Okra Crop Research Articles

Management of White Fly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) by Different Bio-Pesticides on Red Okra Crop

The experiment was conducted in Kharif season 2023 at an organic research farm, Kargua Ji, Department of Entomology, Bundelkhand University Jhansi. The present investigation was worked out with nine treatments including control (untreated) in three replications, a total of 27 plots were designed under randomized block design against the white fly infestation on the okra crop. Three applications of treatments were carried out and observations were taken at 3 days, 7 days and 14 days after spraying of the treatments. All the treatments were found significantly effective over control to manage the population of the white fly, where Neem oil was found to be the most effective treatment that recorded a minimum population of 6.94 whiteflies per leaf as per NKSE recorded 9.94 white fly/plant and Karanj oil (10.91), where all Neembased product was found effective against white fly moreover among all microbial pesticides Beaveria bassiana found effective. Among all treatments maximum yield was obtained from Neem oil treated plots recorded at 161.36 Qt/hac as per with NSKE (155.87 Qt/hac) but the highest C:B ratio was recorded under NSKE(1:1.82) followed by Neem oil (1:1.77).

Succession of Major Pests and Predatory Fauna in Okra

Investigations on pest succession in okra crops were carried out during kharif, 2023 at the Department of Entomology, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. Pest succession based on crop growth stages showed that the population of sucking insect-pests viz., jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida), aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius.) observed from vegetative stage and remained up to crop matured while, red spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus incidence appeared from reproductive stage to maturity stage. Among the lepidopteran pests, the infestation of semi-looper, Anomis flava (Fabricius) started in the second week after germination and remained till maturity of the crop whereas, shoot and fruit borer (Earias insulana Boisd.) and fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Hardwick) damaged the crop from the vegetative stage and remained up to crop maturity. Coccinellids and spider activity initiated with sucking insect-pest incidence and remained up to crop maturity. The weather parameters, Bright sunshine hours and maximum minimum temperature had significant relationships with A. biguttula biguttula, T. cinnabarinus, E. vittella and H. armigera. Whereas, relative humidity significantly negatively influenced the activity of red spider mite, E. vittella, H. armigera and positively on predator coccinellids. Furthermore, windspeed had a significant positive association with A. biguttula biguttula and E. vittella (shoot damage) while, negative with H. armigera larva.

Management of Okra Shoot and Fruit Borer Earias vitella (Fab.) by Different Insecticides on Okra

The okra shoot and fruit borer (Earias vittella) is a significant pest affecting okra crops. It bores into the shoots and fruits, causing stunted growth and reduced yield. To combat this pest the present study was conducted during Kharif, 2023 at Rainfed Agriculture Research Farm, Department of Entomology, Bundelkhand University Jhansi. The investigation was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides against okra shoot and fruit borer Earias vitella (Fab.), Nine insecticides including control (untreated) were sprayed three times on the okra crop resulted all treatments were significantly effective over control. Among all treatments emamectin benzoate 5% SG was found best effective to control the shoot and fruit infestation caused by E. vitella in all three sprays followed by fluebendiaminde 480% EC and spinosad 45% SC. Among all treatments maximum C:B ratio was obtained from the emamectin benzoate 5% SG (147.56 qt/hac and 1:1.57) followed by spinosad 45% SC (1:1.46), indoxacarb 14.5% SC (1:1.37).

Phenotyping of okra germplasm for resistance to okra enation leaf curl disease and field evaluation of insecticides for its management

Okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCuV) adversely affects the potential and productivity of okra crop and in present scenario it is an emerging disease and development of OELCuV-resistant varieties is an economical and environmentally friendly approach to managing the disease. Looking in to this a field screening experiment was conducted. Among the fifty-seven okra varieties and germplasm screened against OELCuV under field conditions during Kharif, 2022, the final disease reaction revealed that 9 varieties/germplasm namely, Prabhani Kranti, GAO 5, GJO 3, Pusasawani, GP-OK-243, GP-OK-262, GPOK-296, GP-OK-373 and GP-OK-391 exhibited highly resistant reaction to OELCuV while, 15 okra germplasm/ varieties exhibited resistant reaction, 13 varieties/germplasm expressed moderately resistant reactions, 11 germplasm/varieties showed moderately susceptible reaction, 5 germplasm/ varieties showed susceptible reaction and 4 varieties/germplasm found to be highly susceptible to OELCuV. The AUDPC and infection rate (r) found to be lower for resistant germplasm/ varieties reaction and higher for susceptible reaction. The field evaluation of insecticides against OELCuV and its vector revealed that two foliar sprays of Tolfenpyrad 15 EC, 0.03 per cent and Diafenthiuron 47 + Bifenthrin 9.4 SC, 0.0705 per cent, at 15 days interval commencing from the appearance of whitefly vector was most effective and economical in managing okra enation leaf curl disease and its vector. The resistant germplasm/varieties selected might be used as OELCuV resistant parent(s) in breeding programs.. KEYWORDS :Field screening, insecticidal management, Okra enation leaf curl virus

Designing of an Innovative Multiplex Model to Control Insects/Pests (Whitefly) in Okra Crop Fields and Assessment for its Efficacy in Control Viral Diseases

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) destroys a great proportion of crops in India. Whitefly is the carrier of begomovirus which causes okra yellow vein mosaic viral disease. Preventing the pest infestation without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is the need of the hour. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) involves strategies that maintain pest population below Economic Injury Level (EIL). In the present study a multiplex insect catching trap was constructed with the aim of controlling pest infestation in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. The multiplex trap was prepared using yellow sticky papers and Methyl Eugenol pheromone as an insect/pest attractant. The traps were placed in field and thereafter plants were tested for the presence of viral DNA using PCR. The fields in which traps were placed showed negligible or few instances of viral infection while the fields in which no traps were placed showed considerable virus infection. Additionally, the fields with the trap showed a higher yield percentage of crop compared to the field with no trap.

Multivariate Analysis for Designing Okra Crop Ideotype with Enhanced Yields and Strategy Formulation: A Crop Physiology Perspective

Multivariate Analysis for Designing Okra Crop Ideotype with Enhanced Yields and Strategy Formulation: A Crop Physiology Perspective

Comparative Efficacy of Insecticides and their Combinations against Okra Shoot and Fruit Borer, Earias vitella (Fabricius)

The research was conducted on okra crop to check the efficacy of some insecticides and their combinations against okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fab.). The study was carried out during kharif 2023 at Central Research Farm of Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) with eight treatments including untreated check which were replicated thrice. All the treatments were found to be superior over untreated control, neem oil 3%, spinosad 45 SC, cypermethrin 25 EC, profenophos 50 EC, spinosad 45SC + neem oil 3%, cypermethrin 25EC + neem oil 3%, profenofos 50 EC + cypermethrin 25 EC were tested to compare the efficacy against Earias vitella and their influences on yield of okra. Here the best and the most economic treatment was profenofos 50 EC + cypermethrin 25 EC followed by cypermethrin 25EC + neem oil 3%, spinosad 45SC + neem oil 3%, spinosad 45 SC, cypermethrin 25 EC, profenophos 50 EC and the least effective treatment was neem oil 3%. The highest yield among the treatments was noticed in profenofos 50 EC + cypermethrin 25 EC (140quintal/hac.) and the lowest in neem oil 3% (75quintal/hac.) with cost benefit ratio 1:4.7 and 1:2.0, respectively.

Dissipation kinetics, dietary risk assessment and decontamination studies of tolfenpyrad in okra

QuEChERS method with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique was employed for the estimation of tolfenpyrad residues in okra crop. The method was validated in terms of linearity, matrix effect, limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of detection, recovery, repeatability and reproducibility as per SANTE (2021) guidelines. After two applications of tolfenpyrad @150 (X), 187.5 (1.25X), 300 g a.i. ha−1 (2X), the mean initial residues were found to be 0.57, 0.78, and 1.21 mg kg −1. The residues reached below limit of quantification of 0.01 mg kg−1 after 10th, 15th, and 20th day at all the three doses, respectively. Dissipation kinetics of tolfenpyrad in okra was calculated to follow first order kinetics with half-life (T1/2) values of 2.10, 2.16, and 2.24 days at X, 1.25X and 2X dosages, respectively. Risk assessment in terms of hazard quotient (HQ) revealed that the application of tolfenpyrad was safe for safe consumption. Decontamination processes involved tap water wash, soaking in 2% salt solution, soaking in 2% salt solution along with boiling, soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution, soaking in 0.01% potassium permanganate solution, boiling and frying. Frying followed by soaking in 2 per cent salt solution along with boiling proved to be highly effective in reducing tolfenpyrad residues by 80–85 and 76–79 per cent, respectively at all the three treatments.

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF NEEM OIL DERIVATIVES WITH IMIDACLOPRID AGAINST OKRA JASSID, AMRASCA BIGUTTULA (ISHIDA)

The present research study was conducted at the experimental field condition of Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Southern Zone Agricultural Research Centre, University of Karachi, to compare the field performance of different neem oil derivatives doses with Imidacloprid, sprayed on okra crop against the jassid population. The experiments were carried out RCBD with the application of four treatments, including three different concentrations of neem oils at (2%, 1.5%, and 1%) with the comparison of Imidacloprid pesticide and control. Neem oil was selected as a natural pesticide against jassid population reduction on okra crop. All the treatments were sprayed twice and data were recorded before 24h of pre-treatment and post-treatment at 48h, 72h, and 144h, respectively. The overall maximum reduction % after the application of Imidacloprid against the jassid population was calculated (61.51%) in 1st spray and (58.25%) 2nd spray, followed by (43.01%), (39.75%) at 2%, consequent to (32.50%), (29.75%), at 1.5% and (25.55%), (24.52%) at 1%, respectively. The maximum efficacy in neem oil concentration was recorded at 2% followed by 1.5%, and 1% but all neem oil concentrations including Imidacloprid observed effective from the 1st day up to the 6th post-spray days. All neem oil concentrations after 24h, 48h, 72h, and 144h of post-spray found significantly different at (P< 0.05). The application of neem oil, 2% caused the phytotoxicity reduction in okra plants. Thus, it is recommended that the bio-pesticide should be applied at 1.5% neem oil concentration against the jassid pest population.

Next-generation sequencing-based detection reveals Erysiphe necator-associated virus 1 in okra plants

Erysiphe necator is a devastating fungal phytopathogen that has caused powdery mildew on several genera within the Vitaceae family worldwide. In the current investigation, next-generation sequencing of RNA extracted from the okra crop, besides the bioinformatics analysis, was operated to examine the virome associated with the okra crop. Although E. necator fungus was not identified in the okra tissues, the mycovirus-related sequence of Erysiphe necator-associated virus 1 was detected. This mycovirus sequence showed a high similarity ranging between 80.38-93.48% and 100% coverage with the four distinct global isolates of the Erysiphe necator-associated virus 1. This genomic data postulates comprehension of the existence of the mycoviruses in plant hosts without their primary host, the fungus. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of Erysiphe necator-associated virus 1 in Iraq

Correction: Mahmoudi et al. Effect of Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation with Treated Wastewater on Soil and Water Productivity of Okra (Abemoschus esculentus) Crop in Semi-Arid Region of Tunisia. Agriculture 2022, 12, 2048

The authors wish to make the following corrections to the original paper [...]

Metabolic profiling of bioactive phytochemicals of two okra genotypes and their F1 and backcrosses

ABSTRACT The okra crop, cultivated all over the globe, is a source of oil and protein. Despite the economic significance of okra in the livelihoods of millions of small-scale farmers, studies on the nutritional traits of okra are meager. Creating novel hybrid lines with desirable characteristics could be employed to maximize the nutritional quality of the okra plant, precisely the amount of anthocyanin content, phenols, and total antioxidants. We crossed an Egyptian variety, preferably in the market but with low production, with a highly productive Japanese variety with less nutritional value for consumers. The two okra genotypes with their hybrids and 16 segregating populations were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Approximate chemical analyses for primary and secondary metabolites were quantified for each genotype. The analysis of variances indicated a significant variation among okra genotypes in all the physiological and nutritional traits except for ascorbic acid content. Various traits revealed by Principal Component Analysis contributed distinctively to the total variation. Correlation analysis indicated some significant correlations between the nutritional characteristics. Protein contents had a positive and significant correlation with total antioxidant (0.521), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (0.488), proline (0.498), flavonoids (0.474), and saponin (0.536).

Optimizing Water Use for Okra Cultivation: A Soil Moisture Sensor-Based Approach

Indian agriculture relies on monsoons, a water source notorious for its unreliability. To ensure sustainable production and productivity, the judicious and timely utilization of available water becomes imperative, emphasizing the need to maximize soil moisture while minimizing water losses. Drip irrigation stands out as a widely adopted and highly regarded water-conserving technology. The potential of an automated drip system becomes evident as it holds the promise of blessing farmers with higher yields despite the constraints of limited irrigation water. The necessity for a soil moisture-based drip irrigation system becomes apparent, tailored to the specific moisture and soil types of individual farms. A low-cost soil moisture sensor-based automated drip irrigation system emerges as the research objective, aiming to enhance efficiency and resource management. Gravity, coupled with drip irrigation, emerges as the most suitable method. The system operates in a closed-loop fashion, continuously monitoring and adjusting based on soil moisture content and the crop's water requirements. In the agricultural landscape of Chhattisgarh, where the total cultivable land spans 4.8 million hectares, with 0.51 million hectares dedicated to cultivating okra crops, the Crop Water Requirement (CWR) for okra varies from 30 cm to 55 cm, influenced by factors such as variety and crop seasons. The research yields insightful results, showcasing maximum water use efficiency in the sensor-based treatment at 46.76 kg/ha/mm, while the control irrigation exhibits a minimum efficiency of 26.66 kg/ha/mm.

Standardization of Formulation and Application Approaches for Field Implementation of EPNs

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) live parasitically inside the infected insect host, and so they are termed as endoparasitic. They infect different types of insect living in the soil like the larval forms of moths, butterflies and beetles as well as adult forms of beetles, grasshoppers and crickets. The present experiment was conducted under both laboratory and field conditions at CCS Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar. Two most virulent strains of EPNs, Metarhabditis amsactae strain HAR-St-II and HAR-Ht-III were taken and their formulations were standardized using six different media i.e. cadaver based formulation, water, alginate gel, foam chips, clay chips and water dispersible granules. Among these formulations, cadaver based formulation was found to be best. Maximum numbers of active IJs after 90 days were obtained from this formulation were 3370 and 2728 /Petri plate in strain HAR-St-II and HAR- Ht-III of M. amsactae, respectively. Further this, experiment was conducted at field level for EPNs suspension was standardized using different size of nozzle opening i.e. 25 µm, 50 µm, 75 µm and 100 µm on knapsack sprayer. Spodoptera litura was selected as a test insect in okra crop for foliar application of EPNs and results revealed that 100 µm nozzle opening size gave maximum larval mortality of S. litura. Per cent mortality of S. litura was increased with increase in size of nozzle and period of observation

Genetic assessment and potence ratio of various traits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh

The selection of appropriate breeding strategies for achieving desired improvements in plant breeding necessitates a thorough understanding of the mechanism of gene expression implicated in the transmission of quantitative and biochemical characteristics. Line × tester study of 30 F1 hybrids obtained by crossing 13 parental lines was carried out to assess gene action and potence ratio of such traits in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2021 and 2022 at research farm of Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. Out of 22 traits, 20 indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action and additive gene action for plant height and inter-nodal length. UHFO-6 and UHFO-9 were the best general combiners, whereas, UHFO-2 × Pusa Bhindi-5 and UHFO-10 × Hisar Unnat were the best specific combiners. For 20 traits, proportional contribution of lines was higher than the testers for total variance. Potence ratio indicated that majority of the traits in the hybrids had over dominance gene effect. Over dominance was expressed for pod length, pod diameter, number of pods per plant, average pod weight, and pod yield per plant, etc. To maximize the entire genetic potential of hybrids and parents with excellent per se performance, okra crop development initiatives must include heterosis, combining ability, proportionate contribution of genotypes and potence ratio.

Measurement the Producting Efficiency and Marketing Efficiency of Okra Crop (Covered) in Baghdad Governorate for the Season 2022

Purpose: The aim of the research is to estimate the production and marketing efficiency of okra under the protected agriculture system and to identify the most important production and marketing problems.
 
 Theoretical Framework: The least squares method OLS was used to estimate the parameters of the short-term
 cost function using the statistical program SSPS, and the short-term cubic cost function was adopted.
 
 Design/Methodology: Data were collected through a questionnaire form for a random sample of 62 farmers of the covered okra crop in Baghdad Governorate (Mahmoudiya District) for the season 2022-2023, to measure the production and marketing efficiency of okra under the protected agriculture system.
 
 Findings: There is economic efficiency in the production of okra, the ratio of return to costs is greater than one, while the production costs function indicated that the crop does not achieve the required level of efficiency, as the optimal volume of production was about 12.22 tons. the average production volume of the selected sample was about 4.3 tons, and the estimated results also indicated that the total cost about 23350570 ID, and the marketing efficiency of the crop about 85%.
 
 Practical and Social Effects: The study benefits okra farmers through knowledge of the optimal use of available resources, i.e. the production of the largest amount of goods and services using the elements of production available, exploiting the resources available to it to produce goods and services that specialize in its production, farmers achieve marketing efficiency through maximizing the ratio between outputs and inputs.
 
 Value or Origin: The agricultural sector in Iraq is of great importance among other economic sectors. Meanwhile, it faces many challenges, including population increase, limited land and water resources, inefficient use of available resources, and lack of the seasonality of agricultural production coincides with the periods required for consumption, which makes the transition to protected agriculture necessary to increase agricultural production as one of the means of agricultural intensification to increase agricultural production to meet the increased demand for crops. Therefore., studying marketing efficiency is one of the important studies, as it is the main factor for continuing to deal in the production and of any crop or not.

Measurement the Producting Efficiency and Marketing Efficiency of Okra Crop (Covered) in Baghdad Governorate for the Season 2022

Purpose: The aim of the research is to estimate the production and marketing efficiency of okra under the protected agriculture system and to identify the most important production and marketing problems.
 
 Theoretical Framework: The least squares method OLS was used to estimate the parameters of the short-term
 cost function using the statistical program SSPS, and the short-term cubic cost function was adopted.
 
 Design/Methodology: Data were collected through a questionnaire form for a random sample of 62 farmers of the covered okra crop in Baghdad Governorate (Mahmoudiya District) for the season 2022-2023, to measure the production and marketing efficiency of okra under the protected agriculture system.
 
 Findings: There is economic efficiency in the production of okra, the ratio of return to costs is greater than one, while the production costs function indicated that the crop does not achieve the required level of efficiency, as the optimal volume of production was about 12.22 tons. the average production volume of the selected sample was about 4.3 tons, and the estimated results also indicated that the total cost about 23350570 ID, and the marketing efficiency of the crop about 85%.
 
 Practical and Social Effects: The study benefits okra farmers through knowledge of the optimal use of available resources, i.e. the production of the largest amount of goods and services using the elements of production available, exploiting the resources available to it to produce goods and services that specialize in its production, farmers achieve marketing efficiency through maximizing the ratio between outputs and inputs.
 
 Value or Origin: The agricultural sector in Iraq is of great importance among other economic sectors. Meanwhile, it faces many challenges, including population increase, limited land and water resources, inefficient use of available resources, and lack of the seasonality of agricultural production coincides with the periods required for consumption, which makes the transition to protected agriculture necessary to increase agricultural production as one of the means of agricultural intensification to increase agricultural production to meet the increased demand for crops. Therefore., studying marketing efficiency is one of the important studies, as it is the main factor for continuing to deal in the production and of any crop or not.

Effect of nano urea and nano dap conjugated with potassium on physical and chemical properties of soil, growth and yield of okra crop (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) var. Sudha

Effect of nano urea and nano dap conjugated with potassium on physical and chemical properties of soil, growth and yield of okra crop (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) var. Sudha

ENTOMOCIDAL POTENTIAL OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS AGAINST JASSID (AMARASCA BIGUTTULA BIGUTTULA) IN OKRA ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L.

Okra a verdant vegetable, is a member of the Malvacae family. Many insect pests attack okra crop but jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) is one of the most devastating sucking pests causing significant losses. Laboratory and field investigations were carried out to find out the efficacy of biopesticides against the jassid, on okra crop at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore. A. Esculentus seeds were sown in a randomized complete block design with four replications in March 2023. Treatments applied were T0 (control), T1 Citrullus colocynthisis extract), T2 (Datura stramonium stramonium extract), T3 (Eucalyptus globulus extract), T4 (Ferula assafoetida extract), T5 (Nicotiana tabacum extract), and T6 (Detergent) as the least hazardous chemical for comparison. A 20% v/v concentration of each treatment was applied as the pest population peaked. Pre-treatment observations were made 24 hours before the application of biopesticides, while post-treatment observations were made at 24, 48, and 72-hour intervals, as well as after one week and ten days. The results showed that all the bio-pesticides reduced the jassid population by up to one-week intervals under laboratory and field conditions. Under field conditions, the N. tabacum extracts reduced the per leaf population up to 78%) followed by F. assafoetida (77%), C. colocynthisis (63%), E. globulus (51%), D. stramonium (42%) and Detergent (25%). In the contrary, no significant differences were observed among N. tabacum extract, F. assafoetida, and C. colocynthisis extracts after 72 hours. It is concluded that bio-pesticides derived from N. tabacum, F. assafoetida, and C. colocynthis are highly effective to combat the jassid infestation.

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manures on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) cv. Arka Anamika

The field experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Research CRC Farm – 1 of the Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, ITM University Gwalior (M.P.) during the year 2022 to study the effect of organic and inorganic manure on growth, yield and quality of okra. The experiment was laid out in the randomized block design with three replications and twelve treatments viz. FYM, Vermicompost, FYM + Vermicompost, 50% RDF + FYM, 50 % RDF + Vermicompost, 50 % RDF +FYM + Vermicompost, 75% RDF +FYM), 75% RDF + Vermicompost, 75% RDF +FYM +Vermicompost, 100% RDF +FYM), 100% RDF + Vermicompost, 100 % RDF +FYM + Vermicompost. A single standard variety (Arka Anamika) is sown with the different treatment combination with the plant to plant and row to row spacing maintained at 45 cm x 60 cm respectively. On the basis of the study, the results indicated that the application of 100% RDF +FYM + Vermicompost in Arka Anamika recorded significantly higher plant height (80.20 cm), number of branches per plant (8.58), number of leaves per plant at 90 DAS (68.83). However, higher yield (5.89q /ha) was recorded with the application of the 100% RDF +FYM + Vermicompost. Thus, integrated application of organic and inorganic manures improves the growth and yield of okra crop.