Olympic Stadium Research Articles

Exploring the collaborative governance of Olympic stadium renovations: a multiple case study

ABSTRACT Research question Drawing on a collaborative governance framework, this study examined the collaborative governance of Olympic stadium renovation projects in two Olympic host communities: Los Angeles and Atlanta. Research methods Data included archival materials and 13 semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders involved in the stadium renovations in LA and Atlanta. Results and Findings This research offers a comprehensive picture of the collaborative governance systems of the post-Games venue renovation projects including multiple elements and components, such as general system contexts, drivers, dynamics, actions, and outcomes. Implications We provide theoretical and practical implications that extend our understanding of post-Games venue projects through effective collaborative governance systems.

Harnessing Stadium Roofs for Community Electrical Power: A Case Study of Rome’s Olympic Stadium Title

Within a city, there is a lack of space for the installation of photovoltaic panels, especially in cities with significant artistic heritage. Hence, there is a need to identify new spaces for the installation of renewable energy systems capable of supplying part of the city’s energy demand. Large infrastructures for public use such as stadiums, because of their characteristics, can become an essential resource for surrounding communities by installing photovoltaic panels on their roofs. This innovative approach can supply renewable electricity to the local community, aligning with the concept of renewable energy communities (RECs). This study focuses on the Olympic Stadium in Rome, exploring a new way to produce and share the electricity generated. An energy simulation of the photovoltaic plant was carried out by means of a transient calculation tool System Advisor Model (SAM). Then, the energy output from photovoltaics was correlated with the stadium, streetlight, and household electrical energy demands. The results highlight the suitability of the photovoltaic plant and the energy, economic, and environmental advantages derived from its exploitation.

Doğal çim yüzeyli futbol sahalarının hibrit halı tabanlı yöntem ile yenilenmesi: Atatürk Olimpiyat Stadı örneği

Since the playability and performance of hybrid turf pitches reflect natural grass pitch standards, they have been used in Europe for more than 20 years and have been frequently preferred in Turkey recently. Although hybrid turf systems are installed on football fields by various methods, the most popular one is the carpet-based hybrid method. These types of fields can be built from scratch or by renewing natural grass fields. When renovating natural grass fields, it should be considered that the processes and applications have a complex structure and the works should be carried out within a certain system. In this study, the renovation of the playing surface of the Atatürk Olympic Stadium, which is expected to host the UEFA Champions League Final in 2020, from natural grass to carpet-based hybrid grass has been examined. All renovation works were meticulously observed on site and the experiences gained were tried to be conveyed. In this way, it is aimed that the study will serve as a guide for future renovation work. Due to the complex nature of the renovation process, it is important to have the necessary knowledge when carrying out these operations. Since the renovation of these areas is expensive, it is important to ensure the necessary conditions are provided. The correct materials, essential technical equipment, and skilled personnel must be provided for the operations to be carried out, and measures must be taken to prevent any potential problems that may arise during the renovation phase.

Placard Carriers and Flag Bearers: Gender Representation in the Summer Olympics’ Parade of Nations (1908–2021)

From the inception of the Parade of Nations in London in 1908 to its latest instalment in Tokyo in 2020, billions have watched different generations of men and women entering the Olympic stadium carrying their nations’ flags as national heroes. As a product of modern Western civilisation, the Olympic movement mirrors the advances of an increasingly global society towards socially progressive agendas or otherwise. The twentieth century’s latter half was a period of profound and necessary changes in women’s rights. Gender inclusion, however, does not mean gender equality. Such an ongoing gradual process can be catalysed by more women being represented in leading roles formerly exclusively reserved for men. A multi-method longitudinal study of twenty-six summer Olympic opening ceremonies was conducted to measure the historical development of the likelihood of women being selected to be (and be represented to international audiences as) the main protagonists in the Parades of Nations. The data shows that despite the growing number of female flag bearers, since Munich 1972, women have been more likely to appear as aesthetically appealing event hostesses than the leaders of their teams.

Research on Olympic Site Selection Based on Evaluation Model

In recent years, most countries and cities have suffered certain negative effects, and the motivation to host the Olympic Games has dropped significantly, and the number of countries declaring the Olympics has decreased. This paper gives two options for holding the Olympic Games as a way to help the ICMG committee solve the Olympic Games site selection problem.determining the permanent site for the Olympic Games, considering that the permanent site requires a certain level of prestige and economic support from the country, the paper decided to start with countries that have hosted the Summer and Winter Olympic Games, because these countries tend to have a better Olympic atmosphere and the old sites of Olympic stadiums can help ease the burden of the host country. In order to select the most suitable permanent site from the former host countries, the paper considered a number of indicators to describe the success of previous Olympic Games, such as economic level, human satisfaction, the level of prestige of the host country or city, etc., and subdivided the secondary indicators on the basis of the primary indicators, thus establishing the Olympic Site Evaluation System, which was adopted by the EWM-TOPSIS model to rate each host, and the most suitable permanent site for the Summer Olympics is London, UK, while the most suitable permanent site for the Winter Olympics is Lake Placid, USA, by Matlab software solution.Holding the Four Seasons Olympics. In this paper, firstly, according to the IOC’s classification criteria for the Games, the paper determined the major sports to be held in four seasons based on reasonable criteria, including 10 major sports in spring, 17 major sports in summer, 3 major sports in autumn and 7 major sports in winter.

On the Plane Geometry Design Method of the Loop-free Hyperbolic Single-layer Cable Structures

The plane geometry design of the cable-net structure is the basis for the form-finding and structural design. The loop-free single-layer cable-net structure is a new cable-net scheme, but due to its special and complex shape, it is difficult to determine its plane geometry according to architectural requirements. In this paper, the moving support node method is proposed, which can quickly get the plane geometry of a loop-free single-layer cable-net structure. The form-finding is proceeded based on the existing small elastic modulus method. There are two constraints when using the moving support node method. One is that the projection of all cables is straight line, and the other is that the distance between the two cables of each support node and the inner boundary of the target is equal. The aim is to minimize the sum of the distances from all cables to the inner boundary of the target. Using the plane geometry control parameters and the plane coordinates of the support nodes as decision variables, the plane geometry closest to the target inner and outer boundaries is get through optimization analysis. According to the derivation of the formula, the plane projection shape of a loop-free single-layer cable-net structure is mainly related to three parameters, including the number of supports, the difference between the node numbers of the supports at both ends of each cable, and the target curve equations of the inner and outer boundaries. Finally, taking the roof structure of Linyi Olympic Stadium as an instance, the feasibility of the plane geometry design method of the loop-free single-layer cable-net structures based on the moving support node method is verified.

Status, gimmicks, and thwarted celebrations: the 2020 Olympics in Japan’s transnational politics

ABSTRACT Japan famously muddled through the 2020 Summer Olympics – triumphant as a host in that the Games were held, after a year-long delay, despite the global COVID-19 pandemic that had threatened to shutter the event entirely. The successes were qualified, with spectator-less matches and races leading to eerily quiet medals ceremonies, at least compared with normal years of cheering fans, enthusiasts, and tourists. Nowhere was the strangeness of the event more apparent than in the Opening Ceremony, filled with a combination of subdued but technologically adept spectacle, artistic representations of grief and loss, and the an unnervingly empty Olympic Stadium. This paper examines the politics of the Ceremony, and in particular the apparent early plans for a more standard, lightly nationalistic display of local history and culture, and toward a set of acknowledgments of a global crisis that transcended borders. In doing so, it calls attention to the complex political goals on display, as well as the challenges of benefiting politically from an event whose meaning in the midst of loss had been called broadly into question. Drawing from political science and literary theory, the paper emphasizes that while spectacle can matter, it risks, a dense environment of media reflection, being seen as little more than a gimmick.

Yeraltı Raylı Sistem İnşaatlarındaki Jeoteknik İncelemeler ve Geoteknik Uygulamalar: Halkalı-Yeni Havalimanı Metro Hattı Örneği

In this study, geological researches carried out before the construction of underground rail systems and geotechnical application methods preferred during the construction were examined within the scope of Halkalı-İstanbul Airport metro project. The metro line consists of a total of 66.2 km long underground tunnels, 31.3×2 km main line and 1.8×2 km repertorium connection line. 1006 soil and 1230 rock samples were collected for the main line whose geological research was carried out with 198 core drillings with a total length of 9588.5 m. The results of the laboratory tests on the samples and the field tests carried out in the boreholes were obtained. In addition, a total of four two-dimensional inverted solution resistor underground sections were obtained by using the Multiple Electrode Electrical Resistance Tomography measurement method in the middle of two lines (Line-1 Km. 61+440 – 61 +660 /Line-2 Km: 61 +400 - 61+620), in the Olympic Stadium station (Km: 62+215 – 62 +490) and in the TBM route (Line-2 Km: 62 +835 – 63+050). The geological sections obtained from the drillings and the geophysical sections obtained by the electrical resistivity method were compared.

Changes of Costs, Expenditures, and Revenues Between Bidding and Staging the Olympic Games from Sydney 2000 to Tokyo 2020

Expected large cost overruns of Olympic Games have recently led to negative referendums. We will analyze the costs and revenues of the Olympic Games and how they change from the first budget estimation promise made to the taxpayer to the end of the Games. To accomplish this, we separate revenues and expenditures of Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games (OCOG) from capital investments for Olympics-specific infrastructure (e. g., Olympic Stadiums, Villages) from Sydney 2000 to Tokyo 2020. Irrespective of inflation in all Games, costs for Olympics-specific infrastructure overrun moderately. Expenditure overruns of the OCOG are usually compensated by increased revenues and have even ended in small profits. This article shows the most complete set of cost, revenues, and expenditure sources to calculate budget overruns while differentiating the OCOG from the nonOCOG budgets. Further, we distinguish between false budget estimations and cost overruns, then we end with a theory-led discussion of reasons for overruns, and give management recommendations.

Incidence and factor analysis for the heat-related illness on the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games

IntroductionAmong the 43 venues of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games (OG) and 33 venues of Paralympic Games (PG) were held, the heat island effect was highly expected to cause heat-related illnesses...

“They would almost end up loving it”: The controversy in saving the Olympic stadium in Lausanne (Ch.-F. Thévenaz, 1949-1954)

« Ils finiraient presque par l’aimer », titrait la presse dominicale suisse romande en juillet 2020. Lui, c’est le Stade olympique de la Pontaise à Lausanne, inauguré à l’occasion de la Coupe du monde de football de 1954, et voué à la démolition depuis de nombreuses années déjà, pour laisser place à un projet d’« éco-quartier » porté par la municipalité. Eux, c’est une citoyenneté lausannoise qui (re)découvre cet objet emblématique au moment de la décision de sa disparition, et s’intéresse enfin à son histoire et son architecture « spectaculaire », pensée pour impressionner les juges du CIO lors de la candidature pour les Jeux olympiques de 1960. En 2008, une étude scientifique avait établi l’incontestable valeur patrimoniale du stade – architecturale, technique, sociale –, valeur exceptionnelle confirmée depuis par une commission de spécialistes créée ad hoc. Aujourd’hui, dix ans plus tard, le débat est vif, caricatural par moment, opposant (encore et toujours) « nostalgiques » et « progressistes ». La mémoire collective est ici mise à l’épreuve d’une valeur d’usage contestée. « Ouvrage d’exception » qui mérite d’être sauvegardé, ou bâtiment obsolète qui entrave le développement de la « ville durable » ? À l’heure où le stade d’Helsinki (1936) est soigneusement restauré dans les règles de l’art du patrimoine monumental, et, à l’opposé, la menace pèse sur une icône de l’art de l’ingénieur, le stade de Florence de Pier Luigi Nervi (1932), l’histoire récente du Stade olympique de Lausanne incarne le questionnement engagé à l’échelle européenne autour de la préservation des grandes infrastructures urbaines du xxe siècle.

Architecture Against Theatre

Architecture Against Theatre

The anticipated legacies of mega sporting events: An econometric analysis of Olympic announcement effect on the real estate market in small communities

ABSTRACT In this study, we examine the influence of the successful Olympic bid announcement on real estate prices for properties in host districts of the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games. We perform a series of simple mean comparisons and hedonic spatial difference-in-differences analyses on a total of 198,048 apartment sales records for 1,059 apartment complexes collected from 2008 to 2017—3 years prior to winning the Olympic bid to 6 years after. The sales prices of the apartment complexes in the three Olympic host districts were 6.6% higher than the nonhost districts after eliminating the difference that had already existed before the announcement. Further analyses indicate a price premium for the apartments located near the main Olympic stadium. This study extends the research on the effects of Olympic bid announcements on real estate prices for small host cities with little international awareness.

Evolution of Modeling for Lightweight Structures: Creating the Munich Olympic Stadium Roof (1967–72)

The experimental structural qualities of the Munich Olympic Stadium roof compelled formative innovations in modeling techniques responsive to those conditions. The novel use of large-scale physical models allowed the team to navigate the complicated nature of generative form-finding for lightweight structures by balancing the various parameters of forms and forces. Although physical modeling was initially beneficial, it became obsolete as refinement and confirmation became requisite. The cable-net structure exceeded conventional capacity for analysis, which drove the engineers to evolve their confirmative modeling methods. Instead of abandoning the parametric logic of these physical models, the design team embraced this approach and applied their complementary interdisciplinary expertise to create two groundbreaking computational modeling techniques that are still in use today. Their modeling techniques exceeded their mandate for simple confirmation and evolved into the first generative and optimizing parametric modeling options for lightweight structures. The findings will show how the evolving use of these models and the collaborative complications that ensued situate contemporary challenges of experimental design, technology, and practice.

The Legacies of 1936: Hitler’s Olympic Grounds and Berlin’s Bid to Host the 2000 Olympic Games

Abstract Although the 1936 ‘Nazi Olympics’ in Berlin have landmark status both in the history of Nazi Germany and in the history of the modern Olympic Games, it was not until the early 1990s that Berlin begin to reckon with their architectural and historical legacies. The impetus for these discussions was the city’s bid to host the 2000 Olympic Games, for which it planned to reuse the 1936 Olympic Stadium. This article begins by analysing the strategies used by Berlin’s bid coordinators to distance the 2000 bid from the racist aspects of the 1936 Games. Their primary strategy was to honour the victims of Nazism by incorporating the concentration camp Theresienstadt into the proposed route for the Olympic torch. The article then analyses public debates about the best ways to counterbalance the Nazi ideology embedded in the statues and architecture of the Olympic grounds. Simultaneously, it shows the efforts of some Berlin residents to argue that the architectural and cultural legacies of the 1936 Games precluded Berlin from hosting the 2000 Games altogether. The article next examines the grassroots, municipal and federal historical initiatives at the site which emerged in the years after Berlin’s failed bid. These efforts culminated in two permanent historical exhibits at the Olympic grounds, developed to coincide with the 2006 soccer World Cup. Yet, as the article concludes, the Olympic complex remains a living site today, subject to continued discussions and debates about how best to balance recreational, historical and political engagement with the infamous site.

The Will of the Führer? Financing Construction for the 1936 Olympics

This article examines how construction for the 1936 Olympic Games was funded. Based on a range of previously untapped sources, it fills an important gap in the literature by examining how the Nazi regime financed signature infrastructure projects like the Olympic Stadium and the German Sports Forum, which together hosted most major sporting events during the Games. It also challenges the Nazi propaganda image, unchecked due to a lack of scholarly attention, that Hitler played a central role in bringing the Olympic stadium to completion. Indeed, by analysing the debates over who should pay for what and where the money should come from, this article will highlight what lay behind the ‘will of the Führer’: a convoluted administrative process involving different individuals and agencies, all of whom wanted to profit from construction without taking responsibility for it. In unpicking this myth, finally, this article will also address two further shortcomings in the literature: first, an imprecision over the motivation for Hitler's intervention in October 1933; and second, unsubstantiated claims about the sums Germany invested in hosting the Games, which will be shown to be grossly overinflated.

The Effect of Aquatic Exercises on Special Endurance (Strength and Speed) and Achievement Run (800m) for Youth

The research aims to use Aquatic exercises to develop special endurance and run (800m) for youth toidentify the level of (speed endurance and force endurance) of the participants of the sample membersof the experimental group. The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability to the natureof the study, and the sample was from Wasit Governorate clubs racers. The participants were (12) racers.We were divided into two control and experimental groups. The duration of the experiment was (8)weeks from (28/10/2020 to 10/3/2021). The place of the experiment is in the Al-Gharraf River (a branchof the Tigris River) and the Kut Olympic Stadium. The researchers used tests to speed endurance of adistance (600m), a test to endurance the strength of running by jumping for one minute (Bousing), andan achievement test (800m). The researchers concluded that training in the aquatic medium exercisesaffected the development of special endurance (speed endurance and force endurance) and it had apositive effect in completing the 800m race for youth.

God’s Marketeer

Summary This article deals with the reception of Billy Graham and modern evangelicalism in the fragmented society of the Netherlands in 1954. It takes its departure from the stream of newspaper articles published between February and June in response to the Greater London Crusade and Graham’s first large scale rally in Amsterdam’s Olympic Stadium. The analysis of the reports in different newspapers, which represent the different social groups (catholic, protestant, socialist and liberal) in Dutch society, reveals a significant shift in the way Billy Graham was perceived: from initial scepticism to mild appreciation. This change in press coverage, it is concluded, is mainly due to the different way in which Billy Graham presented himself compared with the large-scale publicity which surrounded his campaign.

Applications of the Atmospheric Transport and Diffusion of LES Modeling to the Spread and Dissipation of COVID-19 Aerosol Particles inside and outside the Japan National Stadium (Tokyo Olympic Stadium)

In this paper, we use an analysis function for gas diffusion known as the Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Computational Prediction of Airflow over Complex Terrain (RIAM-COMPACT), which was developed for complex terrain, in Airflow Analyst software, and apply it to the spread and dissipation of a fluid layer (assuming the fluid layer contains COVID-19 particles). First, to verify the prediction accuracy of the gas diffusion using RIAM-COMPACT, comparisons with past wind tunnel test results conducted on simple and complex terrains are presented under neutral atmospheric stability. The results of the numerical simulations carried out in this study show good agreement with the wind tunnel experiments for both simple and complex terrains. Next, a model of the Japan National Stadium (Tokyo Olympic Stadium) was constructed using 3D detailed topographic Advanced World 3D Map (AW3D) data generated by combining high-resolution satellite images. We tried to reproduce the hypothetical spread and dissipation of the fluid layer (assuming the fluid layer contains COVID-19 particles) inside and outside of the Japan National Stadium using Airflow Analyst implemented with the RIAM-COMPACT analysis function for gas diffusion. We paid special attention to the effect of wind ventilation driven by natural wind. The numerical results under various scenarios show that ventilation driven by natural wind is very effective for the Japan National Stadium.

Analysis on Synergy Mechanisms behind the Program Construction of Winter Olympic Stadiums and Surrounding Supporting Infrastructures:Based on the Yanqing Competition Zone of Beijing 2022

Four stadium projects and twenty-four surrounding supporting infrastructure projects jointly constitute the Yanqing Competition Zone Program of 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. To sort out the overall structure of the program, from the practical perspective of project management, the synergy goals and factors of the program are analyzed using synergetics. Then, the synergy model of the Yanqing Winter Olympic Program is constructed. As a national major engineering project, its construction needs to achieve synergies from three aspects:spatial strategy, technical objectives, and participants. Transitioning from the strategic planning of the program to project construction plan is realized in this study.