Oil Of Cymbopogon Citratus Research Articles

Essential Oils, Chemical Compounds, and Their Effects on the Gut Microorganisms and Broiler Chicken Production: Review

The influence of essential oils (EOs) on gut microorganisms and broiler chicken production was evaluated through the systematic analysis of scientific reports. The present study was focused on the EO antimicrobial activity oriented toward broiler chicken production. There is a great biodiversity of plants, and various compounds with different biological activity have been isolated from them. The EO molecules extracted from plants have been employed recently in livestock feeding. Microbial resistance to antibiotics has led to their reduced use in animal production. To maintain competitive broiler chicken production with reduced antibiotic use, EOs have been explored. In broiler chickens, EOs are supplemented in the diet or drinking water to enhance weight gain and feed efficiency and reduce mortality. EOs are an alternative to antibiotics, and their research is dynamic in poultry production. The present review focused on the antimicrobial activity oriented to broiler chicken production. The search for information in databases used the terms “broiler chicken”, “essential oils” and combined them with the name of the plants. It was detected that the EO of Cinnamon bark or its compound cinnamaldehyde could reduce pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract and improve intestinal morphology. Essential oils from Cymbopogon spp. and Origanum vulgare had an effect mainly against Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., and others, and against some Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus spp., or yeasts, such as Candida albicans. Essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus acted against Salmonella. Citrus japonica affected Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Origanum EO improved the antioxidant status and gut health of chickens, while EO of Eucalyptus with carvacrol, thymol, and Citrus lemon improved the productive performance of broiler chickens; also, Citrus spp. reduced the number of oocysts of Eimeria and showed activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is concluded that EOs are a sustainable alternative to antibiotics in the production of broiler chickens. Future research includes the standardization of EO from different plants and active molecules, as well as the interaction with other feed additives and their impact on the health and production of broiler chickens. In addition, safety for consumers and the environment must be considered.

CONTROLLED RELEASE OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM MICROCAPSULES BASED ON GUM ARABIC AND CHITOSAN PREPARED BY COMPLEX COACERVATION AS MOSQUITO REPELLENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL MATERIAL

Microcapsules loaded with essential oils, namely Litsea cubeba, Cymbopogon nardus and Cymbopogon citratus, in gum arabic and chitosan were prepared to explore their mosquito repelling effects and their antimicrobial function. The encapsulation ratio, along with the materials characterization and release behavior of the essential oils from the microcapsules were studied, together with temperature and time dependences. Mosquito repellency was assessed against Ae. aegypti using the “arm-in-cage” method, and the antibacterial activity was tested against E. coli and S. aureus. The results demonstrated that microcapsules loaded with essential oils were successfully prepared for all three essential oils. Also, the results showed that the highest encapsulation ratio was found for microcapsules loaded with Cymbopogon citratus oil. The microcapsules loaded with all essential oils were effective in prolonging protection time against Ae. aegypti, especially in the case of the Litsea cubeba oil, while the Cymbopogon nardus and Cymbopogon citratus oils yielded the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Syzygium jambolanum seeds for In- vitro Antimicrobial Potential against Herbal Drugs Contaminants

The disc diffusion method, MIC and MBC were used to test the antibacterial activity of methanol, aqueous, ethyl acetate extract and essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus leaves, and Syzygium jambolanum seeds against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, which were isolated from herbal medicines. Methanolic extract of Syzygium jambolanum was highly active against Bacillus cereus and E. coli. Chemical analysis was done by GC- MS. All the plant extracts showed different kinds of phytochemicals like terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids etc.

Synergistic Interaction of Certain Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds with Fluconazole against Azole-resistant Strains of Cryptococcus neoformans.

This study investigated the anti-cryptococcal potential of certain essential oils (EOs)/compounds alone and in combination with fluconazole. We investigated the antifungal activity of oils of Cinnamomum verum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon martini, and Syzygium aromaticum, and their major active ingredients cinnamaldehyde, citral, eugenol, and geraniol against clinical and standard strains of Cryptococcus neoformans (CN). Disc diffusion, broth microdilution, checkerboard methods, and transmission electron microscopy were employed to determine growth inhibition, synergistic interaction, and mechanism of action of test compounds. EOs/compounds showed pronounced antifungal efficacy against azole-resistant CN in the order of cinnamaldehyde > eugenol > S. aromaticum > C. verum > citral > C. citratus > geraniol ≥ C. martini, each exhibiting zone of inhibition >15 mm. These oils/compounds were highly cidal compared to fluconazole. Eugenol and cinnamaldehyde showed the strongest synergy with fluconazole against CN by lowering their MICs up to 32-fold. Transmission electron microscopy indicated damage of the fungal cell wall, cell membrane, and other endomembranous organelles. Test oils and their active compounds exhibited potential anti-cryptococcus activity against the azole-resistant strains of CN. Moreover, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde significantly potentiated the anti-cryptococcal activity of fluconazole. It is suggested that multiple sites of action from oils/compounds could turn static fluconazole into a cidal drug combination in combating cryptococcosis.

Efficacy of mosquito repellent finishes on polyester fabrics using four essential oils against the vector of the West Nile virus, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)

One of the most common ways to prevent mosquito bites is to use treated textiles, which can be used to repel mosquitoes in the form of nets, clothing, uniforms, and other items. Four eco-friendly essential oils: lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), clove (Dianthus caryophyllus), and marjoram (Origanum vulgare), were evaluated and used to finish polyester fabrics (PE) to give them a pleasant odor and antibacterial properties, as well as mosquito repellent as medical textiles. A low-temperature drying process and thermal stabilization technique were used to bond the polyester to the fragrance-containing compounds. The effect of essential oil finishes on polyester textile properties has been studied using various techniques such as mechanical measurements, contact angle, ultraviolet tests, infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, GC-MS analysis, etc. Scanning electron microscopy showed the physical adsorption of oil on PE surfaces and the penetration of oil droplets between PE fibers. The ability of polyester textiles treated with essential oils of lemongrass, eucalyptus, clove, and marjoram to kill Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger was also tested. Polyester fabrics treated with clove showed the strongest antibacterial effect, surpassing that of eucalyptus oil. 12 essential oils were screened to determine their superiority in repelling mosquitoes at a concentration of 1% through the CDC bottle and WHO cone tests. Cymbopogon citratus (LT50 = 60.03 min) oil was the most effective against Cx. pipiens, followed by Eucalyptus camaldulensis (LT50 = 61.65 min) and Dianthus caryophyllus (LT50 = 64.73 min) with CDC tests. It was found that finishing PE with clove and eucalyptus oils provided 76 and 68% protection from Culex pipiens mosquitoes, even after 6 cycles of washing. This approach is innovative because it meets the goal of having antibacterial, mosquito-repellent, and pleasant-smelling fabrics as requirements for economically viable medical textiles. There is an urgent need to engineer textiles, with or without insecticides, to effectively repel mosquitoes. Our data showed the efficiency of polyester fabric treated with clove and eucalyptus oils in repelling mosquitoes after 6 washings.

Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil in Zebrafish.

This study explored the protective capacity of the essential oil (EO) of Cymbopogon citratus against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the inflammatory potential in zebrafish. Using five concentrations of EO (0.39, 0.78, 1.56, 3.12, and 6.25 μg/mL) in the presence of 7.5 mM H2O2, we analyzed the effects on neutrophil migration, caudal fin regeneration, cellular apoptosis, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) after 96 h of exposure. A significant decrease in neutrophil migration was observed in all EO treatments compared to the control. Higher concentrations of EO (3.12 and 6.25 μg/mL) resulted in a significant decrease in caudal fin regeneration compared to the control. SOD activity was reduced at all EO concentrations, CAT activity significantly decreased at 3.12 μg/mL, and GST activity increased at 0.78 μg/mL and 1.56 μg/mL, compared to the control group. No significant changes in ROS production were detected. A reduction in cellular apoptosis was evident at all EO concentrations, suggesting that C. citratus EO exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, influences regenerative processes, and protects against oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Antifungal, molecular docking and cytotoxic effect of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. and Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle against Candida albicans.

Brazil is renowned for its extensive plant biodiversity, with emphasis on Cymbopogon, C. citratus and C. nardus, with broad antimicrobial potential. Candidemias caused by Candida albicans are highly prevalent in immunosuppressed individuals and are associated with infections by biofilms on medical devices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of essential oils C. citratus and C. nardus against C. albicans in planktonic and biofilm forms. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and chemical composition evaluated by GC-FID and GC-MS. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the broth microdilution method and the synergy effect of essential oils and amphotericin B were evaluated by the checkerboard test. Biofilm activity was determined by the XTT assay. Cytotoxicity assays performed with VERO cells and molecular docking were performed to predict the effect of oil interaction on the SAP-5 enzyme site. The results showed activity of essential oils against planktonic cells and biofilm of C. albicans. Furthermore, the oils had a synergistic effect, and low cytotoxicity. Molecular docking showed interaction between Cadinene, Caryophyllen oxide, Germacrene D with SAP-5. The results indicate that Cymbopogon spp. studied are anti-Candida, with potential for further application in therapy against infections caused by C. albicans.

<i>In silico</i> study and bioprospection of the antibacterial and antioxidant effect of the essential oils of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> and <i>Zingiber Officinale</i> against bacteria associated with otitis media in children

This present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of the essential oils (EO) of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (Lemon grass) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) against bacteria associated with otitis media (OM) in children. Ear swab samples were collected from 12 children diagnosed with OM between the ages of 0 – 5 years. Essential oils were extracted from the plants using the hydro-distillation method. The antibacterial activity of the essential oils was determined using the agar well diffusion method against isolated bacteria including Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Moraxella catarrhalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococccus epidermidis. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacteria isolated was determined using 10 standard antibiotics as control. Greater zones of inhibition were observed in essential oil of Lemon grass as compared to Ginger. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were carried out for each essential oil where higher values (12.5 -100%v/v) were recorded for ginger essential oil than lemon grass (0.78 – 1.56%v/v). Phytochemical analysis of the EOs of ginger and lemon grass carried out using GC-MS showed the presence of zingiberene (26.85%) and generaldehyde (21.13%) respectively as the most abundant phytocompounds. In silico study was carried out through the molecular docking method using the AutoDock version 2.1 by taking two proteins- osmoporin and mevalonate synthetase as targets and different phytocompounds from the essential oils as ligands. Molecular docking highlighted the potential of several phytocompounds in the essential oils to inhibit protein targets required by bacteria for survival.

Insecticide evaluation of the Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf essential oil in Aedes aegypti

The objective was to determine the phytochemical composition and evaluate the in silico and in vivo biocidal activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf in an Aedes aegypti model. The phytochemical composition was analyzed using Gas Chromatography coupled to the Mass Spectrometer, while molecular docking was used to evaluate the potential for inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase. The ovicidal, larvicidal, and adulticidal activities were investigated to evaluate the capacity of the essential oil to inhibit egg hatching and to cause mortality in larvae and adults of A. aegypti. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 11 different compounds, with emphasis on β-myrcene (24.03%), β-citral (27.45%), and Neral (35.36%). In molecular docking, the compounds Geraniol (3.96%) and Linalool (2.77%) proved to be the best inhibitors. As for insecticidal activities, the essential oil of C. citratus was effective in inhibiting the hatching of A. aegypti eggs and was highly toxic to larvae. However, toxicity in adults of A. aegypti was incipient. These results indicate that the essential oil of C. citratus has potential as a candidate for the development of new insecticides aimed at controlling the immature stages of A. aegypti, possibly due to the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

Potentiation of Antibacterial Activity of Ciprofloxacin by Essential Oil of Cymbopogon citratus against Fluoroquinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Background: Essential oil (EO) of Cymbopogon citratus has been demonstrated to have antibacterial activities against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the effects of combined use of C. citratus and ciprofloxacin against fluoroquinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (FQRSA) and Escherichia coli (FQREC).
 Methods: The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was evaluated by agar dilution method while the combination studies were done using Checker-board agar dilution technique.
 Results: The mean MIC values of EO against the FQRSA and FQREC were 0.043 + 0.01 mg/ml and 0.049 mg/ml respectively. When ciprofloxacin was combined with EO of lemongrass, 53.9, 28.3, 17.8 and 0.0 % of the FQRSA isolates showed indifference, additive, synergistic and antagonistic effects respectively. Similarly, when ciprofloxacin was combined with EO of lemongrass at different ratios, 44, 35.5, 20.6 and 0.0 % of the FQREC isolates showed combined effects of additivity, synergism, indifference and antagonism respectively.
 Conclusions: The results revealed the invitro antibacterial potency of Cymbopogon citratus oil against fluoroquinolone resistant S. aureus and E. coli. More importantly, the study has proved that the combined use of ciprofloxacin and essential oil of lemongrass has increased the sensitivity of both FQRSA and FQREC bacteria.

Formulation and evaluation of bio-mosquito repellent air freshener gel from oil extract of cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (lemon grass) plant.

Synthetic based mosquito repellents pose varying degrees of threats to public health in most developing nations. The developments has necessitated the need for environmentally friendly alternatives, which will have non-toxic, and biodegradable attributes. In this work, a mosquito repellent gel formulation was prepared from the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (lemon grass) extracted using a steam distillation system. The yields of the extracted oils were determined and calculated under varying conditions. The oil extract was then purified in the micro column parked with silica gel and characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of β-pinene, isoneral, nerolidol and squalene chemical constituents. The optimized gels were evaluated for their appearance, pH, spreadability, macroscopic stability test, swelling index, and hedonic evaluation. The mosquito repellent potential was simultaneously compared with the positive control ‘Odomos’, a commercial gel sold in the open market within Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria by varying the repellency time. The outcome of the evaluations confirmed that the formulated gels were stable with normal skin pH. The hedonic test indicated that formulation F5 is the most potent gel with a C. citratus oil concentration of 5% in the formulation. This gel formulation promises to be an environmentally sustainable alternative for repelling mosquitoes.

Oxidative stability and physicochemical changes of dark chocolates with essential oils addition

This research aimed to evaluate the oxidative stability and rheological properties of dark chocolates with the addition of essential oils (EO) of Cymbopogon citratus, Pimpinella anisum, and Mintostachys mollis. For this purpose, before the inclusion in chocolates, the EO were chemically characterized to identify the most important volatile compounds. We added essential oils of P. anisum, C. citratus and M. mollis to dark chocolates (cocoa 70%) at doses of 10, 12 and 14 μL per 500 g, separately. These chocolates were evaluated for oxidative activity, hardness, microstructure, rheological and melting properties and antioxidant capacity. It was found that C. citratus EO (10 μL/500 g of chocolate) improve the oxidative stability of the chocolates at 90 days of storage at 25 °C (230 meq O2/kg), while higher concentrations promote lipid oxidation. The incorporation of essential oils improves the antioxidant capacity, likewise, it changes the rheological, thermal, and microstructural properties. Therefore, essential oils can improve the physicochemical characteristics of dark chocolates allowing greater stability in oxidative fat and thus increase the shelf life.

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Combinatorial Effects of the Essential Oils from Cymbopogon spp. and Mentha arvensis with Conventional Antibiotics

This work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (CCEO), Cymbopogon khasianus (CKEO), and Mentha arvensis (MAEO) against two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and three Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis) microbial strains and their combination with antibiotics (chloramphenicol, ampicillin, erythromycin) to observe the synergistic behavior between them. The essential oils (EOs) were investigated by the GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) method. The synergistic effect between EOs and antimicrobial agents was analyzed by broth dilution assay. (-)-carvone (52.48%), geraniol (57.66%), and citral (37.83%) were the major components identified in EOs of MAEO, CKEO, and CCEO, respectively. According to the antibacterial activity, EOs demonstrated strong antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 0.7 to 18 mg/mL. The interaction between the combination of EOs and antibiotics was determined in terms of FICI (Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index). Some combinations displayed a partial synergistic effect, and some showed a synergistic and others displayed no effect against bacterial strains. The best synergistic action was shown by the combination of CCEO and Chloramphenicol against E. coli with a FICI value of 0.4. Three to four fold reductions in the MIC value of both essential oil and antibiotics were observed. Therefore, this synergistic interaction of the most active EOs with synthetic antibiotics could lead to new combination therapies for combating infections caused by multidrug-resistant microbes at sufficiently low concentrations in the pharmaceutical and food industry.

Microwave Assisted Hydrotropic Distillation of Myrcene-Rich Essential Oil of Cymbopogon Citratus

Microwave Assisted Hydrotropic Distillation of Myrcene-Rich Essential Oil of Cymbopogon Citratus

Production of New Biopesticides from Cymbopogon citratus for the Control of Coffee Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) under Laboratory and Field Conditions.

One of the diseases with the greatest economic impact on coffee cultivation worldwide and particularly in Peru is coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix). The search for sustainable control methods as disease management strategies in coffee cultivation is necessary. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of five biopesticides based on lemon verbena (Cymbopogon citratus) for the control of rust applied in laboratory and field conditions to allow the recovery of coffee (Coffea arabica L. var. typica) in La Convención, Cusco, Peru. Five biopesticides (oil, macerate, infusion, hydrolate and Biol) and four concentrations (0, 15, 20 and 25%) were evaluated. The biopesticides were evaluated under laboratory conditions (light and dark) at different concentrations. The design used was completely randomized in a factorial scheme. The biopesticides were incorporated into the culture medium and inoculated with 400 uredospores of rust, and the germination percentage was evaluated. Under field conditions, the biopesticides at the same concentrations were evaluated for 4 weeks after application. Under these field conditions, the incidence, severity and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of selected plants with a natural degree of infection were evaluated. In the laboratory, the results showed that all biopesticides were effective in reducing the germination of rust uredospores to values <1% of germination in relation to the control, which showed values of 61% and 75% in the light and dark, respectively, independent of the concentration used, with no significant differences between them. In the field, 25% oil promoted the best response with values <1% and 0% incidence and severity, respectively, in the first two weeks after application. The AUDPC for this same treatment showed values of 7 in relation to 1595 of the control. Cymbopogon citratus oil is an excellent biopesticide that can be used to control coffee rust.

Antimicrobial activities of volatile oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Eucalyptus citriodora and Cymbopogon citratus against organisms isolated from Nigerian currency notes

Naira notes are means of exchange for goods and services that may act as fomites in the transmission of pathogens. This study determined the identities of microorganisms isolated from notes and their susceptibilities to antibiotics and volatile oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora. Fifteen notes (₦50-₦500) obtained from two Ilorin markets were soaked in sterile water and loopful of each sample was inoculated onto appropriate agar plates. Isolates were identified using standard methods, confirmed with Identification System and Mycological Atlas. Disc and agar diffusion methods were employed for susceptibility tests and positive controls were Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole. S. aureus (42%) was the most prevalent bacteria, Serratia odorifera (11.1%) including Aspergillus niger (1) while some had multiple bacteria. The isolates exhibited 100% resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (100%), ceftazidime (57%), sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim (43%) and 100% sensitivity to gentamicin. All S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant – MRSA and vancomycin susceptible while A. niger exhibited 100% sensitivity to fluconazole. The volatile oil of C. citratus exhibited highest growth inhibitory effects with MBC and MIC of 3.13-0.39 and 1.56-0.39 mg/mL respectively; the oil of E. citriodora exhibited the least activity. This oil can be used as antiseptics against Naira fomites.

Análise antifúngica da incorporação do óleo essencial de Cymbopogon citratus (d.c.) Stapf em polimetacrilato de metila

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluated the antifungal effect of the incorporation of different concentrations of the essential oil Cymbopogon citratus (capim santo), into polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) against Candida albicans. Methods: Fifty specimens were fabricated and divided into five groups: Group 1, PMMA + 10% essential oil (n=10); Group 2, PMMA + 15% essential oil (n=10); Group 3, PMMA + 20% essential oil (n=10); Group 4, PMMA + 25% essential oil (n=10); Group 5, PMMA (n=10). PMMA powder was mixed with the monomer and the mixture was placed in disc-shaped cavities measuring 15 mm in diameter, 2 mm thick. To evaluate the antifungal activity of the experimental specimens, the standard strain of Candida albicans was tested. After incubation, the colony count of each plate was performed using a digital colony counter, obtaining the number of colony forming units (CFU) and the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. Results: There was statistically significant difference in the CFU count of Candida albicans as a consequence of the addition of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil to PMMA (p &lt; 0.001) and values were significantly higher in comparison with those of all the other groups, when the essential oil was incorporated as incorporated into the PMMA in the concentration of 20%. In the other concentrations, no difference in values was observed in comparison with the Control Group without essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus. Conclusion: The acrylic resin with the essential oil incorporated into it in different concentrations provided no effect against development of the genus Candida.

Formulation of a Flavored Drink Based on Sapodilla Puree, Pineapple Juice and Lemongrass Essential Oil

Aims: Neglected or underutilized plant species, such as sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), which play a substantial role in the livelihoods of populations but whose potential remains still under-exploited, deserve particular attention from researchers to a better knowledge of its food applications. This study aims to develop a novel drink based on sapodilla fruit and other known ingredients with acceptable sensory, microbiological and physicochemical characteristics.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Ecole des Sciences et Techniques de Conservation et de Transformation des Produits Agricoles of the Université Nationale d'Agriculture (UNA) in Benin between June and September 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: Flavored beverages with the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus were formulated from sapodilla puree and pineapple juice following a mixing plan. The microbiological, organoleptic and physicochemical analyzes of formulated cocktail were then carried out by standard methods.&#x0D; Results: All the formulated drinks presented a satisfactory microbiological quality. The E5 formula containing 10% of the sapodilla puree and 90% of the juice of pineapple and the essential oil of C. citratus was the most accepted by tasters. This beverage had a pH of 5.46±0.06, a total soluble solid of 17.25±0.35 ºBrix and a specific gravity of 1.08±0.01. The titratable acidity, total ash and dry matter content were 0.80±0.01 g/100g, 0.19±00% and 15.28±1.07 respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The fruit of sapodilla can be valued through good quality drinks which can be popularized after a nutritional characterization.

In-vitro Biocontrol of Sugarcane Stem Borer (Eldana saccharina Walker) with Essential Oils from Aromatic Plants

Study Design and Objectives: Sugar cane production is threatened by the devastating action of the larval populations of Eldana saccharina Walker. Faced with this situation, the search for sustainable control solutions is a major challenge for sugar producers. This study contributes to the control of the larval populations of the pest through the use of formulations based on essential oils of local aromatic plants.&#x0D; Methodology: Bioassays on the survival of the larvae were therefore conducted in the laboratory at the Sucrivoire site in Zuénoula. The larvae obtained from the eggs, incubated for 5 days were reared on a nutritional medium and then transferred to empty dishes after one week. Essential oils from the hydrodistillation of three aromatic plants (Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Zingiber officinale) were used. Five concentrations of these essential oils (1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and 10000-ppm) were tested by direct contact on batches of 10 larvae for a total of 30 larvae/concentration. Dead larvae were counted daily and the mortality rate was calculated after 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure.&#x0D; Results: As early as 24 hours, larval mortality was significant (P&lt;0.001) from 2000-ppm for Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum essential oils. They caused larval mortality of 63.33 and 80% respectively. Zingiber officinale induced a significant mortality of 80% from 4000-ppm. After 72 hours of exposure of the larvae to the essential oils, the mortality rate increased significantly with the concentration (P&lt;0.001). The lowest lethal concentrations for 50 and 90% (841.77 and 1905.06 ppm, respectively) were obtained with the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum.&#x0D; Conclusion: The use of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Zingiber officinale can help to control Eldana saccharina Walker larval borers for better sugarcane production.

In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Cymbopogon citrates essential oils from different climate conditions against Botrytis cinerea

Essential oils (EOs) are natural, volatile and aromatic substances extracted from some specific plants. EOs are the secondary metabolite of plants and usually varies with different plants and climate conditions, even in the same plant species but different climate conditions. The antifungal properties of EOs from medicinal as well as other edible plants have been recognized for very long time. Cymbopogon citratus oil, which is used as a food flavoring agent, possesses a broad spectrum of in vitro antifungal activities attributed to the high content of monoterpenoids such as α-Citral and β-Citral. In this study we focused on the changes of components of EOs in C. citratus growing in different climate conditions and their antifungal activities as well. The samples of C. citrates, fresh and dried, obtained from five different climate conditions in Southern and Southwestern China (Kunming, Jinghong, Fangchenggang, Zengcheng, Yuxi). The C. citrates EOs were extracted by the steam distillation method and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The results showed that the content of α-Citral was the highest in ten EOs. Fresh and dried C. citratus EOs accounted for 38.7% and 43.3% in Zengcheng, respectively. However, fresh and dried C. citratus EOs accounted for 24.2% and 23.1% in Kunming. The effects of C. citratus EOs from different climate conditions against Botrytis cinerea were studied. All EOs had good inhibition against mycelial growth and spore germination of B. cinerea in vitro. At 15.63 mg/L, the inhibition of mycelial growth with the dried C. citrates EO from Zengcheng was significantly greater than that with the other EOs, with an inhibitory effect of 96.3%. It completely inhibited the mycelial growth of B. cinerea at 31.25 mg/L. Ten EOs also had good inhibitory effects on the rotten area of cherry tomatoes infected by B. cinerea in vivo. At 125 mg/L, the decay area of cherry tomatoes was reduced by more than 90%. The results indicated that the constituents in EOs of C. citrates are different from one growing place to another. The EOs of C. citrates may be considered as potential candidates to protect postharvest fruit from B. cinerea damage.