ABSTRACT This study compared central and peripheral fatigue development between Sprint and Olympic distance triathlon. Fifteen male triathletes performed Sprint and Olympic triathlon simulations in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Central and peripheral fatigue was evaluated from changes in voluntary activation level (VAL) and twitch responses of quadriceps muscle (Qtw,pot), respectively. Qtw,pot reduced from baseline to post-swimming similarly between triathlon simulations (Sprint, −1711%; Olympic, −13%). In post-cycling, Qtw,pot further declined to a similar extent between triathlon distances (Sprint, −3115%; Olympic, −2811%). In post-running, Qtw,pot was fully recovered in Olympic triathlon (-410%), whereas there was only a partial recovery of Qtw,pot in Sprint triathlon (−2011%). VAL was not reduced in post-swimming, but reduction was similar between triathlon distances in post-cycling (Sprint, −109%; Olympic, −88%) and post-running (Sprint, −1514%; Olympic, −168%). In Sprint triathlon, the swimming speed (1.070.13 m ·s-1) was above (p.001) critical speed (1.010.14 m ·s-1), the cycling power (179.727.2W) was below the respiratory compensation point (216.327.8W, p.001) and running speed (13.71.05km·h-1) similar to the respiratory compensation point (13.20.70 km·h-1, p.124). In Olympic triathlon, swimming speed (1.030.13m·s-1) was similar to critical speed (p.392), and both cycling power (165.327.3W) and running speed (12.61.05km·h-1) were below the respiratory compensation point (p.007). In conclusion, peripheral fatigue progressed until post-cycling regardless of triathlon distances. However, peripheral fatigue was fully recovered after running in Olympic but not in Sprint triathlon. The central fatigue started in post-cycling and progressed until post-running regardless of triathlon distances.