Oldenlandia Umbellata Research Articles

Enhancement of anti-cancer compounds in fungal elicited-Oldenlandia umbellata culture.

Our study focused on enhancing the production of anthraquinone derivatives in Oldenlandia umbellata using fungal elicitors. Aspergillus niger, Mucor prayagensis, and Trichoderma viride were used to elicit the anthraquinone derivatives in root cultures. The elicitation process led to an increase in the production of phytochemicals and secondary metabolites, with the highest total protein content observed in A. niger-elicited plants. We performed qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the 80% methanol extract of the plants. Using reverse phase-ultra-fast liquid chromatography, we identified and quantified five anthraquinone compounds: aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and alizarin. The in vitro root samples elicited with A. niger and M. prayagensis exhibited four and three anthraquinone derivatives, respectively, whereas those elicited with T. viride showed only two derivatives. Interestingly, chrysophanol content was the highest in A. niger-elicited root samples. We constructed a system pharmacology framework consisting of 40 nodes and 45 edges with 34 interacting genes. We also identified human proteins that interact with these derivatives, and inferred their roles in cancer-associated pathways. These anthraquinone derivatives interact with various proteins in multiple pathways, including apoptosis, human cytomegalovirus infection, proteoglycans in cancer, MAPK signaling, and hepatitis C, highlighting their potential therapeutic applications in cancer treatment.

In silico Rationalization for Leads from Oldenlandia umbellata L. to Inhibit Multiple Molecular Targets Regulating Osteoporosis

Background Osteoporosis is a chronic metabolic bone disease caused due to the dysregulation in the functioning of osteoblast and osteoclast cells leading to increased bone resorption predominantly in postmenopausal women and the elderly, thereby affecting a significant global population. Purpose The present study aims to computationally screen the phytochemical constituents of Oldenlandia umbellata Linn against the unique molecular therapeutic targets of osteoporosis and validate the results using Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation. Materials and Methods The molecular docking analysis of the selected phytoconstituents against the molecular targets were performed using AutoDock 4.2.6 – AutoDock Tools 1.5.6. In addition, the drug likeliness, ADME, bioactivity, and toxicity were predicted using Molinspiration ADMELAB2.0, ProTox-II and Orisis DataWarrior online tools. Molecular Dynamic Simulation studies were performed using WebGRO macromolecular simulation server. Results Molecular docking results and data analysis revealed that deacetylasperuloside possesses good drug-likeness, ADME properties, and bioactive scores and did not indicate any toxicity compared to other phytochemicals exhibiting binding energies below –8.00 Kcal/mol against the targets. Together, the study emphasized that deacetylasperuloside could bind with the molecular targets of osteoporosis, and the lead is a potential therapeutic candidate for osteoporosis treatment. Further, molecular dynamic simulation analysis for 100 ns revealed that the ligand–protein complexes, including glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)-deacetylasperuloside and cathepsin K (CTSK)-deacetylasperuloside complexes, were stable and highly compact assessed from their trajectories. Hence, it can be emphasized that deacetylasperuloside could be a potential therapeutic molecule that could inhibit the targets, including GSK3β and CTSK. Conclusion Oldenlandia umbellata L. is a potential candidate for identifying therapeutic leads for osteoporosis treatment. Further, in vitro and in vivo studies are needed as an output of this research to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy.

Evaluation of in vitro enzyme inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Oldenlandia corymbosa L. and Oldenlandia umbellata L. whole plant extracts

BackgroundOldenlandia corymbosa and Oldenlandia umbellata are well-known medicinal plants in various traditional systems of medicine and used to treat bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, constipation, and leprosy. We evaluated the phytochemical content, antioxidant potential, enzyme inhibitory action, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of the whole plant extracts of O. corymbosa and O. umbellata due to their therapeutic importance. MethodsThe phytochemical analysis includes qualitative analysis and quantification of total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, and vitamin E. Enzyme inhibitory assays were studied using α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes and anti-inflammatory activity was determined by egg albumin denaturation assay. Antioxidant potential was estimated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethyl benzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical, superoxide, nitric oxide, metal chelating, and phosphomolybdenum assays. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of extracts were studied against ten bacterial strains by the microdilution method. ResultsThe aqueous extract of O.umbellata showed a higher extract yield (5.0%). The highest amount of total phenolics and flavonoids were observed in the ethanolic extract of O.umbellata (77.23±0.46 mg GAE/g) and O.corymbosa (19.01±0.26 mg GAE/g). Ethanolic extract of O.umbellata (IC50 of 31.71±0.32 µg/mL) and aqueous extract of O.corymbosa (30.53±1.83 µg/mL) showed notable α-amylase inhibitory effect and petroleum ether extract of both plants observed good inhibition against α-glucosidase enzyme. Likewise, petroleum ether extract of O.umbellata (IC50 of 57.16±1.88 µg/mL) showed a moderate anti-inflammatory effect. In all extracts, considerable antioxidant potential was recorded specially with aqueous extract in the nitric oxide scavenging assay with an IC50 of 40.72±1.25 µg/mL. Ethanolic extract of O.umbellata and petroleum ether extract of O.corymbosa (MIC of 56.25 µg/mL) showed good antibiotic potency in lower concentrations which proves these two valuable herb's potential in herbal preparations. ConclusionsThe results of the study provide a basis for further studies aiming to evaluate the possibilities of using the O. umbellata and O. corymbosa as natural sources of antioxidants, enzyme inhibitory, and antibacterial agents. Further studies could be directed to exploit these plants in experimental animal models as potential pharmaceutical agents.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Oldenlandia Umbellata leaf extract and their photocatalytic and biological characteristics

The aim of this study was to examine the environmentally friendly green production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) utilizing Oldenlandia Umbellata (OU) leaves extract, as well as to study the photo catalytic and biological activities of these particles. XRD, UV-Visible, FT-IR, SEM, EDAX, TEM and Zeta potential studies were used to investigate the purity and properties of as synthesized ZnO NPs. From the FT-IR investigations presenting functional groups were verified. The hexagonal form and wurtzite crystal nature were confirmed by SEM and XRD photographs. The decreasing zeta potential of −23.7 mV suggested the stability of OU-ZnO NPs, which was validated by Zeta potential and EDAX measurements. The OU-ZnO NPs' photo catalytic activity was also examined using their methylene red dye degradation potential. It also has a DPPH test that revealed it had a 66% radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, this substance was proven to be an effective anti-fungal agent against Candida albicans, which demonstrated a maximum mycelial inhibition of 12.5 ± 0.7. Additionally, the biosynthesized nanoparticles had high antibacterial activity verses all of the microbiological strains tested to varying degrees.

Several records of alien species new to the flora of the United Arab Emirates (UAE)

The article presents new records for five alien species previously unknown from the flora of United Arab Emirates (UAE): Euphorbia cyathophora Murr. (Euphorbiaceae), Samolus valerandi L. (Myrsinaceae), Oldenlandia umbellata L. (Rubiaceae), Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae), and Corchorus aestuans L. (Malvaceae s. l. / Tiliaceae). All of them have been recorded for the first time from the emirate of Fujairah in eastern part of the UAE. Euphorbia cyathophora, which is rare in the country, was found only in “Green Oasis Nursery” at Al Dibba town, Oldenlandia umbellata– found at the beginning of the seefront at Fujairah City, and they are new for the flora of the Arabian Peninsula. Samolus valerandi was found only in the “Desert Nurseries Group store 1 (palms)” at village Al Bidiya, Corchorus aestuans – in private nursery at Al Dibba town, and Cardiospermum halicacabum was found in the Masafi friday market, they are new for the flora of Fujairah and UAE.
 Accepted names, synonyms, spatial distribution, habitat preferences, and species taxonomy with remarks on identification and differentiation from the most similar taxa occurring in the study area, as well as the list of localities are presented. The herbarium materials were transferred to the Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute (LE, Saint-Petersburg, Russia), the duplicates – to the Herbarium of Altai State University (ALTB, Barnaul, Russia) and the Scientific Herbarium of Fujairah (FSH, Wadi Wuraya national park, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates).

Green synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic activity, and biological applications of gelatin-sodium alginate zinc oxide nanocomposite

The present study stated a green approach for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles using Oldenlandia umbellata (Rubiaceae) plant extract, which was used as the biological reducing agent for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles from zinc nitrate hexahydrate. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were loaded with Gelatin-Sodium alginate biopolymers to convert them into Gelatin-Sodium alginate-Zinc oxide (GSZnO) nanocomposite hydrogels. The UV–Visible spectroscopy showed maximum absorbance at 376 nm for ZnO Nanoparticles and 360 nm for GSZnO nanocomposite. Different functional groups in ZnO Nps and GSZnO nanocomposites are identified using FT-IR spectroscopy. The SEM analysis of ZnO Nps and GSZnO nanocomposites demonstrates the size in the range of 67–80 nm. DLS Particle size analysis shows 71 nm for ZnO.A NPs and 74 nm for GSZnO nanocomposites. XRD analysis proved the crystalline nature and sharp highest peak at 101) plane confirm the hexagonal shape. While the EDAX analysis confirmed the formation of zinc oxide in the nanoparticles. Antioxidant studies were carried out for ZnO.A Nps showed better antioxidant properties compared to plant extract. The antimicrobial activity of plant extract and ZnO.A Nanoparticles were done against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Aspergillus flavus, and Candida albicans. ZnO.A nanoparticles showed good photocatalytic activity of methylene red dye in the presence of visible light irradiation. GSZnO nanocomposite was studied for In-vitro cytotoxicity on Vero cells, The IC50 value for the GSZnO nanocomposite was 101.5 µg/ml.

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of an important medicinal plant Oldenlandia umbellata L.

The plant Oldenlandia umbellata L. (=Hedyotis umbellata (L.) Lam.) of the family Rubiaceae is an important medicinal plant with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant properties. Proper identification of the plant and standardization of its crude herbal powder is very essential to use it as a medicine, but the O. umbellata is morphologically identical with different herbaceous taxa of Oldenlandia and Hedyotis. Such similarity creates confusion while collection as well as using the herb in any formulation. The present investigation provides scientific information about microscopic and macroscopic characters of stem and leaf of the O. umbellata, which is useful to identify the crude drug of the plant with precision. The present work also reveals different chemical constituents present in the stem and leaf of the plant. Chromo-fingerprints of stem and leaf are useful to standardize the crude drug of the plant and in determining the purity of the sample with more accuracy.

Oldenlandia umbellata L. (Rubiaceae): An Addition to the Flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

Oldenlandia umbellata L. (Rubiaceae) is reported here as addition to the flora of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A brief note on its taxonomy and distribution is presented along with its diagnostic characters for easy identification.

Effect of liquid medium on shoots amplification, in vitro flowering and ex vitro rooting of Oldenlandia umbellata L. - A dye yielding medicinal herb

Oldenlandia umbellata L. gains importance due to its medicinal properties and the presence of anthraquinones based natural dyes in the roots. Present study describes the effect of Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) liquid medium (full strength) on in vitro regeneration, flower bud induction and ex vitro rooting in O. umbellata. Shoot segments with 2-3 nodes (each node with 2 axillary buds) served as explants for establishment of cultures. The liquid medium augmented with 2.0 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) with additives (50 mg L-1 of ascorbic acid and 25 mg L-1 each of arginine, adenine sulphate and citric acid) was effective for shoot bud induction (6.4±0.19 shoots per explant within 2-3 weeks). The shoots were further multiplied (89.3±1.07 shoots, 2-3 weeks) when the shoot clusters obtained from the culture initiation directly transferred to the full-strength MS liquid medium incorporated with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) with additives. Flower buds were induced (12.0±0.15 buds per shoot) when the shoots were cultured on 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and kinetin (Kin, 6-furfurylaminopurine) and 0.5 mg L-1 of IAA at 45 µmol m−2 s−1 SFPD (Spectral Flux Photon Density) light intensity for 14/10h (light/dark) photoperiod. The adventitious roots were induced on 1/4 strength MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 indole-3 butyric acid (IBA). Ex vitro rooting was achieved (16.0±0.53 roots per shoot) by pulse treatment of the shoots with 300 mg L-1 IBA for 2 min. The in vitro produced plantlets were acclimatized in the greenhouse and finally translocated to the in vivo conditions with 93 % success rate. This is the foremost (use of liquid MS medium) and cost-effective method for large scale multiplication of O. umbellata.

Effect of liquid medium on shoots amplification, in vitro flowering and ex vitro rooting of Oldenlandia umbellata L. - A dye yielding medicinal herb

Oldenlandia umbellata L. gains importance due to its medicinal properties and the presence of anthraquinones based natural dyes in the roots. Present study describes the effect of Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) liquid medium (full strength) on in vitro regeneration, flower bud induction and ex vitro rooting in O. umbellata. Shoot segments with 2-3 nodes (each node with 2 axillary buds) served as explants for establishment of cultures. The liquid medium augmented with 2.0 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) with additives (50 mg L-1 of ascorbic acid and 25 mg L-1 each of arginine, adenine sulphate and citric acid) was effective for shoot bud induction (6.4±0.19 shoots per explant within 2-3 weeks). The shoots were further multiplied (89.3±1.07 shoots, 2-3 weeks) when the shoot clusters obtained from the culture initiation directly transferred to the full-strength MS liquid medium incorporated with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) with additives. Flower buds were induced (12.0±0.15 buds per shoot) when the shoots were cultured on 1.0 mg L-1 BAP and kinetin (Kin, 6-furfurylaminopurine) and 0.5 mg L-1 of IAA at 45 µmol m−2 s−1 SFPD (Spectral Flux Photon Density) light intensity for 14/10h (light/dark) photoperiod. The adventitious roots were induced on 1/4 strength MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 indole-3 butyric acid (IBA). Ex vitro rooting was achieved (16.0±0.53 roots per shoot) by pulse treatment of the shoots with 300 mg L-1 IBA for 2 min. The in vitro produced plantlets were acclimatized in the greenhouse and finally translocated to the in vivo conditions with 93 % success rate. This is the foremost (use of liquid MS medium) and cost-effective method for large scale multiplication of O. umbellata.

Elicitor mediated adventitious root culture for the large-scale production of anthraquinones from Oldenlandia umbellata L.

Anthraquinones (AQs) have an increasing global demand due to its importance in both industrial and pharmaceutical fields. Increased demand can be met with large-scale production of the compound. Enhanced production of AQs was achieved through elicitor mediated adventitious root cultures of Oldenlandia umbellata L. Adventitious root cultures were raised by incorporating different auxins into the half strength MS liquid medium. The root cultures were incubated for a period of 60 days with continuous monitoring at 10 days interval. Among the different auxins used, 1 μM indole 3 acetic acid (IAA) produced highest amount of total AQ (11.09 mg g−1 dry weight). Later, for enhanced production of AQs, elicitors viz., yeast extract, pectin, xylan, or precursors like α-keto glutaric acid and L- phenylalanine and an AQ inhibitor, piroxicam were added at a concentration of 10, 25 and 50 mg L−1 to the medium on 35th day of incubation and roots were harvested at 40th day of incubation. Addition of 50 mg L−1 pectin resulted highest (24.33 mg g−1 dry weight) elicitation of AQs from adventitious roots. HPLC analysis of samples from adventitious roots confirmed the presence of alizarin in the extract. By adopting adventitious root culture through pectin (50 mg L−1) as elicitor, 2.19 fold enhanced AQ production over control was achieved in O. umbellata.

Induction of hairy roots and over production of anthraquinones in Oldenlandia umbellata L.: a dye yielding medicinal plant by using wild type Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain

Hairy root cultures of Oldenlandia umbellata L. was established by infecting leaf explants with wild type Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain (MTCC 532). Leaf explants were co-cultured with activated bacteria in half strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing 500 mg l−1 ampicillin for the induction of hairy roots. To facilitate effective transfer of T-DNA of Ri plasmid, duration of co-cultivation and concentration of acetosyringone were standardized as 48 h and 200 µM, respectively. Roots were produced from the infected leaves within 14 days. Fast growing roots (2–3 cm) were excised and sub-cultured in half strength basal MS liquid medium for the development of transgenic lines. Thus ten hairy root lines were raised and superior line L3 was selected on the basis of fresh weight (1.5 g), dry weight (0.26 g) and anthraquinone (AQ) content (10.374 mg g−1 dry wt). Superior line (L3) was further cultured to test stability of AQ production and found that stable production of AQ during five consecutive sub-cultures. High performance liquid chromatographic method was adopted for quantification of purpurin from samples. Hairy roots produced 21.83 mg g−1 purpurin, while roots from wild growing plants produced 6.08 mg g−1 purpurin. Thus purpurin content in hairy roots was about 3.6 times higher than wild growing roots. Further, polymerase chain reaction based amplification using primers specific for genes rolA, rolB, and rolC confirmed the transformation.

Enhanced In Vitro Shoot Regeneration in Oldenlandia umbellata L. by Using Quercetin: A Naturally Occurring Auxin-Transport Inhibitor

An efficient in vitro propagation method for a dye yielding medicinal herb, Oldenlandia umbellata L. was established using benzyl adenine and quercetin. Nodal segments cultured on agar gelled Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with benzyl adenine (5.0 μM) and quercetin (5 μM), produced maximum explant response (100 %) and number of shoots (118.67). Thus a continuous shoot multiplication system in every 4 weeks interval was established. Addition of quercetin in combination with benzyl adenine produced significantly (p < 0.001) higher number of shoots than medium supplemented benzyl adenine alone and in short, addition of quercetin resulted in 1.5 fold increase in shoot number. Addition of 5 µM quercetin in combination with 5 µM benzyl adenine resulted in the production of 4.64 cm sized shoots with an average of 4.13 nodes per shoot. In vitro raised microshoots were rooted ex vitro, by a pulse treatment in 50 µM indole-3-butyric acid for 30 s, followed by planting in plastic cups containing potting mixture. Ex vitro planted microshoots were rooted and recorded high rate of survival (81.3 %). The present protocol in brief, suggests that by modifying auxin transport in a tissue culture system, rate of shoot multiplication can be increased, thus facilitating mass propagation of plants having strong apical dominance.

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy of various madder species on wool fibers: the role of pseudopurpurin in the interpretation of the spectra

Madder has been used as a textile dye and pigment in works of art since antiquity. Madder dyes from different botanical species are characterized by different series of anthraquinone derivatives. The occurrence of one or more of these compounds in various relative amounts may provide a useful indication of the plant species used to obtain the dye. In this work, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was applied to the analysis of textile fibers dyed with madder from two different botanical species, Oldenlandia umbellata L. and Rubia tinctorum L. The resulting SERS spectra were interpreted in light of the actual composition of the madder dyes as determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Interestingly, the SERS spectra were found to exhibit very distinctive spectral features depending on the different anthraquinone derivatives present in the dyes. In particular, the SERS spectrum of O. umbellata L. was found to match the spectrum of alizarin, while the SERS spectrum of R. tinctorum L. was surprisingly dominated by signals due to the less studied anthraquinone compound pseudopurpurin. With this study, we demonstrate that SERS spectra may offer valuable information regarding the major coloring constituents present in different madder species. Moreover, our work shows that not only can SERS be used successfully to differentiate among closely related anthraquinone derivatives, but also that this technique is particularly suitable for the detection of pseudopurpurin, leading to the identification of this compound in a number of works of art. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Characterisation of novel pH indicator of natural dye Oldenlandia umbellata L.

Oldenlandia umbellata L., commonly known as ‘chay root’, belongs to the family Rubiaceae and is one of the unexplored dye-yielding plants. The roots from this plant are the sources of red dye. Extraction protocol and dye characterisation have not been completely studied so far in this plant. Hence, in this article we have used UV spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography, GC-MS, high-performance liquid chromatography and NMR to identify the five major colouring compounds, including 1,2,3-trimethoxyanthraquinone, 1,3-dimethoxy-2-hydroxyanthraquinone, 1,2-dimethoxyanthraquinone, 1-methoxy-2-hydroxyanthraquinone and 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone. It showed application feasibility as a new pH indicator.

Induction of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in Oldenlandia umbellata L., a dye-yielding medicinal plant

Oldenlandia umbellata L., commonly known as “Indian madder”, is an ancient Indian herb valued as a source of red color dye and various medicinal products. In this study, successful protocols have been developed for induction of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in O. umbellata. Emerging young leaves, shoot apices, and stems were used as explants, grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with various auxins, including indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, each at levels ranging between 0.1 and 0.5 mg/l, cytokinins, including benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin, each at concentration ranging between 0.5 and 5 mg/l, with and without coconut milk (CM) at levels of 0.5–5%. For callus induction, NAA at 2.5 mg/l was optimal; while, for rapid embryogenic callus induction, 0.2 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg/l BA, and 0.1% CM induced the highest frequency (95.86%). Shoots developed upon transfer of embryogenic calli to MS medium containing 1.5 mg/l BA, 0.3 mg/l NAA and 1% CM. For root induction, 0.3 mg/l NAA and 1.0% CM promoted highest and earliest rooting.

Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Some Indian Species of Hedyotis (Rubiaceae)

Oldenlandia umbellata L. [ = Hedyotis umbellata (L.) Lam. ] and 0. wightii Hook. f. (Rubiaceae) are demonstrated to be two different species. 0. umbellata L. is lectotypified. However, in the genus Hedyotis, the epithet 'umbellata' is illegitimate for this taxon, because it has already been used earlier for another species by Walter. A new name, H. brevicalyx is given for the species. A new combination, Hedyotis wightii, is also provided for Oldenlandia wightii Hook. f.