Olivine Crystal Preferred Orientations Research Articles

Textural and chemical variations in peridotite induced by hydrous melt migration in mantle under the back-arc spreading

This study presents the structural and petrological characteristics of mantle peridotites in relation to the rock-hydrous melt reaction found in the Hayachine ultramafic complex, NE Japan. We conducted sampling, microstructural observations, crystal-orientation analyses, and major element composition analyses of the major constituent minerals in the peridotites. We used 17 serpentinized peridotites that preserved better mantle textures. The peridotites are composed of lherzolite to harzburgite, consisting of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, amphibole, and spinel. The peridotites were classified into two textures according to olivine grain size: coarse-grained (ca. 2–3 mm) and fine-grained (ca. 0.3–0.5 mm). Fine-grained peridotites were newly found in this study and were characterized by aggregates of orthopyroxene and amphibole with a large number of spinel inclusions. Based on olivine crystal-preferred orientation (CPO), we found that the coarse-grained peridotites were further classified into Group 1 (A type CPO) and 2 (AG type CPO) and the fine-grained peridotites were accordingly classified into Group 3 (weak CPO). The systematic continuity in the chemical compositions of the minerals suggests that Group 1 peridotites partially melted to form Group 2 peridotites, followed by Group 3 peridotites, due to further reaction of Group 2 peridotites with hydrous melts. These textural and chemical variations in the peridotites could have resulted from rock-hydrous melt reactions under back-arc spreading and subsequent processes.

Microstructures, hydrogen concentrations, and seismic properties of a tectonically exhumed sliver of oceanic mantle lithosphere, Moa Island, Timor-Tanimbar outer-arc, eastern Indonesia

We characterize and quantify the microstructure, hydrogen concentrations, and seismic properties of a tectonically exhumed sliver of oceanic lithospheric mantle outcropping in the Moa Island (Leti archipelago, Timor-Tanimbar outer-arc). The 18 spinel peridotites (lherzolites and harzburgites) have coarse-porphyroclastic microstructures and olivine crystal-preferred orientations (CPO) with axial-[010] (also known as AG-type) or [100](010) (A-type) patterns, similar to those observed in peridotitic xenoliths from oceanic mantle lithosphere. These coarse-porphyroclastic microstructures are variably overprinted by growth of strain-free olivine neoblasts and crystallization of secondary pyroxenes. Recrystallized fractions vary from 6.9 up to 31.3%. The interstitial (cuspate) shapes and CPOs of clinopyroxene, uncorrelated with the olivine CPOs, indicate that refertilization by a reactive melt percolation post-dated deformation. Seismic properties are calculated based on the modal compositions and CPOs of all samples. Increase in the recrystallized olivine fraction decreased the seismic anisotropy, since static recrystallization produced some dispersion of the CPO, but did not change drastically the texture acquired during deformation. Mean seismic velocities (mean Vp = 7.9 km.s−1; mean Vs = 4.5 km.s−1) and anisotropy (mean maximum S wave polarization anisotropy = 4.5%), estimated by considering coherent orientation of the foliation and lineation of all samples, are within the range of typical values for the uppermost mantle. The nominally anhydrous minerals contain small amounts of hydrogen (olivine: 13–18 ppm H2O by weight; orthopyroxene: 58–175 wt ppm H2O and clinopyroxenes: 244–288 wt ppm H2O). A bulk water content of 50 wt ppm H2O is estimated based on nomminally anhydrous minerals for the Moa peridotites, in agreement with previous estimates for the oceanic mantle lithosphere based on peridotitic xenoliths. This is the first direct measurement of hydrogen concentrations in peridotites from an oceanic mantle lithosphere which experienced melt extraction.

Shear‐Wave Splitting in the Mantle Wedge: Role of Elastic Tensor Symmetry of Olivine Aggregates

AbstractUsing a 3‐D mantle wedge flow field for a generic oblique subduction system, we calculate elastic tensors of mineral aggregates in the mantle wedge for A‐, B‐, C‐, and E‐type olivine crystal preferred orientations (CPO) and apply the calculated elastic tensor in the forward calculation of shear‐wave splitting (SWS) through the mantle wedge. We find that the hexagonal approximation of the full tensor does not affect the SWS parameters (the fast direction and the delay time) significantly for all CPO types except that the delay time for C‐type CPO becomes shorter. Additionally, we find that despite the 3‐D mantle flow field that results from oblique subduction, the fast direction is margin‐normal for A‐, C‐ and E‐type CPOs and margin‐parallel for B‐type CPO.

Mantle Wedge Seismic Anisotropy and Shear Wave Splitting: Effects of Oblique Subduction

AbstractWe investigate the evolution of olivine crystal preferred orientation (CPO) and its effect on local shear wave splitting (SWS) in the mantle wedge of oblique subduction zones. Based on model‐predicted 3‐D mantle wedge flow fields, we compute the A‐type and E‐type olivine CPO distribution for a range of subduction obliquity. The results show that the seismically fast axis does not necessarily align with the flow direction. To model the local SWS parameter distribution for oblique subduction zones, we apply a full range of initial polarization to multilayer models that approximate the model‐predicted CPO distributions. These models result in a bimodal SWS parameter distribution, which relaxes as subduction obliquity increases. Unlike non‐oblique subduction models, these models indicate considerable variations in the SWS parameters with subduction obliquity and initial polarization and also among the forearc, arc, and backarc regions. Because of this variability, a single SWS measurement cannot constrain the CPO distribution, and shear waves with a range of initial polarization are required to interpret the SWS parameters in oblique subduction zones. Our results indicate that 3‐D mantle wedge flow due to oblique subduction cannot explain commonly observed margin‐parallel fast direction in the forearc region but can explain margin‐normal fast directions that are observed in the arc and backarc regions of oblique subduction zones.

Heterogeneity in texture and crystal fabric of intensely hydrated ultramylonitic peridotites along a transform fault, Southwest Indian Ridge

Microstructures and olivine crystal fabrics were studied in amphibole-bearing peridotite samples obtained from the Marion Fracture Zone of the Southwest Indian Ridge by dredge D19 of the 1984 PROTEA Expedition Leg 5 cruise of the RV Melville. The peridotites show various textures ranging from extremely fine-grained well-layered ultramylonites to heterogeneously strained tectonites. Electron back-scatter diffraction analyses revealed that olivine crystal-preferred orientations (CPOs), which are developed primarily in coarse granular peridotites in the mantle, become weaker with an increasing degree of grain-size reduction from coarser to finer grains, for both porphyroclastic and matrix olivine grains. However, two well-layered ultramylonites are characterized by bimodal CPOs of (010)[001] (B type) and (001)[100] (E type) or a strong maximum of [010] normal to the foliation and girdle patterns of both [100] and [001] on the foliation plane (i.e., an axial [010] pattern or AG type). Moreover, spinel grains within these well-layered ultramylonites have not only been broken down to form olivine and amphibole by hydrous reactions, but have also been fractured and their fragments pulled apart in the fine-grained matrix. These features indicate that shear deformation occurred as increasing stress under hydrous conditions during the final stage of deformation, which enabled the local occurrence of low-temperature plastic deformation, resulting in the development of a CPO and a foliation within the ultramylonites.

Deformation and seismic anisotropy in the SE Tibetan Plateau lithospheric mantle inferred from Maguan peridotite xenoliths

SKS wave splitting measurements revealed strong and complex seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. To better understand lithospheric deformation and upper mantle anisotropy observed in this region, we performed studies on microstructures, seismic anisotropy and chemical compositions of the mantle peridotite xenoliths collected from Maguan, Yunnan Province, in the SE Tibetan Plateau. The mantle xenoliths show two types of olivine crystal preferred orientation (CPO), AG–type and A–type. AG–type fabric is characterized by a concentration of [010]-axis normal to the foliation and a large circle girdle of the [100] and [001] axes in foliation. A–type fabric shows point concentrations of [100] and [010] axes subparallel to lineation and subnormal to foliation, respectively. Orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene align their [001]-axis sub-parallel to the [100]-axis of olivine. Seismic anisotropy calculated from the fabric of xenoliths displays moderate to strong polarization anisotropy (AVs) ranging from 3.1% to 7.0%, with 4.6% on average. Based on the seismic properties of xenoliths, we propose that, in SE Tibetan Plateau (south of 26°N), the SKS wave splitting is attributed to melt-enhanced anisotropy with a vertical structural frame lithosphere. Under this structural configuration, the large delay time could be expected with the fast wave polarization direction (FPD) in E–W direction. Our study also supports the model of double anisotropic layers in this area. The fast orientation of lower layer caused by lithospheric mantle anisotropy is in E–W direction, while the upper one with the NNW–SSE FPD is related to the frozen anisotropy in the middle-lower crust.

Deformation of upper mantle rocks with contrasting initial fabrics in axial extension

To explore the role of the olivine grain size and crystal preferred orientation (CPO), on the evolution of the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of upper mantle rocks up to large strains, we performed axial extension experiments at 1200 °C, 300 MPa confining pressure, and constant displacement rate leading to strain rates ~10−5 s−1 on three natural peridotites: a fine-grained mylonitic harzburgite with a weak olivine CPO and two coarse-grained well-equilibrated dunites with olivine CPO of variable intensity. Despite the contrasting initial microstructures, initial flow stresses show a limited range of variation (115–165 ± 5 MPa), with the fine-grained harzburgite displaying the highest initial strength. However, the evolution of both mechanical behavior and microstructure differs markedly between fine and coarse-grained peridotites. In the fine-grained harzburgite, necking is associated with decrease in the apparent differential stress. Focusing of strain and stress resulted in increase of the olivine CPO intensity and recrystallized fraction and decrease of the recrystallized grain size in the neck. Analysis of the final stress and strain in the neck indicates softening in response to the evolution of the microstructure and CPO. In contrast, necking of the coarse-grained dunite samples is associated with either a weaker or no decrease in the apparent differential stress. This implies hardening, consistently with (1) the increase in bulk intragranular misorientation with increasing strain observed in these samples and (2) final stresses in the neck similar or higher than the initial ones. All coarse-grained dunites displayed a highly heterogeneous deformation. Crystals well oriented to deform by dislocation glide became elongated and developed marked undulose extinction, whereas crystals in hard orientations remained almost undeformed. In the neck, stress and strain concentration (local stresses and strains attained up to 365 ± 15 MPa and 240%, respectively) resulted in formation of kinks in “hard” crystals, dynamic recrystallization in “soft” crystals and, where the axial stress overcame the confining pressure, development of extensional fractures. We interpret the more effective strain-induced softening of the fine-grained peridotite as due to easier dynamic recrystallization, probably due to the higher proportion of grain boundaries acting as nucleation sites.

Olivine-induced viscous anisotropy in fossil strike-slip mantle shear zones and associated strain localization in the crust

SUMMARYWe propose that strain localization in plate interiors, such as linear belts of intraplate seismicity, may arise from spatial variations in viscous anisotropy produced by preferred orientation of olivine crystals (CPO or texture) inherited from previous deformation episodes in the lithospheric mantle. To quantify this effect, we model the deformation of a plate containing a fossil strike-slip mantle shear zone at different orientations relative to an imposed horizontal shortening, but no initial heterogeneity in the crust. The fossil shear zone is characterized by different orientation and intensity of the olivine CPO relatively to the surrounding mantle, which is isotropic in most simulations. The anisotropy in viscosity produced by the CPO, which remains fixed throughout the simulations, is described by an anisotropic (Hill) yield function parametrized based on second-order viscoplastic self-consistent (SO-VPSC) models. The results indicate that lateral variations in viscous anisotropy in the mantle affect the strain distribution in the entire lithosphere. Reactivation of the strike-slip mantle shear zone and strain localization in the crust above it occur for horizontal compression at 35–55° to the fossil shear plane, with a maximum at 45°. The magnitude of strain localization depends on (i) the contrast in viscous anisotropy and, hence, on the variations in CPO orientation and intensity in the mantle, (ii) the boundary conditions and (iii) the feedbacks between mantle and crustal deformation. For a strong olivine CPO, when the boundary conditions do not hinder shear parallel to the fossil mantle shear zone, strain rates within it are up to a factor 30 higher than in an isotropic surrounding mantle or up to a factor 200 when the surrounding mantle is anisotropic, which results in strain rates up to a factor 10 or up to a factor 100 higher in the crust right above the fossil shear zone. Frictional weakening in the crust faults increases strain localization in the entire lithospheric column. High strength contrasts between the mantle and the ductile crust result in less efficient mechanical coupling, with strong localization in the mantle and lower crust, but weak in the brittle upper crust. Decrease in the crust–mantle strength contrast enhances the coupling and produces more homogenous strain distribution with depth, as well as a time-dependent evolution of strain localization, which reaches a peak and decreases before attaining steady-state. Comparison of seismic anisotropy, regional stress and focal mechanism data in linear arrays of intraplate seismicity, like the New Madrid and South Armorican seismic zones, to our models' predictions corroborates that olivine CPO preserved in fossil lithospheric-scale shear zones may be key for the development of such structures.

Textural and Compositional Changes in the Lithospheric Mantle Atop the Hawaiian Plume: Consequences for Seismic Properties

AbstractWe characterized the texture, composition, and seismic properties of the lithospheric mantle atop the Hawaiian plume by petrostructural analysis of 48 spinel peridotite xenoliths from four localities in three Hawaiian islands. Coarse‐porphyroclastic peridotites with variable degrees of recrystallization, recorded by growth of strain‐free neoblasts onto the deformed microstructure, predominate. Full evolution of this process produced equigranular microstructures. Some peridotites have coarse‐granular microstructures. Coarse‐granular and coarse‐porphyroclastic peridotites have strong orthorhombic or axial‐[100] olivine crystal‐preferred orientations (CPOs). Recrystallization produced some dispersion and, locally, changed the olivine CPO towards axial‐[010]. Enrichment in pyroxenes relative to model melting trends and pyroxenes with interstitial shapes and CPO uncorrelated with the olivine CPO imply refertilization by reactive melt percolation. The unusual spatial distribution of the recrystallized fraction, Ti enrichment, and Rare Earth Element fractionation in recrystallized, equigranular, and coarse‐granular peridotites support that these microstructures are produced by static recrystallization triggered by melt percolation. However, there is no simple relation between microstructure and chemical or modal composition. This, together with marked variations in mineral chemistry among samples, implies multiple spatially heterogeneous melt‐rock reaction events. We interpret the coarse‐porphyroclastic microstructures and CPO as representative of the original oceanic lithosphere fabric. Annealing changed the microstructure to coarse‐granular, but did not modify significantly the olivine CPO. Recrystallization produced moderate dispersion of the CPO. “Normal” oceanic lithosphere seismic anisotropy patterns are therefore preserved. Yet Fe enrichment, refertilization, and limited heating of the base of the lithosphere may reduce seismic velocities by up to 2%, partially explaining negative velocity anomalies imaged at lithospheric depths beneath Hawaii.

Evolution of the Josephine Peridotite Shear Zones: 2. Influences on Olivine CPO Evolution

AbstractSeismic anisotropy arises in the upper mantle due to the alignment of olivine crystal lattices and is often used to interpret mantle flow direction. Experiments on the evolution of olivine crystal‐preferred orientation (CPO) have found that the texture that develops is dependent on many factors, including water content, differential stress, preexisting CPO, and deformation kinematics. To evaluate the role of these factors in naturally deformed samples, we present microstructural transects across three shear zones in the Josephine Peridotite. Samples from these shear zones exhibit a mixture of A‐type textures, which have been associated with dry conditions and primary activation of the olivine [100](010) slip system, and of E‐type textures, which have been associated with wetter conditions and primary activation of the [100](001) slip system. CPOs with characteristics of both A‐type and E‐type textures are also present. CPO type does not evolve systematically as a function of either strain or water content. We used a micromechanical model to evaluate the roles of preexisting texture and kinematics on olivine CPO evolution. We find that the preexisting texture controls CPO evolution at strains up to 5 during simple shear. Kinematics involving a combination of simple shear and pure shear can explain the olivine CPOs at higher strain. Hence, preexisting CPOs and deformation kinematics should be considered in the interpretation of CPOs measured in naturally deformed rocks and of large‐scale patterns in upper‐mantle seismic anisotropy.

Lithosphere tearing along STEP faults and synkinematic formation of lherzolite and wehrlite in the shallow subcontinental mantle

Abstract. Subduction-transform edge propagator (STEP) faults are the locus of continual lithospheric tearing at slab edges, resulting in sharp changes in the lithospheric and crustal thickness and triggering lateral and/or near-vertical mantle flow. However, the mechanisms at the lithospheric mantle scale are still poorly understood. Here, we present the microstructural study of olivine-rich lherzolite, harzburgite and wehrlite mantle xenoliths from the Oran volcanic field (Tell Atlas, northwest Algeria). This alkali volcanic field occurs along a major STEP fault responsible for the Miocene westward slab retreat in the westernmost Mediterranean. Mantle xenoliths provide a unique opportunity to investigate the microstructures in the mantle section of a STEP fault system. The microstructures of mantle xenoliths show a variable grain size ranging from coarse granular to fine-grained equigranular textures uncorrelated with lithology. The major element composition of the mantle peridotites provides temperature estimates in a wide range (790–1165 ∘C) but in general, the coarse-grained and fine-grained peridotites suggest deeper and shallower provenance depth, respectively. Olivine grain size in the fine-grained peridotites depends on the size and volume fraction of the pyroxene grains, which is consistent with pinning of olivine grain growth by pyroxenes as second-phase particles. In the coarse-grained peridotites, well-developed olivine crystal-preferred orientation (CPO) is characterized by orthorhombic and [100]-fiber symmetries, and orthopyroxene has a coherent CPO with that of olivine, suggesting their coeval deformation by dislocation creep at high temperature. In the fine-grained microstructures, along with the weakening of the fabric strength, olivine CPO symmetry exhibits a shift towards [010] fiber and the [010] and [001] axes of orthopyroxene are generally distributed subparallel to those of olivine. These data are consistent with deformation of olivine in the presence of low amounts of melts and the precipitation of orthopyroxenes from a melt phase. The bulk CPO of clinopyroxene mimics that of orthopyroxene via a topotaxial relationship of the two pyroxenes. This observation points to a melt-related origin of most clinopyroxenes in the Oran mantle xenoliths. The textural and geochemical record of the peridotites are consistent with interaction of a refractory harzburgite protolith with a high-Mg no. melt at depth (resulting in the formation of coarse-grained clinopyroxene-rich lherzolite and wehrlite) and with a low-Mg no. evolved melt in the shallow subcontinental lithospheric mantle (forming fine-grained harzburgite). We propose that pervasive melt–peridotite reaction – promoted by lateral and/or near-vertical mantle flow associated with lithospheric tearing – resulted in the synkinematic crystallization of secondary lherzolite and wehrlite and had a key effect on grain size reduction during the operation of the Tell–Rif STEP fault. Melt–rock reaction and secondary formation of lherzolite and wehrlite may be widespread in other STEP fault systems worldwide.

Lateral and Vertical Heterogeneity in the Lithospheric Mantle at the Northern Margin of the Pannonian Basin Reconstructed From Peridotite Xenolith Microstructures

AbstractThis study analyzes the microstructures and deformational characteristics of spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Nógrád‐Gömör Volcanic Field (NGVF), located on the northern margin of a young extensional basin presently affected by compression. The xenoliths show a wide range of microstructures, bearing the imprints of heterogeneous deformation and variable degrees of subsequent annealing. Olivine crystal preferred orientations (CPOs) have dominantly [010]‐fiber and orthorhombic patterns. Orthopyroxene CPOs indicate coeval deformation with olivine. Olivine J indices correlate positively with equilibration temperatures, suggesting that the CPO strength increases with depth. In contrast, the intensity of intragranular deformation in olivine varies as a function of the sampling locality. We interpret the microstructures and CPO patterns as recording deformation by dislocation creep in a transpressional regime, which is consistent with recent tectonic evolution in the Carpathian‐Pannonian region due to the convergence between the Adria microplate and the European platform. Postkinematic annealing is probably linked to percolation of metasomatism by mafic melts through the upper mantle of the NGVF prior to the eruption of the host alkali basalt. Elevated equilibration temperatures in xenoliths from the central part of the volcanic field are interpreted to be associated with the last metasomatic event, which only shortly preceded the ascent of the host magma. Despite well‐developed olivine CPOs in the xenoliths, which imply a strong seismic anisotropy, the lithospheric mantle alone cannot account for the shear wave splitting delay times measured in the NGVF, indicating that deformation in both the lithosphere and the asthenosphere contributes to the observed shear wave splitting.

Crust-mantle coupling during continental convergence and break-up: Constraints from peridotite xenoliths from the Borborema Province, northeast Brazil

We studied a suite of mantle xenoliths carried by Cenozoic volcanism in the Borborema Province, NE Brazil. These xenoliths sample a subcontinental lithospheric mantle affected by multiple continental convergence and rifting events since the Archean. Equilibrium temperatures indicate a rather hot geotherm, implying a ca. 80 km thick lithosphere. Most xenoliths have coarse-granular and coarse-porphyroclastic microstructures, recording variable degrees of annealing following deformation. The high annealing degree and equilibrated pyroxene shapes in coarse-granular peridotites equilibrated at ~900 °C indicate that the last deformation event that affected these peridotites is several hundreds of Ma old. Coarse-porphyroclastic peridotites equilibrated at 950–1100 °C probably record younger (Cretaceous?) deformation in the deep lithospheric mantle. In addition, a few xenoliths show fine-porphyroclastic microstructures and equilibrium temperatures ≥1200 °C, which imply recent deformation, probably related to the dykes that fed the Cenozoic volcanism. Chemical and microstructural evidence for reactive percolation of melts is widespread. Variation in textural and chemical equilibrium among samples implies multiple melt percolation events well spaced in time (from Neoproterozoic or older to Cenozoic). Crystal preferred orientations of olivine and pyroxenes point to deformation controlled by dislocation creep with dominant activation of the [100](010) and [001]{0kl} slip systems in olivine and pyroxenes, respectively, for all microstructures. Comparison of xenoliths' seismic properties to SKS splitting data in the nearby RCBR station together with the equilibrated microstructures in the low-temperature xenoliths point to coupled crust-mantle deformation in the Neoproterozoic (Brasiliano) continental-scale shear zones, which is still preserved in the shallow lithospheric mantle. This implies limited reworking of the lithospheric mantle in response to extension during the opening of the Equatorial Atlantic in the Cretaceous, which in the present sampling is restricted to the base of the lithosphere.

Deformation, Annealing, Melt‐Rock Interaction, and Seismic Properties of an Old Domain of the Equatorial Atlantic Lithospheric Mantle

AbstractWe analyzed a set of mantle xenoliths from the Fernando de Noronha archipelago to constrain the roles of deformation, cooling, annealing, and melt percolation in the evolution of the mantle lithosphere of the equatorial Atlantic. The peridotites are dominantly lherzolites with coarse granular or porphyroclastic microstructures. Equilibrium temperatures range between 850 and 1,000 °C. Olivine crystal preferred orientations (CPO) have mainly orthorhombic patterns characterized by clear [100] and [010] point maxima or a fiber‐[100] tendency; these patterns imply deformation by dislocation creep with dominant activation of the [100](010) slip system. Olivine fiber‐[010] patterns are less common; they probably result from recrystallization or melt‐rock interaction. Annealing after deformation partially recovered the microstructures and reduced the olivine CPO strength. Pyroxene CPOs often have weak consistency with olivine CPO, implying post‐deformation refertilization. Chemical compositions are systematically more fertile than those from abyssal peridotites from the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. These compositions together with the microstructures suggest two stages of melt‐rock interaction. An early refertilization of the base of the lithosphere due to continuous percolation of small melt fractions and later, more important, but local chemical changes (both refertilization and dunitization) as well as recrystallization due to reactive melt percolation likely associated with the Cenozoic volcanism. By comparing the calculated seismic properties with existing seismological data we argue that the moderate seismic anisotropy displayed by the Fernando de Noronha mantle xenoliths likely records past horizontal asthenospheric flow parallel to the spreading direction frozen in the lithospheric mantle as the plate cooled.

Absence of olivine orientation fabric in highly shocked Martian dunite

AbstractShock is often given as the cause for many observations in meteorites due to the assumed previous exposure of most meteorites to at least one impact event that ultimately led to their ejection from their parent body. Here we present electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results on a substantially shocked dunitic achondrite, chassignite Northwest Africa (NWA) 8694, and question the general culpability of shock exposure for the formation of preferred orientation fabrics of meteoritic olivine crystals. Despite the ubiquitous presence of substantial shock indicators, the EBSD results for NWA 8694 reveal an absence of preferred orientation of olivine crystals, displaying instead an overall random fabric. We propose that the passage of shock waves through olivine crystals within a solid, crystalline, dunitic rock does not produce an overall preferred orientation, nor is it likely to actively form a whole‐rock random fabric but instead has likely no bearing on the formation of olivine orientation fabrics.

Erratum to: Crystal preferred orientations of olivine, orthopyroxene, serpentine, chlorite, and amphibole, and implications for seismic anisotropy in subduction zones: a review

This study provides a comprehensive review of the crystal preferred orientation (CPO) of olivine and orthopyroxene in the upper mantle, and of several hydrous minerals in the mantle wedge and at the slab-mantle interface. It discusses the seismic anisotropy of those minerals. Water-induced CPOs of olivine produced by previous experimental studies under high pressure and temperature conditions were found in many natural rocks. It is emphasized that the strong CPOs of hydrous minerals such as serpentine, chlorite, and amphibole, play an important role in interpreting the anomalously strong seismic anisotropy observed in subduction zones.

Crystal preferred orientations of olivine, orthopyroxene, serpentine, chlorite, and amphibole, and implications for seismic anisotropy in subduction zones: a review

Crystal preferred orientations of olivine, orthopyroxene, serpentine, chlorite, and amphibole, and implications for seismic anisotropy in subduction zones: a review

Fluid‐Enhanced Annealing in the Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle Beneath the Westernmost Margin of the Carpathian‐Pannonian Extensional Basin System

AbstractMantle xenoliths from the Styrian Basin Volcanic Field (Western Pannonian Basin, Austria) are mostly coarse granular amphibole‐bearing spinel lherzolites with microstructures attesting for extensive annealing. Olivine and pyroxene CPO (crystal‐preferred orientation) preserve nevertheless the record of coeval deformation during a preannealing tectonic event. Olivine shows transitional CPO symmetry from [010]‐fiber to orthogonal type. In most samples with [010]‐fiber olivine CPO symmetry, the [001] axes of the pyroxenes are also dispersed in the foliation plane. This CPO patterns are consistent with lithospheric deformation accommodated by dislocation creep in a transpressional tectonic regime. The lithospheric mantle deformed most probably during the transpressional phase after the Penninic slab breakoff in the Eastern Alps. The calculated seismic properties of the xenoliths indicate that a significant portion of shear wave splitting delay times in the Styrian Basin (0.5 s out of approximately 1.3 s) may originate in a highly annealed subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Hydroxyl content in olivine is correlated to the degree of annealing, with higher concentrations in the more annealed textures. Based on the correlation between microstructures and hydroxyl content in olivine, we propose that annealing was triggered by percolation of hydrous fluids/melts in the shallow subcontinental lithospheric mantle. A possible source of these fluids/melts is the dehydration of the subducted Penninic slab beneath the Styrian Basin. The studied xenoliths did not record the latest large‐scale geodynamic events in the region—the Miocene extension then tectonic inversion of the Pannonian Basin.

Seismic anisotropies of the Songshugou peridotites (Qinling orogen, central China) and their seismic implications

Though extensively studied, the roles of olivine crystal preferred orientations (CPOs or fabrics) in affecting the seismic anisotropies in the Earth's upper mantle are rather complicated and still not fully known. In this study, we attempted to address this issue by analyzing the seismic anisotropies [e.g., P-wave anisotropy (AVp), S-wave polarization anisotropy (AVs), radial anisotropy (ξ), and Rayleigh wave anisotropy (G)] of the Songshugou peridotites (dunite dominated) in the Qinling orogen in central China, based on our previously reported olivine CPOs. The seismic anisotropy patterns of olivine aggregates in our studied samples are well consistent with the prediction for their olivine CPO types; and the magnitude of seismic anisotropies shows a striking positive correlation with equilibrium pressure and temperature (P–T) conditions. Significant reductions of seismic anisotropies (AVp, max. AVs, and G) are observed in porphyroclastic dunite compared to coarse- and fine-grained dunites, as the results of olivine CPO transition (from A-/D-type in coarse-grained dunite, through AG-type-like in porphyroclastic dunite, to B-type-like in fine-grained dunite) and strength variation (weakening: A-/D-type → AG-type-like; strengthening: AG-type-like → B-type-like) during dynamic recrystallization. The transition of olivine CPOs from A-/D-type to B-/AG-type-like in the forearc mantle may weaken the seismic anisotropies and deviate the fast velocity direction and the fast S-wave polarization direction from trench-perpendicular to trench-oblique direction with the cooling and aging of forearc mantle. Depending on the size and distribution of the peridotite body such as the Songshugou peridotites, B- and AG-type-like olivine CPOs can be an additional (despite minor) local contributor to the orogen-parallel fast velocity direction and fast shear-wave polarization direction in the orogenic crust such as in the Songshugou area in Qinling orogen.

Deformation of olivine-orthopyroxene aggregates at high pressure and temperature: Implications for the seismic properties of the asthenosphere

The effect of pressure, temperature and composition on the development of crystal preferred orientations (CPO) and seismic properties of olivine-orthopyroxene aggregates were investigated using samples containing olivine and 12.5, 25 and 50vol.% of orthopyroxene. The samples were deformed in simple-shear at a constant strain-rate of 10−4s−1 with total shear strains between 0.5 and 1.3, at pressures of 3, 5 and 8GPa and temperatures of 1300, 1400 and 1500°C, respectively. Olivine's CPO vary as a function of the orthopyroxene content. All samples have their olivine [010] axes normal to the foliation. Samples with 12.5 and 25% orthopyroxene have their [001] axes parallel to the lineation (B-type), whereas the samples with 50% orthopyroxene have their [100] axes oriented parallel to the lineation (A-type). At 3GPa, we propose that olivine CPO may result from a variation between two types of diffusion accommodated grain boundary sliding (difGBS) mechanisms. At higher pressure, the relative contribution of difGBS and dislocation related mechanisms depends on the volume of secondary phases. For low orthopyroxene contents, dislocation related mechanisms prevail and induce the development of B-type CPO, whereas for higher amount of orthopyroxene difGBS controls the deformation and leads to A-type CPO. Orthopyroxene's CPO strength increases with increasing pressure and temperature and is characterized by the concentration of [100] and [010] axes normal to the foliation and [001] close to the lineation. The seismic properties show that deformation in pyroxene-poor and rich peridotites are consistent with the seismic anisotropy observed in intraplate regions where the mantle flow is horizontal. Conversely, only pyroxene-rich peridotites deformed through difGBS could explain the Vsh/Vsv<1 observed below mid-oceanic ridges.