Intake Of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids intake on the occurrence of current asthma among children and adolescents exposed to tobacco smoke: NHANES 2007–2018

BackgroundAsthma is an airway inflammatory disease driven by multiple factors with a high incidence in children and adolescents. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and diet are inducing factors for asthma. The potential of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to alleviate asthma symptoms by their anti-inflammatory effects has been explored. However, to date, no studies have explored the effect of dietary PUFAs intake on the asthma in children and adolescents exposed to tobacco smoke.ObjectiveWe aimed to examine the effect of dietary PUFAs intake on the current asthma in children and adolescents exposed to tobacco smoke.MethodsData of this cross-sectional were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2018. Children and adolescents with serum cotinine concentration ≥ 0.05 ng/mL were defined to exposed to tobacco smoke. Dietary PUFAs intake information were obtained from 24 h recall interview. The weighted univariate and multivariate were utilized to explore the effect of PUFAs on the association of asthma and TSE, with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). These moderating effects were further explored based on the age, gender and body mass index (BMI) and sedentary time.ResultsTotally, 7981 eligible children and adolescents were included, with the mean age of 11.96 ± 0.06 years old. Of whom, 1.024 (12.83%) had current asthma. After adjusted all covariates, we found children and adolescents with TSE had high occurrence of current asthma (AOR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.03–1.63); We also found omega-3 PUFAs intake (P for interaction = 0.010), not omega-6 PUFAs (P for interaction = 0.546), has a moderating effect on the association of TSE and current asthma. Moreover, we further observed that children and adolescents with TSE and low omega-3 PUFAs intake had high occurrence of current asthma (AOR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.19–2.10), while no significant association was found in children and adolescents with high omega-3 PUFAs intake (all P > 0.05). This moderating effect was more prominent in children and adolescents aged ≤ 12 years old (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.06–2.47), girls (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.15–3.98), overweight (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.01–3.47) and sedentary time > 6 h (AOR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.00–3.86).ConclusionWe found dietary omega-3 PUFAs plays a moderating effect on the association of asthma and TSE in children and adolescents, especially in children and adolescents aged ≤ 12 years, girls, overweight or sedentary time > 6 h. This moderating effect suggested higher omega-3 intake has potential benefits in decreasing the occurrence of asthma in children and adolescents who exposed to tobacco smoke.

Periconceptional omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake plane and postpartum depression: a nationwide birth cohort-the Japan Environment and Children's Study.

Intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has favorable effects on the prevention of postpartum depression, but fish, the principal source of omega-3 PUFAs, are becoming a depleted resource. We therefore examined whether lower periconceptional intake of omega-6 PUFAs, whose metabolic pathways are antagonistic to those of omega-3 PUFAs, is associated with lower prevalence of postpartum depression while simultaneously considering omega-3 PUFA intake. The participants were 92,595 mothers involved in the ongoing Japan Environment and Children's Study. Periconceptional intakes of omega-6 and -3 PUFA were measured using a food frequency questionnaire. Postpartum depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Generalized additive mixed model analysis was used to draw contour plots of postpartum depression on a plane with omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA intakes on the x- and y-axes, respectively. The adjusted prevalence ranged from 11.0% to 26.3% within the respective 1st to 99th percentile intake ranges and monotonously decreased with decreasing omega-6 PUFA intake. In contrast, the prevalence decreased with increasing omega-3 PUFA intake, but the trend almost disappeared above 2 g/day. Our results highlight the potential importance of focusing on omega-6 PUFAs as well as omega-3 PUFAs prior to conception to reduce postpartum depression.

Association of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults

ABSTRACT Objective Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a crucial role in maintaining and improving cognitive function and brain health. The aim of this study was to assess the association between omega-3 PUFA intake and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults in Saudi Arabia. Methods Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The frequency and quantity of omega-3 PUFA intake were assessed using an omega-3 food frequency questionnaire. Results A total of 175 participants were recruited for this study. Participants in the lowest omega-3 PUFA tertile group scored significantly lower in the visuospatial/executive and attention cognitive domains (p < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, the higher intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was significantly associated with higher scores in the visuospatial/executive domain (p = 0.02) and the higher intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was significantly associated with higher scores in the attention domain (p = 0.04). The participants who did not consume walnuts showed a significant lower MoCA score than those who did (p = 0.005). No significant differences were found with other omega-3 PUFA sources. Conclusion Higher intake of omega-3 PUFAs was positively associated with visuospatial/executive and attention cognitive functions in middle-aged and older adults.

Dietary Omega-3 PUFA Intake in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: The Association with Vitamin D Deficiency, Intima-Media Thickness and Blood Pressure.

Background/Objectives: Numerous risk factors associated with development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been unfavorably altered in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Low omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and vitamin D deficiency are potential cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with CKD. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary intake and status of omega-3 PUFA and vitamin D in pre-dialysis and hemodialysis patients and to examine the association of dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) and fish consumption with blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT), representing a non-invasive marker of atherosclerosis in CKD patients. Methods: All 77 selected patients (36 pre-dialysis, 41 on hemodialysis) underwent standardized clinical, nutritional, and laboratory assessments. Repeated 24 h recalls were performed to assess dietary intake. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Results: Inadequate vitamin D intake and vitamin D status were found in 95% of patients. PUFA profiles did not differ between hemodialysis and pre-dialysis participants. Dietary intake of ALA was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.013), C-IMT (p = 0.002), serum CRP (p = 0.044), iPTH (p = 0.01), and 25(OH)D3 (p = 0.006). ALA intake of more than 0.23 g daily was linked with lower SBP (p = 0.001), serum 25(OH)D3 (p = 0.004), and C-IMT (p = 0.002). Conclusions: This study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between dietary ALA intake and C-IMT in CKD. The results of this study could emphasize the significant role of the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and inadequate omega-3 PUFA intake and status regarding CVD health in CKD patients.

Evaluating the Stability and Digestibility of Long-Chain Omega-3 Algal Oil Nanoemulsions Prepared with Lecithin and Tween 40 Emulsifiers Using an In Vitro Digestion Model.

The health benefits of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3PUFA) intake have been well documented. However, currently, the consumption of oily fish (the richest dietary source of LCn-3PUFA) in the UK is far below the recommended level, and the low digestibility of LCn-3PUFA bulk oil-based supplements from triglyceride-based sources significantly impacts their bioavailability. LCn-3PUFA-rich microalgal oil offers a potential alternative for populations who do not consume oily fish, and nanoemulsions have the potential to increase LCn-3PUFA digestibility and bioavailability. The aims of this study were to produce stable algal oil-in-water nanoemulsions with ultrasonic technology to increase DHA digestibility, measured using an in vitro digestion model. A nanoemulsion of LCn-3PUFA algal oil was developed with 6% w/w emulsifiers: lecithin (LE) or an equal ratio of Tween 40 (3%) and lecithin (LTN) (3%), 50% w/w, algal oil and 44% w/w water using rotor-stator and ultrasound homogenization. The in vitro digestion experiments were conducted with a gastric and duodenal digestion model. The results showed the creation of nanoemulsions of LCn-3PUFA algal oils offers potentially significant increases in the bioavailability of DHA in the human body. The increase in digestibility can be attributed to the smaller particle size of the nanoemulsions, which allows for higher absorption in the digestive system. This showed that the creation of nanoemulsions of LCn-3PUFA algal oils offers a potentially significant increase in the bioavailability of DHA in the human body. The LE and LTN nanoemulsions had average droplet sizes of 0.340 ± 0.00 µm and 0.267 ± 0.00 µm, respectively, but the algal oil mix (sample created with same the components as the LTN nanoemulsion, hand mixed, not processed by rotor-stator and ultrasound homogenization) had an average droplet size of 73.6 ± 6.98 µm. The LTN algal oil nanoemulsion was stable in the gastric and duodenal phases without detectable destabilization; however, the LE nanoemulsion showed signs of oil phase separation in the gastric phase. Under the same conditions, the amount of DHA digested from the LTN nanoemulsion was 47.34 ± 3.14 mg/g, compared to 16.53 ± 0.45 mg/g from the algal oil mix, showing DHA digestibility from the LTN nanoemulsion was 2.86 times higher. The findings of this study contribute to the insight of in vitro DHA digestion under different conditions. The stability of the LTN nanoemulsion throughout digestion suggests it could be a promising delivery system for LCn-3PUFAs, such as DHA, in various food and pharmaceutical applications.

Association between polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression in women with infertility: a cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Identifying possible influencing factors is crucial for the depression symptoms of women experiencing infertility. This study aims to explore the association between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the odds of depression symptoms in women experiencing infertility. This is a cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). PUFA intake was obtained through a 24-h dietary recall interview. Depression symptoms were defined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) with a score of ≥10 points or as taking antidepressants. The association between PUFA and depression was assessed using a logistic regression model by calculating the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analysis was carried out based on menopausal status and female hormone use. There were 725 participants included for analysis. After adjusting the covariables, lower odds of depression symptoms were found in patients with the intake of omega-3 PUFA (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.24-0.96) and omega-6 PUFA (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.14-0.42) in the second tertile (T2) in comparison to the first tertile (T1). The intake of α-linolenic (ALA) (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.23-0.97) and linoleic acid (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.14-0.41) in T2 was also found to be related to the reduced odds of depression symptoms in comparison to T1. Our findings suggest a potential association between moderate omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA intake and a reduced risk of depression symptoms in women experiencing infertility. This implies that clinicians might find it useful to consider dietary advice that includes PUFA-rich foods as part of a broader strategy to address mental health in this patient group. However, further research is needed to confirm these preliminary findings and to establish the optimal levels of PUFA intake for mental health benefits.

Intestinal permeability in migraine male patients upon omega-3 and tocopherol administration

Background. Gut microbiome may affect CNS, while an important neurotransmitter in migraine patients can be expressed in enteric neurons. Omega-3 PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) and vitamin E are reported to decrease neuroinflammation, have beneficial effects on intestinal wall, and microbiota of the small intestine. This study aims to find the effect of omega 3 PUFA and vitamin E on intestinal permeability in migrainous, and their possible modulation effect on certain vitamins that have relations for both migraine and intestinal integrity. Methods. A total of 21 migrainous men are included in this study. Blood samples were drawn before and after intake of omega-3 PUFA and vitamin E supplementation softgel once daily for 30 days to compare with 13 apparently healthy men (control group). The blood samples are used to measure serum lipopolysaccharide, zonulin, amylase, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and albumin. serum lipopolysaccharide, and zonulin. Results. Body mass index, serum lipopolysaccharide and serum zonulin of migrainous men are higher, but vitamin B12 and vitamin D are lower than in the control group. Upon intake of supplement, serum zonulin and lipopolysaccharide are decreased in migrainous men indicating an improvement of intestinal integrity, but vitamin B12 and vitamin D showed no significant difference. Serum albumin and amylase showed no significant differences. Conclusion. Omega 3 PUFA and vitamin E supplements decreased intestinal permeability and can be a useful as an adjunct therapy for migrainous men because of its positive effect on intestinal integrity and gut brain axis, but it has no significant effect on vitamin B12 and vitamin D levels.

Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and aberrant behaviors in Jordanian children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A pilot study

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between the daily intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and omega-6 PUFA, and aberrant symptoms in Jordanian children and adolescents. MethodA sample of 37 children and adolescents aged between, 3–18 y, (76% males) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were included in this study. Behavior and mental development were assessed using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) questionnaire. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA intake. Food items were analyzed using gas chromatography to measure their omega fatty acid content. A Chi-square test was conducted to determine the difference between autism rating scale items and omega-3 PUFA, omega-6 PUFA, and the ratio of omega-3 PUFA: omega-6 PUFA intake. ResultsOmega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA mean intakes were 0.31 ± 0.29 g/day and 5.15 ± 2.91 g/day, respectively. The results indicate that there is no significant difference in most autism scale items with omega-3 PUFA intake. Omega-6 PUFA was found to have a significant association with several scale items (p-value < 0.05). Moreover, we found that foods high in omega-3 PUFA (g/100 g) were walnuts (9.20), tuna (0.92), and sardine (0.90). Foods high in omega-6 PUFA were sunflower oil (63.3), corn oil (56.0), and soybean oil (53.0). ConclusionThe results indicated that omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA mean intake were found to be lower than the recommended values in children with autism. This information will be useful for healthcare providers to consider omega-3 PUFA and omega-6 PUFA when planning dietary meals for individuals with autism.

Role of dietary intake of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colorectal cancer risk in Iran.

High-fat diets have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, and the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been reported to vary based on the length of PUFAs. We explored the association between dietary omega-6 and omega-3 PUFAs intake and CRC. We analyzed 865 CRC patients and 3206 controls from a case-control study of Iran (IROPICAN study). We used multivariate logistic regression models to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between PUFAs intake and CRC risk. Our results showed that gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 n-6, GLA), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA), a-linolenic acid (Cis-18:3n-3, ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) consumption was not associated with the risk of CRC. However, the OR of linoleic acid (18: 2n-6, LA) intake was 1.47 (95% CI 1.01-2.14, p = 0.04) for proximal colon and that of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3, DPA) intake was 1.33 (95% CI 1.05-1.69, p = 0.01) for rectum. This study indicates a high level of LA is associated with an increased risk of proximal colon cancer, and DPA intake was positively associated with rectum cancer risk. Furthermore, our study noted a high intake of n-6 (from vegetable oils) compared to n-3 PUFAs (from fish and seafood) in this population. Public awareness and government support is needed to increase fish and seafood production and consumption in Iran.

Association between n-3 PUFA and lung function: results from the NHANES 2007-2012 and Mendelian randomisation study.

This study aimed to investigate the association between n-3 PUFA and lung function. First, a cross-sectional study was conducted based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012 data. n-3 PUFA intake was obtained from 24-h dietary recalls. A multivariable linear regression model was used to assess the observational associations of n-3 PUFA intake with lung function. Subsequently, a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) was performed to estimate the potential causal effect of n-3 PUFA on lung function. Genetic instrumental variables were extracted from published genome-wide association studies. Summary statistics about n-3 PUFA was from UK Biobank. Inverse variance weighted was the primary analysis approach. The observational study did not demonstrate a significant association between n-3 PUFA intake and most lung function measures; however, a notable exception was observed with significant findings in the highest quartile for forced vital capacity (FVC) and % predicted FVC. The MR results also showed no causal effect of circulating n-3 PUFA concentration on lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), β = 0·01301, se = 0·01932, P = 0·5006; FVC, β = -0·001894, se = 0·01704, P = 0·9115; FEV1:FVC, β = 0·03118, se = 0·01743, P = 0·07359). These findings indicate the need for further investigation into the impact of higher n-3 PUFA consumption on lung health.

Fish oil supplement use modifies the relationship between dietary oily fish intake and plasma n-3 PUFA levels: an analysis of the UK Biobank.

Observational evidence linking dietary n-3 PUFA intake and health outcomes is limited by a lack of robust validation of dietary intake using blood n-3 PUFA levels and potential confounding by fish oil supplement (FOS) use. We investigated the relationship between oily fish intake, FOS use and plasma n-3 PUFA levels in 121650 UK Biobank (UKBB) participants. Ordinal logistic regression models, adjusted for clinical and lifestyle factors, were used to quantify the contribution of dietary oily fish intake and FOS use to plasma n-3 PUFA levels (measured by NMR spectroscopy). Oily fish intake and FOS use were reported by 38 % and 31 % of participants, respectively. Increasing oily fish intake was associated with a higher likelihood of FOS use (P < 0·001). Oily fish intake ≥ twice a week was the strongest predictor of high total n-3 PUFA (OR 6·7 (95 % CI 6·3, 7·1)) and DHA levels (6·6 (6·3, 7·1). FOS use was an independent predictor of high plasma n-3 PUFA levels (2·0 (2·0, 2·1)) with a similar OR to that associated with eating oily fish < once a week (1·9 (1·8, 2·0)). FOS use was associated with plasma n-3 PUFA levels that were similar to individuals in the next highest oily fish intake category. In conclusion, FOS use is more common in frequent fish consumers and modifies the relationship between oily fish intake and plasma n-3 PUFA levels in UKBB participants. If unaccounted for, FOS use may confound the relationship between dietary n-3 PUFA intake, blood levels of n-3 PUFAs and health outcomes.

Long-term marine ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake in relation to incidence of colorectal cancer subclassified by macrophage infiltrates

&lt;p&gt;Evidence indicates that marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (MOPUFA) intake exerts an immunomodulatory effect to suppress the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). We hypothesized that the association of MOPUFA intake with the incidence of CRC might differ by macrophage infiltrates in tumor tissue. We utilized the Prospective Cohort Incident Tumor Biobank within the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, both of which repeatedly assessed diets for decades of the follow-up of 125,172 participants, among whom 2,959 developed incident CRC. To spatially identify and count M1-polarized and M2-polarized macrophages in tumor tissue, we conducted &lt;i&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt; single-cell digital image analyses using multispectral immunofluorescence [for MRC1 (CD206), MAF, IRF5, CD86, and CD68] combined with machine learning algorithms. Using the 2,959 CRC cases, inverse probability weighting was integrated into the Cox proportional hazards models to adjust for tissue macrophage data availability in 820 cases. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (with 95% confidence interval) for long-term MOPUFA intake of ≥0.25 g/day (vs. &lt;0.15 g/day) were 0.56 (0.38-0.82; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;trend&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.004) for the incidence of CRC with the lowest-quartile M1-like macrophage density. There was no significant association of MOPUFA intake with the incidence of CRC with the second to fourth quartile M1-like macrophage densities (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;trend&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; 0.20). The association of MOPUFA intake with CRC incidence differed by M1-like macrophages (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;heterogeneity&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.01), but not by M2-like macrophages. Our findings of the link between MOPUFA intake and lower incidence of CRC containing low M1-like macrophage counts provide evidence for differential influence of MOPUFAs on colorectal tumors with varying immune microenvironmental features.&lt;/p&gt;

Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Malnourished Children: A Scoping Review

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake may be beneficial in many aspects during the early phase of life. This scoping review aims to examine the beneficial outcomes and intakes of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA among children. An electronic database search on academic journals published from 2017 to 2021 was conducted using Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar. A total of 35 studies were identified and included in this scoping review. Majority of the findings found that PUFAs intake has a beneficial impact on the growth development, mental and cognitive health among children whether they are malnourished, sick or healthy individuals. Overall, this review may provide additional information on the benefits and recommended intake of supplementing PUFAs on children. More detailed research on this topic is needed to support these findings since it will contribute to the formation of the dietary intervention.

Omega-6 and Omega-3 Intake Ratio in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients and Its Correlation with Depression Score

Introduction: Depression affects 45.19% of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients' adherence to treatment, resulting in increased morbidity and death, medication resistance, and continued disease transmission. This study aimed to examine the relationship between omega-6/omega-3 (ꞷ-6/ꞷ-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake ratio and depression score in patients with pulmonary TB at Persahabatan National Respiratory Referral Hospital, Jakarta. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 99 subjects with pulmonary TB. Data were collected using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), anthropometric measurements, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Results: Correlation analysis used the Spearman test and revealed the ratio of ꞷ-6/ꞷ-3 PUFAs intake of 7.78 ± 1.13, the median value of depression score was 9 (10-36). There was no correlation between ꞷ-6/ꞷ-3 PUFA intake and depression score (r = 0.063; p = 0.534). Conclusion: There was no correlation between ꞷ-6/ꞷ-3 PUFAs intake ratio and depression scores in pulmonary TB patients. This is the first study to examine the correlation between ꞷ-6/ꞷ-3 PUFA intake ratio and depression score in pulmonary TB patients.

Association between dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among hypertensive adults: Results from NHANES 1999–2018

Hypertensive adults are at a higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N3-PUFA) intake has been associated with cardiovascular benefits. However, few studies have specifically investigated whether dietary intake of N3-PUFA is associated with lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among hypertensive adults in the U.S. This prospective cohort study included 26,914 hypertensive individuals 18 years or older who participated in 10 NHANES cycles from 1999 to 2018. Dietary levels of N3-PUFA were obtained from the 24-hour dietary recalls. The dietary data were linked to mortality records from the National Death Index through December 31, 2019. The associations between dietary N3-PUFA levels and mortality were evaluated by constructing the Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards models. We observed an increasing trend of dietary N3-PUFA intake levels over the years, mainly driven by alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Lower all-cause mortality risk was observed among hypertensive adults with higher consumption of total N3-PUFA [adjusted hazards ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.91 (0.86, 0.97)], plant-based ALA [0.88 (0.83, 0.93)], fish oil-based eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)+docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [0.91 (0.83, 0.99)], EPA [0.93 (0.88, 0.98)], docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) [0.73 (0.58, 0.91)], or DHA [0.95 (0.90, 0.99)]. Hypertensive adults were at lower risk of cardiovascular mortality if their diet contained higher levels of total N3-PUFA [0.68 (0.53, 0.88)], ALA [0.89 (0.80, 0.99)], EPA [0.87 (0.79, 0.97)] or DPA [0.86 (0.78, 0.95)]. Weighted quantile sum analysis showed that ALA, EPA, and DPA were the main contributors of the N3-PUFA benefits against mortality among hypertensive adults. Dietary intake of N3-PUFA, particularly ALA, EPA, and DPA, was associated with lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among U.S. hypertensive adults. These findings suggest that increasing dietary intake of N3-PUFA may serve as a potential strategy to lower hypertension-associated mortality risk.

Association of dietary fatty acid intake with hypertension in children and adolescents: evidence from the NHANES 2005-2018.

This study aims to evaluate the association between dietary fatty acid intake and hypertension in children and adolescents. This cross-sectional study used data of children and adolescents aged 8-17 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018. Dietary intake of total fat and fatty acid was evaluated via two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between fatty acid intake and hypertension, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated. A subgroup analysis was conducted according to gender, age, and body mass index Z-score. This study included 13,330 subjects, of which 11,614 were non-hypertensive and 1,716 were hypertensive. Higher intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was associated with significantly lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.97, P = 0.018). No significant associations were found between the density of total saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, and PUFAs and the odds of hypertension (all P > 0.05). Increased intake of omega-3 (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72-0.93, P = 0.002) and omega-6 (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.98, P = 0.025) PUFAs, octadecatrienoic acid (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72-0.93, P = 0.003), and octadecadienoic acid (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.98, P = 0.025) was associated with significantly lower odds of hypertension, and individuals with higher omega-6/omega-3 ratio had significantly higher odds of hypertension (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, P = 0.025). The density of omega-3 PUFAs (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.95, P = 0.004) and octadecatrienoic acid (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78-0.96, P = 0.006) was inversely associated with the odds of hypertension, and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio was positively associated with the odds of hypertension (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, P = 0.012). Total PUFA intake was negatively associated with the odds of hypertension in children and adolescents. Higher intake of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs, octadecatrienoic acid, and octadecadienoic acid, as well as density of omega-3 PUFAs and octadecatrienoic acid, was associated with lower odds of hypertension.

Associations between Plasma Lipid Mediators and Chronic Daily Headache Outcomes in Patients Randomized to a Low Linoleic Acid Diet with or without Added Omega-3 Fatty Acids.

A previous report showed that 12-week lowering of dietary omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) coupled with increased omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake (H3-L6 diet) reduced headache frequency and improved quality of life in patients with chronic daily headaches (CDHs) compared to dietary LA reduction alone (L6 diet). The trial also showed that targeted dietary manipulation alters PUFA-derived lipid mediators and endocannabinoids. However, several additional classes of lipid mediators associated with pain in preclinical models were not measured. The current secondary analysis investigated whether the clinical benefits of the H3-L6 diet were related to changes in plasma unesterified PUFA-derived lipid mediators known to be involved in nociception, including prostanoids. Lipid mediators were measured by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass-spectrometry. Compared to baseline, dietary LA lowering with or without added omega-3 fatty acids did not alter unesterified n-6 PUFA-derived lipid mediators, although several species derived from LA, di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid were positively associated with headache frequency and intensity, as well as mental health burden. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-derived metabolites were also associated with increased headache frequency and intensity, although they did not change from the baseline in either dietary group. Compared to baseline, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived epoxides were more elevated in the H3-L6 group compared to the L6 group. Diet-induced elevations in plasma DHA-epoxides were associated with reduced headache frequency, better physical and mental health, and improved quality of life (p < 0.05). Prostanoids were not detected, except for PGF2-alpha, which was not associated with any outcomes. This study demonstrates that diet-induced changes in DHA-epoxides were associated with pain reduction in patients with chronic headaches, whereas n-6 PUFA and ALA metabolites were associated with nociception. Lipid mediator associations with mental health and quality of life paralleled pain management outcomes in this population. The findings point to a network of multiple diet-modifiable lipid mediator targets for pain management in individuals with CDHs.

Clinical and microbiological outcomes of subgingival instrumentation supplemented with high-dose omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in periodontal treatment – a randomized clinical trial

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) combined with scaling and root planing (SRP) in untreated periodontitis stage III and IV.MethodsForty patients were randomly assigned to the test group receiving SRP plus omega-3 PUFAs (n = 20) or control group receiving SRP alone (n = 20). Clinical changes of pocket probing depths (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP) and rates of closed pockets (PPD ≤ 4 mm without BOP) were evaluated at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. Phorphyromonas gingivalis, Tanarella forsythia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans counts were analysed at baseline and at 6 months. Serum was subjected to lipid gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis at baseline and at 6 months.ResultsSignificant improvement of all clinical parameters at 3 and 6 months was observed in both groups. For the primary outcome “change of mean PD,” no significant difference was detected between the groups. Patients treated with omega-3 PUFAs demonstrated significantly lower rates of BOP, higher gain of CAL and higher number of closed pockets at 3 months in comparison to the control group. After 6 months, no clinical differences between the groups were found, with the exception of lower BOP rates. Moreover, in the test group, the number of key periodontal bacteria was significantly lower than in the control group at 6 months. Increased proportions of serum n-3 PUFAs and decreased proportions of n-6 PUFAs were detected at 6 months in the patients from the test group.ConclusionHigh-dose omega-3 PUFA intake during non-surgical treatment of periodontitis results in short-term clinical and microbiological benefits.The study protocol was approved by the ethical committee of Medical University of Lodz (reference number RNN/251/17/KE) and registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04477395) on 20/07/2020.

Are dietary intake and nutritional status of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids correlated with sarcopenia outcomes in community-dwelling older adults with sarcopenia? – Exploratory results from ENHANce

AimsTo explore the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake, nutritional PUFAs status and sarcopenia outcomes in sarcopenic older adults.MethodsThe Exercise and Nutrition for Healthy AgeiNg (ENHANce) is an ongoing 5-armed triple blinded randomized controlled trial, in sarcopenic older adults (> 65y) aiming to assess the effect of combined anabolic interventions (protein, omega-3 supplement and exercise) on physical performance in these adults, compared to single/placebo interventions. Baseline data were used for a secondary, exploratory, cross-sectional analysis. Dietary PUFAs intake was assessed with 4-day food records, status with RBC membrane fatty acids profiles. Spearman’s rho(ρ) correlation coefficients were calculated to explore associations of PUFAs intake and status with sarcopenia-defining parameters (muscle strength, mass and physical performance), physical activity (step count) and quality of life (SF-36, SarQoL).ResultsIn total, 29 subjects (9♂/20♀, mean age 76.3 ± 5.4y) were included. Total omega-3 intake of participants (1.99 ± 0.99 g/d) was below the recommended intake (♂:2.8–5.6 g/d; ♀:2.2–4.4 g/d). Intake and status of PUFAs were not correlated. Regarding correlations with outcomes, α-linolenic acid status was inversely associated with appendicular lean mass (aLM) (ρ:-0.439; p = 0.017), whereas docosahexaenoic acid status was positively associated with aLM (ρ:0.388; p = 0.038). Some omega-3 PUFAs intake and status markers were positively associated with step count, SF-36 and SarQoL scores, whereas gamma-linolenic acid status was inversely associated with SF-36 physical component summary score (ρ = -0.426; p = 0.024).ConclusionsAlthough intake of omega-3 and omega-6 was low, the present exploratory study generated new hypotheses for potential correlations of PUFAs intake and status with sarcopenia outcomes in older adults with sarcopenia.

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake, air pollution, and the risk of lung cancer: A prospective study in UK biobank

BackgroundEpidemiological evidence on the association between specific types of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake and lung cancer risk is limited. However, whether dietary-specific PUFAs intake can modify the association between air pollutants and incident lung cancer remains unknown. MethodsCox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic spline regression were used to evaluate the associations of omega-3 PUFAs, omega-6 PUFAs and the ratio of omega-6 PUFAs to omega-3 PUFAs intake with lung cancer risk. Furthermore, we evaluated the associations between air pollutants and incident lung cancer, and whether dietary-specific PUFAs intake would modify the relationship using stratification analyses. ResultsThis study found significant associations between the risk of lung cancer and omega-3 PUFAs intake (hazard ratio [HR], 0.82; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.73–0.93; per 1 g/d), and omega-6 PUFAs intake (HR, 0.98; 95 % CI, 0.96–0.99; per 1 g/d). We did not observe an association between the omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs intake ratio and incident lung cancer. With regard to air pollution, omega-3 PUFAs intake attenuated the positive relationship between nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollution and lung cancer risk, and an increased incidence of lung cancer was found only in the low omega-3 PUFAs intake group (p < 0.05). Surprisingly, PUFAs intake (regardless of omega-3 PUFAs, omega-6 PUFAs, or in total) reinforced the pro-carcinogenic effects of PM2.5 on lung cancer, and a positive association between PM2.5 pollutants and incident lung cancer was observed only in the high PUFAs groups (p < 0.05). ConclusionsHigher dietary omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs intake was associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer in the study population. As omega-3 PUFAs have different modification effects on NOX and PM2.5 air pollution related lung cancer incidence, precautions should be taken when using omega-3 PUFAs as health-promoting dietary supplements, especially in high PM2.5 burden regions.