Oily Film Research Articles

Mattel's ©Barbie: Preventing Plasticizers Leakage in PVC Artworks and Design Objects through Film-Forming Solutions.

The main conservation problem of p-PVC artworks is phthalate-based plasticizer migration. Phthalate migration from the bulk to the surface of the materials leads to the formation of a glossy and oily film on the outer layers, ultimately reducing the flexibility of the material. This study aimed to develop a removable coating for the preservation of contemporary artworks and design objects made of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (p-PVC). Several coatings incorporating chitosan, collagen, and cellulose ethers were assessed as potential barriers to inhibiting plasticizer migration. Analytical techniques including optical microscopy (OM), ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared spectroscopy (UV/Vis/NIR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to evaluate the optical and chemical stability of selected coating formulations applied to laboratory p-PVC sheet specimens. Subsequently, formulations were tested on a real tangible example of a design object, ©Barbie doll, characterized by the prevalent issue of plasticizer migration. Furthermore, the results obtained with the tested formulations were evaluated by a group of conservators using a tailored survey. Finally, a suitable coating formulation capable of safeguarding plastic substrates was suggested.

Eco-friendly utilization of waste oil for preparing coal water slurry: Additive suitability and dispersion mechanism

Industrial waste oil is a type of hazardous waste with a high calorific value. Mixing it with coal for combustion or gasification is an environmentally friendly and efficient way of recycling. Here, the suitability of additives for waste oil-coal slurry and waste oil-coal-water slurry was investigated experimentally, and their dispersion and stabilization mechanisms were also explored. The results show that water-soluble additives such as Tween 80, MF and xanthan gum form reverse micelles in the oil phase of the waste oil-coal slurry, which results in agglomeration and failure to function as intended. Of the different additives, the viscosity reduction effect of Tween 80 in the waste oil-coal-water slurry was best. Further, the comprehensive performance of the waste oil-coal-water slurry, including slurry ability, stability and fluidity, was found to be best at a water content of 10% and a Tween 80 content of 5%. Under these conditions, a solid concentration of 45.75% results in a continuously flowing slurry with good dispersion and stability. The interface properties of coal particles, oil, and water were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle measurements, and a dispersion and stabilization mechanism for the waste oil-coal-water slurry was proposed. In this mechanism, some of the coal particles enter the reverse micelle, causing the water core to become a hydration film on the surface of the particles, which blocks hydrophobic particle aggregation. In addition, the surfaces of some coal particles are rapidly coated with an oily film, which also inhibits particle aggregation.

How Plants and Bacteria can Clean the Earth

Have you ever seen black smog come out of cars? Or noticed an unnatural oily film on water puddles in parking lots? Humans have polluted practically every corner of our planet and most of it is invisible to our eyes. Sadly, Earth suffers the consequences of this pollution. But scientists have recently found a simple way to restore contaminated soils back to health. In this article, we will talk about how plants and bacteria team up to restore our polluted world!

Experimental study on the effect of oil based filtercake on bonding strength at wellbore second interface

The integrity of the oil-gas wellbore is critically depending on the quality of the binding between cement and rock materials. Weak bond between cement and formation may lead to the potential leakage of high-pressure formation fluids through cracks and micro-annulus formed at the interface which results into blowout and groundwater contamination. Failure to properly displace mud prior to cementing can lead to poor bonding at the second interface (SI) of the wellbore. The main purpose of this study is to quantify the impact of oil based-filtercake on the bonding quality at the wellbore Second Interface during the drilling of sandstone reservoir well by using shear bond measurements and material characterization techniques. The results indicated that, the presence of oil based-filtercake at the SI has a detrimental effect on shear bond strength making it as weakest point of adhesion. The tested Blank samples had higher bond strength compared to treated (oil based filtercake) samples. The low bond strength for filtercake system was due to existence of oil based filtercake films which hindered the totally cement hydration process to form a strong bond as the oily film cannot allow the interact with aqueous cement slurry material to complete the hydration process. The FTIR analysis showed that, the lower transmittance (35%) at 1091 cm−1 band (Si–O) of mud treated samples revealed the low content of chemical binder material (Calcium Silicate Hydrate - CSH) at the interface while the blank samples gave 62% at 1088 cm−1 band (Si–O) showing the high content of CSH at the interface which led high bond strength. The results show that oil-based filtercake has a significant detrimental effect on shear bond strength of the second interface.

Numerical modeling and validation of hydrothermal liquefaction of a lignin particle for biocrude production

Lignin liquefaction process under catalyst-free conditions in a temperature range from 573 K to 647 K is investigated with this mathematical model. Based on the theoretical understanding of the physical and chemical processes of the liquefaction process in subcritical temperatures, a comprehensive mathematical model for the decomposition of lignin by hydrolysis reaction pathway is developed on the results of a series of batch experiments. The model consists of four main sections. They are liquefaction of lignin particle, oily film, and inorganic (ash) layer formation behavior during the liquefaction, kinetic model to model further liquefaction process of initial products, and the layer model for the intraparticle processes. Hydrolysis of the lignin particle is modeled using the shrinking core concept. The formation of oily film and an inorganic layer around the lignin particle and their behavior is modeled considering water transport through layers, diffusion of products, and dissolution of products in water. Moreover, the layer model is used to obtain surface and center point temperatures of the particle using mass transfer. .The kinetic model consists of ten components and 21 reactions. . Variations of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds are given significance. In the experimental study highest biocrude yield of 0.28 w/w0 is obtained at an operating temperature of 573 K. Aromatic hydrocarbons are reduced from 0.23 w/w0 to 0.145 w/w0 with the increase of operating temperature from 573 K to 623 K. For an increase of operating temperature from 573 K to 623 K, phenol shows an increase from 2.5 × 10−4 w/w0 to 3 × 10−3 w/w0. At 573 K and with a particle of radius 0.08 mm, oily film and ash layer show a maximum thickness of 2 × 10−12 m and 7.5 × 10−3 m, respectively. Both oily film and ash layer show a faster formation and faster dissolution in water with increasing operating temperature. Finally, the model's liquefaction results are analyzed and validated with the experimental data and the literature data, where it shows a reasonable agreement.

Photoprotective effect of nanomelanin-seaweed concentrate in formulated cosmetic cream: With improved antioxidant and wound healing properties

A melanin producer bacteria Halomonas venusta was isolated from a marine sponge Callyspongia sp. and optimized for melanin production. The optimized fermented media supplemented with 1% tyrosine yielded 4.92 mg/ml of melanin. The melanin incorporated cream was formulated and fortified with concentrates of seaweed Gelidium spinosum. Melanin and seaweed concentrate were found to be rich in antioxidant activity and were effectively inhibited the growth of S. aureus (MTCC 96) and S. pyogenes (MTCC 442). Various combinations of the cream were optimized and selected a formula containing 0.25% of melanin and 0.75% of seaweed concentrate which showed improved texture quality of cream. The formulated cream showed a pH of 5.52, spreadability 23 mm, and smooth and homogeneous texture. On application over skin provides a cooling effect and immediate disappearance without formation of white or oily film. Texture analysis of newly formulated cream showed similar results with that of control cream in terms of firmness, cohesiveness, index of viscosity and consistency. The formulated cream showed significant reduction of reactive oxygen species generated on exposure to direct sunlight. The cream showed protective effect on photohemolysis thus protecting the skin from lysis of red blood cells. The sun protection factor of the formulated cream F3 was found to be 18.373 ± 1.45. The combined antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of melanin and seaweed concentrate increased the shelf life of cream over the control. This study was the first report on photoprotective cream formulation using melanin and seaweed concentrate, which improved antioxidant and wound healing properties. The antimicrobial effect of the formulated natural cream could reduce the emergence of drug resistant bacteria and side effects of synthetic creams.

Голландская болезнь ильмовых: актуальные защитные мероприятия в насаждениях Нижнего Поволжья

The article presents the results of studies of a malicious disease of the elm, which causes vascular pathology - tracheomycosis, called the Dutch elm disease. Observations, collection and analysis of material infected with diseases were performed in plantations of the Volgograd region. Laboratory and field experiments were carried out according to appropriate generally accepted methods. We have developed principles and methods for the evaluation and selection of resistant to vascular mycoses of the elm, which have been reduced to the selection in plantations of healthy trees resistant to vascular mycoses; employment in studies of the species of elm, but mainly Ulmus pumila L. of the local population, as the most sustainable; employment of the inoculation method in assessing resistance to a highly aggressive pathogen strain; studying the mechanisms of resistance on biochemical grounds; vegetative propagation (root cuttings) for subsequent testing on the stability of selected forms; the selection and study of the stability of seed progeny of selected clones. Testing fungicides against causative agents of vascular mycoses was carried out as a prophylactic measure - disinfection of saw cuts after felling recovery. Highly effective were the systemic drugs Benomil and Strobi, penetrating into the depth of the wood and exhibiting protective functions. Bishal forms an oily film on the surface of the cuts, performing mechanical and preventive protection. On the trees, the cuts of which were treated with the FitosporinM biological preparation, there was also no spread of pathogenic infection. The effectiveness of the preparations was verified by laboratory sowing of samples taken from the treated cut on agar nutrient media. The highest efficacy of systemic drugs was in the range of 95.0–99.2%. As a result of many years of research (over 30 years), continuing to the present, according to the evaluation and selection of varying degrees of resistance of elmspecies, forms, hybrids and clones, highly resistant Ulmus pumila (typical) and its forms have been identified. They multiplied vegetatively and seed, then passed the test for resistance to the pathogen and are recommended for production purposes. According to the results of the audit, urban forestry techniques are effectively implemented in the urban ecosystem.

Coalescence stability of water-in-oil drops: Effects of drop size and surfactant concentration

We study the effects of (1) drop size; (2) surfactant chain-length and concentration; and (3) viscosity of the oil phase on the stability of water drops, pressed by gravity towards planar oil-water interface. The experimental results show that at low surfactant concentrations (around and below the CMC) the drop lifetime is controlled by the drainage time of the oily film, viz. by the time for reaching the critical film thickness at which this film ruptures. The small drops coalesce before the formation of a planar film with the large interface and, as a consequence, their lifetime rapidly decreases with the increase of drop diameter. In contrast, the bigger drops coalesce after formation of a plane-parallel film and their lifetime increases with the drop diameter. Therefore, the drop lifetime passes through a minimum when varying the drop diameter. The obtained results at low surfactant concentrations and for small drops are described well by theoretical models, available in the literature. The lifetime of the respective larger drops is shorter, as compared to the theoretical predictions, due to the faster thinning of the oil films which are with uneven thickness. The increase of surfactant concentration above the CMC leads to a significant increase in the stability of the small drops. Interestingly, the stability of the intermediate in size drops remains low for all surfactants and oils studied. At higher surfactant concentrations, the stability of the large water drops increases significantly when Span 80 is used, while it remains rather low for drops stabilized by Span 20. The results obtained with single water drops are in a good agreement with the stability of the respective batch water-in-oil emulsions.

Coefficient of a Rolling Motion Bearing Drive

On the basis of the Darcy's equations which define the lubrication flow in porous layers, and the Reynolds's modified equation, we solve the problem of an unsteady movement of viscous incompressible lubrication in the clearance of a porous damper. The peculiarity of this solution is a simultaneous account of dependence of lubrication viscosity and permeability of porous barrel.As a result, we have found the field of pressure in a porous and lubricant layer, analytical dependences for forces in the oily film as well as the equations describing non-stationary and stationary movement of the shaft center have been obtained. Besides, the module of unbalance transmitted force and also stationary and non-stationary drive factors have been established. It is proved, that taking into consideration a simultaneous account of dependence of the lubrication viscosity and permeability of the porous barrel, the damper works more steadily.The received specified analytical models have allowed establishing of the influence of some additional factors, and also making the comparative analysis of newly received results and already available ones. It has confirmed the great connection of a new model with a real practice.

Application of SiO2 and TiO2 nano particles to enhance the efficiency of polymer-surfactant floods

ABSTRACTPolymer-surfactant flooding is one of the most novel chemical enhanced oil recovery methods. Application of Nano particles in enhanced oil recovery has attracted much interest as well. This work concerns the application of Nano particles to increase the efficiency of polymer-surfactant flooding in heavy oil five-spot systems. In this investigation, micromodel setup was used to monitor the role of Nano particles on wettability alteration during polymer-surfactant floods. Two common Nano particles, SiO2 and TiO2 as well as HPAM and SDS as commercial chemicals in enhanced oil recovery, were used to create five solutions containing Nano particles at different levels of concentration. Then, contact angle tests and flooding tests were performed by taking microscopic/macroscopic pictures. According to the results, since SiO2 Nano particle decrease the contact angle more severely, it results in a higher oil recovery. Although this decrease is more when SiO2 is dispersed in water, due to its better absorption on a surface, the wettability alteration is more obvious during polymer-surfactant flooding because of the presence of a thinner oily film that intensifies mass transformation from fluid to the surface. In addition, an increase in the concentration of Nano particles leads to an increase in the efficiency of oil recovery and wettability alteration. Furthermore, according to the microscopic pictures, pulling and emulsification mechanisms are more effective than the wettability alteration mechanism.

Nanometer-Scale Investigations into Oil-Rich Chalk Formations

Core samples from two different depths of a carbonate oil field have been investigated using optical and electron microscopy, elemental mapping, and atomic force microscopy. The sample from the greater depth displays a striking magnetic response, a greater compaction and cementation of coccoliths, and an oily film on all surfaces, whereas the sample from higher up shows no magnetic response, no oily film, and less well-developed coccoliths. Our results reveal the link between oil formation and the presence of iron compounds.

Toxicity of Cúspide 480SL® spray mixture formulation of glyphosate to aquatic organisms.

In 2011, an alternative formulation of glyphosate (Cúspide 480SL®) was chosen to replace Roundup-SL®, Fuete-SL®, and Gly-41® for the control of Erythroxylum coca, the source of cocaine, in Colombia. Cúspide 480SL contains the active ingredient glyphosate isopropylamine (IPA) salt, which is the same active ingredient used in previous formulations. However, Cúspide 480SL contains an alkyl polyglycoside surfactant rather than the polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) surfactant used in other formulations and known to be more toxic to nonprimary producing aquatic organisms than glyphosate itself. An adjuvant, Cosmo-Flux F411, and water also are added to the spray mixture before application. Aquatic ecosystems adjacent to the target coca fields might be exposed to the spray mix, placing aquatic organisms at risk. Because no toxicity data were available for spray mixture on aquatic organisms, acute toxicity tests were conducted on aquatic plants, invertebrates, and fish, by using the Cúspide 480SL spray mix as described on the label. Based on the median effective concentration (EC50) values for similar organisms, the spray mixture was less toxic to aquatic organisms than formulations previously used for the control of coca (i.e., Roundup-SL, Fuete-SL, and Gly-41). A physical effect induced by Cosmo-Flux F411 was observed in Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Hyalella azteca, causing the invertebrates to be trapped in an oily film that was present at the surface of the water. However, a hazard assessment for the Cúspide 480SL spray mix, using estimated worst-case exposure scenario concentrations and EC50 values from the toxicity tests, indicated de minimis hazard for the tested aquatic animals, with hazard quotients all <<1.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Adhesion of a Thin Annealed Film of Oleic Acid onto Crystalline Cellulose

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to characterize the wetting behavior of crystalline cellulose planes in contact with a thin oily film of oleic acid. Cellulose crystal planes with higher molecular protrusions and increased surface area produced stronger adhesion if compared to other crystal planes due to enhanced wetting and hydrogen bonding. The detailed characteristics of crystal plane features and the contribution of directional hydrogen bonding was investigated. Similarly, oleophilicity of the cellulose planes increased with the increase in surface roughness and number of directional hydrogen bonds. These results correlate with conclusions drawn from experimental studies such as adhesion of an ink vehicle on cellulose surface.

Improvement of Swimbladder Inflation Rate in Blacktip Grouper Epinephelus fasciatus Larvae by the Use of a Skimmer for Oily Film Removal from the Water Surface

Improvement of Swimbladder Inflation Rate in Blacktip Grouper Epinephelus fasciatus Larvae by the Use of a Skimmer for Oily Film Removal from the Water Surface

Sensory characterisation and oxidative stability of walnut oil

SummaryThis study was carried out in order to probe the extent of oxidative and flavour stability of walnut oil (WO) under conditions normally used for selling in retail markets, during a period of four months. Fresh WO was characterised by higher intensity ratings of nutty and oily film, and lesser ratings for pungent and astringent attributes. Low and similar values for sweetness and bitterness were also detected. The ratings for negative attributes (oxidised and painty) were close to zero. During the long‐term storage period, the extent of the oil oxidative degradation was more pronounced than flavour attributes deterioration. Peroxide values (PV), conjugated dienes and trienes increased significantly throughout the storage period, whereas tocopherol content and oxidative stability index showed significant reductions. Minor changes were observed in the overall flavour stability. Using a PV of 10 mequiv. O2 kg−1 oil as a quality criterion, WO stored in transparent glass bottles, exposed to fluorescent light (1100 Lux) and room temperature conditions, without addition of any antioxidant, could maintain an acceptable quality until two months of storage.

Electrochemical corrosion of X65 pipe steel in oil/water emulsion

The electrochemical corrosion behavior of X65 pipeline steel in the simulated oil/water emulsion was investigated under controlled hydrodynamic and electrochemical conditions by rotating disk electrode technique. Results demonstrated that mass-transfer of oxygen plays a significant role in the cathodic process of steel in both oil-free and oil-containing solutions. Electrode rotation accelerates the oxygen diffusion and thus the cathodic reduction. The higher limiting diffusive current density measured in oil-containing solution is due to the elevated solubility of oxygen in oil/water emulsion. The anodic current density decreases with the increase of electrode rotating speed, which is attributed to the accelerated oxygen diffusion and reduction, enhancing the steel oxidation. Addition of oil decreases the anodic dissolution of steel due to the formation of a layer of oily phase on steel surface, increasing the reaction activation energy. The steel electrode becomes more active at the elevated temperature, indicating that the enhanced formation of oxide scale is not sufficiently enough to offset the effect resulting from the enhanced anodic dissolution reaction kinetics. The corrosion reaction mechanism is changed upon oil addition, and the interfacial reaction is activation-controlled, rather than mass-transfer controlled. When sand particles are added in oil/water emulsion, there is a significant increase of corrosion of the steel. The presence of sands in the flowing slurry would impact and damage the oxide film and oily film formed on the steel surface, exposing the bare steel to the corrosive solution.

Late opacification of a silicone intraocular lens caused by ophthalmic ointment

A 55-year-old man had uneventful phacoemulsification with implantation of a 3-piece silicone intraocular lens (IOL). Postoperative medications included antibiotic-steroid drops and ointments. Eight months postoperatively, the patient started having recurrent episodes of anterior chamber inflammatory reaction. Suspicion that lens instability was causing the reactions led to a lens repositioning procedure 11 months after the initial surgical implantation and again at 13 months. Eighteen months postoperatively, the IOL had a "greasy" film. Despite antiinflammatory and antibiotic treatment, the clinical outcome did not improve. Twenty-seven months after implantation, the lens was exchanged with a hydrophilic acrylic IOL. The course after the exchange was uneventful. The explanted lens was examined by gross and microscopic evaluations, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using electronic ionization. Gross and microscopic evaluations confirmed the presence of a thin, oily film covering the IOL optic surface. Surface analyses at the level of the oily substance showed unspecific peaks of sodium, chloride, and potassium. The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of compounds characteristic of hydrocarbons, including docosane, tricosane, and tetracosane, which are commonly found in the vehicle of ophthalmic ointments. The GC-MS analysis of 1 ointment used postoperatively found matching peaks, suggesting deposition of those compounds on the IOL.

Self‐Pollination by Sliding Pollen inCaulokaempferia coenobialis(Zingiberaceae)

Caulokaempferia coenobialis (Zingiberaceae) forms dense populations on steep cliffs in shady, humid monsoon forests in south China. It produces few consecutively opening bright yellow flowers that are 3 cm long and oriented parallel to the ground. Upon anther dehiscence at about 0600 hours, each pollen sac releases a drop of pollen onto the horizontally oriented style, and the two drops then merge to form an oily film that slowly flows toward the stigma, carrying out self‐pollination between about 1500 and 0730 hours the next day. The distance covered by the pollen film is ca. 3 mm. There is no significant difference in fruit set between experimentally cross‐ and self‐pollinated flowers or between naturally pollinated and bagged flowers. The low pollen/ovule ratio of $$6\pm 4$$ probably relates to the pollen grains being held together by pollen‐connecting threads. The latter ensure that pollen grains always arrive as multiples, and this is the first report of such threads in the Zingiberaceae. During 35 h of observation at several locations and during three flowering periods, only three individual bees, five flies, and two butterflies visited single flowers. It remained unclear whether they affected pollination because no return visits were observed. The automatic selfing by pollen that reaches the stigma ca. 9 h after the onset of anthesis apparently constitutes a case of delayed selfing, providing reproductive reassurance in situations of low pollinator visitation.

Fatigue behaviour of aluminium alloy 7075 bolted joints treated with oily film corrosion compounds

The effect of oily film corrosion-prevention compounds on the fatigue behaviour of aluminium alloy 7075-T6 mechanically fastened joints was investigated. Unpainted double-lap joints with a single bolt fastener were tested under constant-amplitude fatigue loading with and without treatment with lubricative corrosion-prevention compound (CPC). Fatigue tests were conducted with different levels of fastener clamping force to determine the variation in fatigue life as a function of the clamping force with and without the CPC. Fractography of the failed specimens indicated that there are two distinct modes of fatigue initiation, one dominated by fretting and the other dominated by bearing at the fastener hole. It was found that in joints with high fastener-clamping force, the application of lubricative corrosion-prevention compounds increases the fatigue life, whereas the use of CPC is detrimental to the life of joints with low fastener-clamping force.

Shell Lesion Management in Two Loggerhead Sea Turtles, Caretta caretta, with Employment of PC-7 Epoxy Paste

ABSTRACT Two loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, presented for carapace lesions characterized primarily by multiple small erosions. One individual had two deep lesions on the caudal carapace with complete loss of the keratin layer and exposure of underlying epidermis. Pump malfunction resulting in the development of an oily film on the surface of the turtles' tank was believed to have precipitated the lesions. Both turtles were treated with freshwater baths, topical povidone-iodine scrub, and systemic antibiotics with superficial lesions on both turtles healing. Deep lesions present on one animal persisted, however. Biopsy revealed an acute exudative epidermitis with fungal hyphae present throughout the exudative material. Topical disinfection and freshwater baths were employed as before. In addition, water-resistant dressings were placed over the lesions. Of the dressings tried, one involving the use of topical anti-infective drugs covered by a semiocclusive membrane and overlaid with PC-7 epoxy pas...