̇O<inf>2</inf> and HR were significantly higher at RPE 6 compared to RPE 4. Responses were not affected by exercise mode or production sequence. This study demonstrated that undifferentiated and differentiated RPE V<inf>pt</inf> were similar between cycling and walking/running participants. Male adolescents between 13- and 17-year-olds were able to use the OMNI scale to self-regulate exercise intensities that would be useful in field settings.

Kinematic analysis and self-perceived exertion during the walking gait with a backpack in Brazilian scholars

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different backpack loads on the walking gait kinematics and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in Brazilian scholars. Methods: The sample was composed of 25 male children and adolescents, from 10 to 14 years. The mean body mass and height were 45.3 kg ± 10.6 kg and 1.51 m ± 0.08 m, respectively. For the walking gait assessment, a tridimensional analysis system was used. In the backpack conditions, loads of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were applied according to the body weight of everyone. Kinematic variables and angular amplitudes of head, shoulders, thorax, pelvis, and knees in the sagittal plane were collected. The OMNI scale was used to assess the RPE. Results: The loads of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% promoted postural adjustments and alterations in the walking gait, in which the RPE presented a correlation with those alterations. The step in the left cycle altered from the baseline in the 5% (p = 0.006). The stride length altered from baseline in the 5% (p = 0.030) and 10% (p < 0.001) load conditions. The single support time was different from baseline in all conditions (p = 0.003; p = 0.012; p = 0.005; p = 0.006). The walking gait cadence was different in the comparison between baseline in the 5% (p = 0.003). Thorax amplitude altered in the 10% (p = 0.023), 15% (p = 0.033) and 20% (p = 0.005) load conditions in the left cycle. Conclusion: We concluded that the posture, RPE, and the gait kinematic altered according to the increase in the backpack load.

Respuestas metabólicas y fisiológicas de tres métodos de entrenamiento de fuerza en mujeres entrenadas

Objective:Analyze the acute effects of the alternate repeat, bilateral fixed series and unilateral fixed series methods in trained women. Methodology:The research was composed by 10 female individuals with at least 4 years of bodybuilding practice. Each one of them did a 4 days try-out, which the first day evaluate the maximum load, and the other days concluded the alternating regressive repetition (RRA), bilateral fixed series (SFB) and unilateral fixed series (SFU). Total time, repetitions performed, blood lactate, maximum heart rate, pain perception and effort using the Borg and Omni scales were measured. Results: There was a significant difference (p &lt; 0,01) in the repetition between the methods: SFB -41,4 ± 9,40; SFU -79,1 ± 13,3 e RRA -72,0 ± 0,0. And total time RRA with 114 seconds, 77 and 150 seconds difference for SFB and SFU respectively. In the other analyzes, no significant difference was observed between the methods. Conclusion:The present research didn’t find any significant difference in the blood lactate, volume, Borg and Omnis cales between the methods. However, there was a significant difference in the time variation of the alternating regressive repetition method for the others.

Men Exhibit Greater Pain Pressure Thresholds and Times to Task Failure but Not Performance Fatigability Following Self-Paced Exercise.

The purpose of the current study was to determine if, and to what extent, sex differences in performance fatigability after a sustained, bilateral leg extension, anchored to a moderate rating of perceived exertion (RPE), could be attributed to muscle size, muscular strength, or pain pressure threshold (PPT) in young, healthy adults. Thirty adults (men: n = 15, women: n = 15) volunteered to complete a sustained leg extension task anchored to RPE = 5 (10-point OMNI scale) as well as pretest and posttest maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) trials. The fatigue-induced decline in MVIC force was defined as performance fatigability. We used muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) to quantify muscle size and a dolorimeter to assess PPT. The sustained task induced fatigue such that both men and women exhibited significant (p < 0.05) decreases in MVIC force from pretest to posttest (M = 113.3, SD =24.2 kg vs. M = 98.3, SD = 23.1 kg and M = 73.1, SD =14.5 kg vs. M = 64.1, SD = 16.2 kg, respectively), with no significant sex differences in performance fatigability (grand M = 12.6, SD =10.6%). Men, however, exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) longer time to task failure (TTF) than women (M = 166.1, SD =83.0 seconds vs. M = 94.6, SD =41.7) as well as greater PPT (M = 5.9, SD = 2.2 kg vs. M = 3.4, SD =1.1 kg). The only significant predictor of performance fatigability was PPT. In conclusion, differences in PPT, at least in part, mediate variations in TTF during self-paced exercise anchored to a specific RPE and resulting in performance fatigability.

Results of a postural education program, with a gamified intervention vs traditional intervention

The teaching methodology adopted by teachers can influence the levels of participation and learning of students. The main goal of this study was to compare the effect of two intervention programs of postural education according to the used methodology. A total of 36 students (19 girls and 17 boys) in the 1st year of high school participated in the study. In the first intervention program a gamified methodology was applied, while in the second one a traditional methodology was used. Both intervention programs were carried out along 6 sessions. Theoretical contents were analyzed through questionnaires (COSACUES and COSACUES-AEF) and muscular endurance through three physical tests (Biering-Sørensen Test, Side Bridge Test and Prone Forearm Plank Test) before and after the intervention. Motivation levels (Feeling Scale) and perception of effort (OMNI Scale) were measured after each session. The results obtained did not show significant differences between methodologies, but differences have been found in terms of gender and type of methodology. Girls were shown to assimilate better contents with the gamified methodology. There was also a greater perception of effort and greater motivation with the gamified intervention. Therefore, the application of gamified educational interventions by teachers can be an interesting strategy to increase the levels of motivation and effort of students.

Feasibility and safety of a walking football program in middle-aged and older men with type 2 diabetes

AimsThis study aimed to analyze the feasibility and safety of a community-based walking football program in middle-aged and older men with type 2 diabetes (T2D). MethodsThirty-one male (age, 64.4 ± 4.5 years old; glycated hemoglobin, 6.7 ± 1.0%; body mass index: 28.8 ± 3.3 kg/m2) patients with T2D were recruited from primary health care units in Porto, Portugal. The participants engaged in a 12-wk walking football program (three sessions per week of 60 min; consisting of strength and conditioning exercises, technical skills drills, and small-sided walking football games). Exercise intensity was planned to be gradual throughout the program in three 4-wk phases (phase I, light-intensity; phase II, moderate-intensity; phase III, vigorous-intensity) through the manipulation of game constraints, and monitored by OMNI scale and heart rate reserve (HRR). Sessions' enjoyment level, and exercise-related injuries and adverse events were recorded in all sessions. ResultsThe median (P25–P75) adherence to the program was 86.1% (77.8–97.2%). The median enjoyment levels reported by participants was 5 (4–5) points in phase I, 5 (5–5) points in phase II and 5 (5–5) points in phase III. Sessions' average subjective exercise intensity was 3.0 ± 0.6 points in OMNI scale in phase I, 3.5 ± 0.4 points in phase II, and 3.8 ± 0.4 points in phase III. Sessions' average HRR was 35.8 ± 6.7% in phase I, 41.6 ± 4.2% in phase II, and 37.3 ± 4.3% in phase III. Most participants attained vigorous-intensity peaks in all phases. Falls (n = 25) and musculoskeletal injuries (n = 8) were the most frequent adverse events. 31% of these events interfered with exercise participation, but no harm has resulted from it. ConclusionA community-based walking football program for T2D patients revealed high levels of adherence and enjoyment, and light-to-vigorous exercise intensity. The adverse events were according to the expected for the population and activity. Therefore, walking football seems to be a feasible and safe exercise strategy, and has the potential for large scale implementation for T2D control. Trial registrationNCT03810846.

234P - Effects of supervised and adapted exercise program in the quality of life and strength of breast cancer survivors: MAMA MOVE Gaia trial

BackgroundTreatments for early breast cancer have side effects that affect quality of life (QoL) and cause deconditioning. Physical exercise might have a supportive and coadjuvant role in the rehabilitation of breast cancer survivors. We aimed to analyse the preliminary results of a community-based supervised exercise training program on QoL and muscle strength in breast cancer survivors. MethodsTwenty breast cancer female survivors were recruited to a single-arm clinical trial consisting of sequential 16 weeks (wk) of control phase (CP) and 16 wk intervention phase (IP). Four evaluations were carried out: M1 (8 wk on CP), M2 (immediately previous IP), M3 (8 wk CP) and M4 (16 wk IP). The IP consisted of 3 sessions per week of combined aerobic and strength exercise (60min) at moderate to vigorous exercise (65-85% of maximum heart rate or 6-8 points on OMNI scale). The primary endpoint was QoL, which was evaluated by EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Secondary endpoints included handgrip strength and sit-to-stand (STS) test. ResultsOf the 20 recruited women, 19 initiated and 15 concluded the program, with a mean compliance to the exercise intervention of 63.6%. The median age was 59 years old (39-72). All but 3 were diagnosed with invasive carcinoma. After surgery, 13 (62%) underwent radiotherapy, 15 (71%) chemotherapy and 18 (86%) were under hormonotherapy. During the control phase, no significant differences were observed in the efficacy variables. There was no changes over time for any domain of QoL, except for physical functioning scale (p=0.038), where it was observed a trend to increase between M2 and M3 (77.3±14.0 to 85.3±10.1, p=0.051). A significant increase in handgrip strength of non-operated (22.2±3.9 to 25.6±5.3kg.f, p=0.004) and operated limb (22.6±4.7 to 26.9±6.6kg.f, p=0.001) was shown after exercise training. Similar results were also observed for STS test [12 (11-13.5) to 17 (13-21) repetitions, p=0.002]. ConclusionsAn exercise program appears to be beneficial for QoL, particularly in the physical functioning of breast cancer survivors. Moreover, it seems to have an important role on strength levels. Legal entity responsible for the studyAssociação de Investigação e Cuidados de Suporte em Oncologia. FundingLiga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Relationship of OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion to Heart Rate and RER During Incremental Exercise

Relationship of OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion to Heart Rate and RER During Incremental Exercise

Effects of low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction on the perceived exertion, muscular resistance and endurance in healthy young adults

The objective was to verify the effect of low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction (LL + BFR) on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). In addition, strength and muscular endurance were evaluated. 26 male subjects were divided into two groups: (a) low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction at 30% 1RM (one repetition maximum), and (b) high-load (HL) resistance training without blood flow restriction at 80% 1RM. The training lasted 8 weeks (three times a week) and consisted of elbow flexion and knee extensor exercises. RPE was assessed using the OMNI scale in sessions before and after training. The maximum dynamic force was evaluated using the 1RM test, and muscular endurance was assessed by the test of the number of repetitions at 60% 1RM. The RPE was higher in the pre-training session for elbow flexion exercise in the HL group as compared to the LL + BFR group (HL: 7.84 ± 1.25 LL: 6.34 ± 1.27; p < 0.05), besides being higher in the HL group in elbow flexion (HL: 8.61 ± 0.83 LL: 6.00 ± 1.53; p < 0.05) and knee extensor (HL: 8.38 ± 0.83 LL: 6.00 ± 1.89; p < 0.05) exercises in the post-training session when comparing the groups. Also in LL + BFR there was significant difference between moments in knee extensor (baseline: 8.30 ± 1.08 post: 6.00 ± 1.89; p < 0.05). There were strength gains in both groups, whereas they were greater for the HL group in the knee extensor exercise (p < 0.05). There were, in both groups, significant increase in muscular endurance (p < 0.05). Lastly, there was a negative correlation in strength with RPE in LL + BFR. In conclusion, the RPE reduced in LL + BFR resistance training compared to HL after 8 weeks of training. In addition, both methods were effective for increasing muscular strength and endurance.

Affective and metabolic responses to self-selected intensity cycle exercise in young men

Self-selected intensity exercise has resulted in greater affective responses (AR) compared to prescribed exercise of similar intensity and many individuals self-select intensity at a moderate level identified by metabolic analysis. As such, self-selected intensity may be an effective alternative for exercise prescription designed to promote adherence and result in health and fitness benefits. Self-selected intensity has not been well described for many subject populations and exercise modes. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to measure affective and metabolic responses during self-selected intensity cycle exercise in college-aged men. Thirty-three men (22.4 ± 2.2 yr) performed a peak oxygen consumption test and a 20 min self-selected trial on a cycle ergometer on separate days. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured continuously throughout both exercise sessions. AR were measured using the Feeling Scale and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) using the OMNI Scale every 5 min during the self-selected trial. χ2 analysis was used to determine if a significant proportion of subjects self-selected intensity above 50% VO2 reserve (VO2R), defined as a threshold for moderate-intensity exercise and potential cardiorespiratory fitness benefits by American College of Sports Medicine. Mean self-selected intensity was 57.6 ± 11.1%VO2peak and 89.3 ± 20.2% of ventilatory threshold. Twenty eight of 33 subjects self-selected intensity above 50% VO2R (p < .05). Self-selected intensity was associated with positive AR (1.8 ± 1.4) and mean RPE of 4.0 ± 1.5. In college-aged men, self-selected intensity cycle exercise was performed at a moderate intensity level and elicited positive AR for most subjects. Therefore, self-selected intensity could be an effective component of an exercise prescription for this population.

AORTIC POST-RESISTANCE EXERCISE HYPOTENSION IN PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE

ABSTRACT Introduction: A single session of resistance training decreases brachial blood pressure (BP) in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, it is not known whether similar responses occur in aortic BP, which is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effects of a single session of resistance training on aortic BP in PAD patients. Methods: This randomized, crossover, controlled trial involved 16 patients. All of them performed a session of resistance training (R - 3 x 10 reps in eight exercises, 5-7 on the OMNI Scale) and a control session (C - resting for 50 min). Before and after each session, aortic BP was assessed by applanation tonometry technique. Results: There was an increase in systolic (P&lt;0.002) and mean (P&lt;0.001) aortic BP in both sessions; however, higher increases were observed in C session (P&lt;0.001). Additionally, diastolic aortic BP only increased after C session (P=0.004). The hypotensive effect of the exercise on systolic, diastolic, and mean aortic BP were -12±2, -6±2, and -7±2 mmHg, respectively. Conclusion: A single session of resistance training promoted a hypotensive effect on aortic BP of patients with PAD, indicating an acute reduction in cardiovascular risk in this population. Level of Evidence I; Therapeutic studies - Investigating the results of treatment.

Influência da ordem dos exercícios resistidos na percepção subjetiva de esforço e número de repetições em mulheres idosas

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da ordem dos exercícios resistidos na percepção de esforço e número de repetições em mulheres idosas. Métodos: 10 idosas (68,15 ± 4,40 anos) realizaram duas sequências diferentes de exercícios resistidos para membros superiores. Sequência A (SA): Supino Vertical (SV), Puxador Frente (PF), Desenvolvimento com halteres (DES), Rosca Direta (RD) e Tríceps Pulley (TP). Sequência B (SB): ordem inversa. A percepção de esforço foi avaliada pela escala OMNI e BORG. O número de repetições em cada série dos exercícios foi registrado. Resultados: A percepção de esforço (escala OMNI) para SB (7,80 ± 1,39; p = 0,03) foi estatisticamente maior quando comparada com SA (6,70 ± 0,94) para o exercício SV, na segundo série. Por outro lado, a percepção de esforço obtida pela escala BORG demonstrou valores maiores estatisticamente na segunda série da SA (14,90 ± 2,60; p = 0,03) em relação ao SB (13,10 ± 1,59) no exercício TP. O volume de repetições no exercício SV foi significativamente maior na SA (13,30 ± 2,11; p = 0,001) em relação ao SB (11,40 ± 3,23), na segundo série. O número de repetições foi estatisticamente maior (p = 0,001) para a SB comparada com SA, na segunda e terceira séries para os exercícios RD e TP, respectivamente. Conclusão: A ordem dos exercícios resistidos em membros superiores pode influenciar no número de repetições executadas por mulheres idosas.