Effects Of Oil Spill Research Articles

An affordable operational oil spill monitoring system in action: A diachronic multiplatform analysis of recent incidents in the southern Gulf of Mexico

The coexistence of marine sensitive areas with the oil industry requires robust preparedness and rapid response capabilities for monitoring and mitigating oil spill events. Scientifically proven satellite-based methods for the visual detection of oil spills are widely recognized as effective, low-cost, transferable, scalable, and operational solutions, particularly in developing economies. Following meticulous design and implementation, we adopted and executed a relatively low-cost operational monitoring and alert system for oil spill detection over the ocean surface and alert issuance. We analyzed over 1500 satellite images, issuing over 70 warning reports on oil slicks and spills in the southern Gulf of Mexico. To assess the system’s efficiency and performance, we leveraged data from three major oil spill incidents in the study region during June and July of 2023 in the study region, covering a maximum area of 669 km2 and tracked for 12 to 24 days. We documented the evolution of these oil spills by integrating satellite sensing data with on-site Lagrangian drifting buoys, a network of high-frequency radars, and citizen reports to validate the outcomes of this system. We generated timely technical information on the spill’s evolution, informing decision-makers and local community leaders to strengthen their mitigation response capabilities. Additionally, we developed a robust database with spectral and spatiotemporal features of satellite-detected oil, thereby contributing to advancing the scientific understanding of sea surface dynamics related to natural and anthropogenic oil sources. This study also highlights immediate-, medium-, and long-term research agendas and establishes a reference for a sustained, transferable, and operational oil spill monitoring system.

Willingness to Pay for Nature Protection: Crowdfunding as a Payment Mechanism

AbstractIn this study, we use a discrete choice experiment to elicit the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for preventing and mitigating the effects of oil spills on marine and coastal ecosystem services, along a particularly vulnerable coastal region of mainland Portugal. We used a split-sample design to analyze the differences between two payment vehicles (PV): a mandatory extra income tax and a voluntary contribution collected by a crowdfunding campaign with a provision point mechanism and a money-back guarantee. The difference between the two PVs is examined in a setting where the local population has a negative perception of the quality of institutions. We find that respondents are more willing to contribute when presented with the crowdfunding version. Also, regardless of the payment vehicle, respondents who express a mistrust in institutions are more likely to choose the status quo. These results suggest the potential of using crowdfunding to support ecosystem services’ conservation initiatives.

Strategic location model for oil spill response vessels (OSRVs) considering oil transportation and weather uncertainties

In the event of oil spills in offshore oil and gas projects, containment and dispersion equipment must be sent to the affected areas within a critical time by vessels known as oil spill response vessels (OSRVs). Here, we developed an optimization tool, integrated with an oil spill trajectory simulation model, both in deterministic and stochastic alternatives, to support decision-making during the strategic planning of OSRV operations. The tool was constructed in Python using GNOME for oil spill simulations and the GUROBI to solve the optimization model. The tool was applied to a case study in Brazil and afforded relevant recommendations. In terms of research contributions, we proved the viability of the integration between oil spill simulation and mathematical modeling for OSRV strategic operation planning, we explored the stochasticity of the problem with an innovative strategy and we demonstrated flexibility and easy applicability of the framework on real operations.

Ten years of oil pollution detection in the Eastern Mediterranean shipping lanes opposite the Egyptian coast using remote sensing techniques

The Eastern Mediterranean region, a vital conduit for global maritime trade, faces significant environmental challenges due to marine pollution, particularly from oil spills. This is the first study covering the long period of comprehensive monitoring of oil pollution using the full mission of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data in the Mediterranean Sea, so this research aims to detect and analyze comprehensively the occurrence of oil spills in the Eastern Mediterranean over a decade (2014–2023). This study focuses on identifying geographical distribution patterns, proximity to shorelines, frequency across maritime zones, and potential sources of these spills, especially around major ports and maritime routes. This study utilizes SAR data from the Sentinel-1 satellite. The methodology included automated detection algorithms within the Sentinel application platform (SNAP) and integration with GIS mapping to study oil spill patterns and characteristics. Over 1000 Sentinel-1 scenes were investigated in the northern Mediterranean waters off the coast of Egypt, to detect and analyze 355 oil spill events with a total impacted area of more than 6000 km2. The analysis of temporal spill distribution reveals significant fluctuations from year to year. Within the entire timeline of the study, 2017 had the largest spatial areas covering one thousand square kilometers. In contrast, the single largest spill recorded during the study period occurred in 2020, covering 198.73 square kilometers. The results identified a non-uniform distribution of oil spills and primarily exhibiting elongated patterns aligned with the navigation routes. The distinct increase of oil spill incidents was within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), obviously drifted to the coastline and around major ports. The study emphasizes the critical role of remote sensing technologies in addressing environmental challenges caused by the maritime transport sector, advocating for enhanced monitoring and regulatory enforcement to protect marine ecosystems and support sustainable naval activities. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted continuous monitoring and rapid response strategies in high-traffic maritime areas, particularly around the EEZ and major ports.

Deep Learning-Based Detection of Oil Spills in Pakistan’s Exclusive Economic Zone from January 2017 to December 2023

Oil spillages on a sea’s or an ocean’s surface are a threat to marine and coastal ecosystems. They are mainly caused by ship accidents, illegal discharge of oil from ships during cleaning and oil seepage from natural reservoirs. Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) has proved to be a useful tool for analyzing oil spills, because it operates in all-day, all-weather conditions. An oil spill can typically be seen as a dark stretch in SAR images and can often be detected through visual inspection. The major challenge is to differentiate oil spills from look-alikes, i.e., low-wind areas, algae blooms and grease ice, etc., that have a dark signature similar to that of an oil spill. It has been noted over time that oil spill events in Pakistan’s territorial waters often remain undetected until the oil reaches the coastal regions or it is located by concerned authorities during patrolling. A formal remote sensing-based operational framework for oil spills detection in Pakistan’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Arabian Sea is urgently needed. In this paper, we report the use of an encoder–decoder-based convolutional neural network trained on an annotated dataset comprising selected oil spill events verified by the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA). The dataset encompasses multiple classes, viz., sea surface, oil spill, look-alikes, ships and land. We processed Sentinel-1 acquisitions over the EEZ from January 2017 to December 2023, and we thereby prepared a repository of SAR images for the aforementioned duration. This repository contained images that had been vetted by SAR experts, to trace and confirm oil spills. We tested the repository using the trained model, and, to our surprise, we detected 92 previously unreported oil spill events within those seven years. In 2020, our model detected 26 oil spills in the EEZ, which corresponds to the highest number of spills detected in a single year; whereas in 2023, our model detected 10 oil spill events. In terms of the total surface area covered by the spills, the worst year was 2021, with a cumulative 395 sq. km covered in oil or an oil-like substance. On the whole, these are alarming figures.

A review of the prospects, efficacy and sustainability of nanotechnology-based approaches for oil spill remediation.

Numerous marine oil spill incidents and their environmental catastrophe have raised the concern of the research community and environmental agencies on the topic of the offshore crude oil spill. The oil transport through oil tankers and pipelines has further aggravated the risk of the oil spill. This has led to the necessity to develop an effective, environment-friendly, versatile oil spill clean-up strategy. The current review article analyses various nanotechnology-based methods for marine oil spill clean-up, focusing on their recovery rate, reusability and cost. The authors weighed the three primary factors recovery, reusability and cost distinctively for the analysis based on their significance in various contexts. The findings and analysis suggest that magnetic nanomaterials and nano-sorbent have been the most effective nanotechnology-based marine oil spill remediation techniques, with the magnetic paper based on ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires standing out with a recovery rate of over 99%. The chitosan-silica hybrid nano-sorbent and multi-wall carbon nanotubes are also promising options with high recovery rates of up to 95-98% and the ability to be reused multiple times. Although the photocatalytic biodegradation approach and the nano-dispersion method do not offer benefits for recovery or reusability, they can nevertheless help lessen the negative ecological effects of marine oil spills. Therefore, careful evaluation and selection of the most appropriate method for each marine oil spill situation is crucial. The current review article provides valuable insights into the current state of nanotechnology-based marine oil spill clean-up methods and their potential applications.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OIL SPILLS ON MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGER-DELTA ENVIRONMENT.

This work documented the effects of oil spills on the aquatic environment by analyzing changes in oil density, water chemistry and species abundance for 15 days in two locations in the Niger Delta. The main rationale was to assess the oil spill's environmental implications and determine the measures that should be implemented. Samples collected daily enabled measurements of the oil content, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) on the water surface. Key equipment included spectrophotometers for oil concentration analysis and multiparameter water quality tools for pH and DO measurements. Statistical tools such as regression analysis and ANOVA were employed to evaluate the data. Results indicate a significant decline in oil concentration at both sites. The results of Site A were reduced from 250 µg/L to 170 µg/L, having a regression slope of -5.33 µg/L per day (p < 0.01). Site B's concentration dropped from 320 µg/L to 250 µg/L, with a slope of -4.67 µg/L per day (p < 0.01). Water quality also deteriorated, with Site A’s pH dropping from 7.8 to 6.4 and DO from 8.5 mg/L to 7.1 mg/L. Site B exhibited similar trends, with pH decreasing from 7.9 to 6.5 and DO from 8.6 mg/L to 7.2 mg/L. The results of the ANOVA analysis indicated that the fish population significantly declined at both sites and to this extent, Site A lost eight kinds of fish while Site B lost only 10(p<0.01). Therefore, the study found that the oil spill adversely impacts water quality and the nature of various organisms. These discoveries would help in the current state of knowledge by quantifying the effects of oil spillage and proposing an improved approach to environmental management, which includes but is not limited to effectively mitigating the effects of oil spillage by increasing the monitoring of the effects and rendering timely remediation solutions, and engaging various stakeholders, enforcing strict measures and constantly monitoring the environment.

Finding the needle in a haystack: Evaluation of ecotoxicological effects along the continental shelf break during the Brazilian mysterious oil spill

Oceanic oil spills present significant ecological risks that have the potential to contaminate extensive areas, including coastal regions. The occurrence of the 2019 oil spill event in Brazil resulted in over 3000 km of contaminated beaches and shorelines. While assessing the impact on benthic and beach ecosystems is relatively straightforward due to direct accessibility, evaluating the ecotoxicological effects of open ocean oil spills on the pelagic community is a complex task. Difficulties are associated with the logistical challenges of responding promptly and, in case of the Brazilian mysterious oil spill, to the subsurface propagation of the oil that impeded remote visual detection. An oceanographic expedition was conducted in order to detect and evaluate the impact of this oil spill event along the north-eastern Brazilian continental shelf. The pursuit of dissolved and dispersed oil compounds was accomplished by standard oceanographic methods including seawater polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) analysis, biomass stable carbon isotope (δ13C), particulate organic carbon to particulate organic nitrogen (POC:PON) ratios, nutrient analysis and ecotoxicological bioassays using the naupliar phase of the copepod Tisbe biminiensis. Significant ecotoxicological effects, reducing naupliar development by 20–40 %, were indicated to be caused by the presence of dispersed oil in the open ocean. The heterogeneous distribution of oil droplets aggravated the direct detection and biochemical indicators for oil are presented and discussed. Our findings serve as a case study for identifying and tracing subsurface propagation of oil, demonstrating the feasibility of utilizing standard oceanographic and ecotoxicological methods to assess the impacts of oil spill events in the open ocean. Ultimately, it encourages the establishment of appropriate measures and responses regarding the liability and regulation of entities to be held accountable for oil spills in the marine environment.

Geospatial Assessment of Oil Spill’s Impact in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area Rivers State, Nigeria

Environmental degradation resulting from oil spills has emerged as a critical issue requiring immediate attention. This study uses geospatial techniques to investigate the impact of oil spills in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State. Landsat images, administrative map of the study area and historical oil spill data were data used in carrying out this study. The images were pre-processed through atmospheric and geometric corrections. Spatial analysis of four remote sensing indices-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for assessing vegetation health, Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) for detecting water bodies, Land Surface Temperature (LST) for measuring surface temperature, and Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) for identifying built-up areas-was conducted using the raster calculator in ArcGIS. The study employed the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assign weights to these indices based their relative significance regarding oil spill impact. Subsequently, reclassification and integration of this information were done to generate Oil Spill Index (OSI) maps for 2003, 2013, and 2023. Validation of the Oil Spill Index (OSI) of various points before and after an oil spill incident was performed, specifically contrasting 2003 with 2013 and 2023 OSI values. This was to affirm the accuracy and predictive capability of the OSI maps in identifying oil spill-prone areas. Findings revealed OSI values for 2003 and 2013, indicating a range of 1.04 to 3.48 for 2003, with a noticeable increase observed in 2013, expanding the range to 3.08 to 4.72. Similarly, a comparison of OSI values between 2003 and 2023 indicates OSI values, ranging from 1.64 to 3.92 in 2003, then in 2023 after the oil spill incidents, there were notable changes in the OSI values, with the range shifting to 3.2 to 4.84. This suggests a significant increase in the impact of oil spill on the affected areas over the two-decade. This comprehensive index map serves as a tool for monitoring and assessing the effects of oil spills on the study area, thereby achieving the research objectives effectively.

Deep-Sea Benthic Response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Harpacticoid Families as Sentinels of Impact Through Space and Time.

The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in the northern Gulf of Mexico, occurred in 2010 at 1525 meters depth, releasing approximately 507 M liters of oil. Research cruises in 2010 and 2011 were conducted to assess the initial and subsequent effects of the oil spill on deep-sea infauna. The spatial-temporal response of the deep-sea meiofaunal harpacticoid community composition to the DWH oil spill was investigated at 34 stations ranging from<1 km to nearly 200 km from the wellhead in 2010 and 2011. The pattern of reduced harpacticoid diversity in impacted zones compared to non-impacted zones in 2010 persisted in 2011. However, an increase in Hill's diversity index (N1) and the family richness across the two years in some of the impacted stations could suggest a first signal of a tentative recovery and an improvement of environmental conditions. The multivariate analysis of harpacticoid family composition revealed the persistence of an impact in 2011 with moderately high values of turnover diversity in the harpacticoid communities through time (37%) and space (38-39%). The consistent presence in all years and stations of long-term tolerant families (e.g., Ameiridae), the sharp decrease of fast-responding opportunistic families (e.g., Tisbidae), and the increase of more sensitive ones (e.g., Ectinosomatidae, Canthocamptidae, Cletopsyllidae, and Laophontidae) lead to the preliminary conclusion that some initial signals of recovery are evident. However, as impacts were still evident in 2011, and because recruitment and succession rates can be extremely slow in the deep sea, full community recovery had not yet occurred one year after the DWH disaster. This study confirmed that harpacticoid copepod family diversity can offer an accurate assessment of oil-spill impacts on deep-sea benthic communities over space and time as well as a better understanding of the recovery mode of the system after an oil spill event.

Satellite based oil spill emergency response and recovery support

Oil spills at sea pose a complex and challenging problem. Detecting, reporting, and potentially acting on the spill are difficult tasks, especially if the information is only obtained from the perspective of a vessel. Near-real time and relevant information is crucial for effective management of an oil spill event. This paper demonstrates how satellite-based images, combined with methods for thickness extraction and oil drift trajectory, can provide end-users with actionable and timely information for emergency response and recovery support. The results show the high value of quick delivery and the importance of using multiple sensors and data sources during an emergency, which enhance situational awareness and decision making. We highlight the value of satellite imagery for oil detection and show how it can be used to document the polluter, identify relative oil thickness, model oil drift, and compare different sensors.

A systematic review of the impacts of oil spillage on residents of oil-producing communities in Nigeria.

Oil spillage is common in oil-producing communities of Nigeria, and it impacts negatively on the residents of these communities. This study analysed available research data on oil spillage incidents in these communities to determine their main causes and impacts on the residents. This study highlights the immediate and long-term consequences of oil spills on residents of oil-host communities in Nigeria. A systematic review of published studies was carried out, and 22 studies were identified from the literature search. The main causes of oil spills were identified as sabotage (87%), leakage from corroded pipelines (62%), and equipment failure (45%). Others were mystery spills and operational failures. Unemployment, abject poverty, marginalization, and inaction of government regulatory agencies are enabling factors for sabotage and vandalism of oil pipelines. It was found that exposure to oil spills impacts directly and indirectly on residents of oil-host communities, with accompanying health, socioeconomic, and environmental implications. Oil spills in these communities impact on all facets of their life, thereby infringing on their rights to existence and survival. The major interventions were targeted at improving health services, education, infrastructure, skill acquisition, and employment. These in turn reduced the occurrence of violence, insurgency, and human trafficking in the oil-producing communities. It is recommended that government regulatory agencies should be revamped and repositioned to effectively perform their duties. Interventions should be targeted at addressing the causes of agitation by indigenes by involving them in the decision-making process. Also, appropriate remediation strategies should be adopted to clean up the oil spills.

Modeling oil spill disasters using system dynamics: A case study on the MT Princess Empress oil spill in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines

Oil spill events pose potentially irreversible threats to the environment and economy of affected communities, necessitating a comprehensive analysis of their dynamics. This study employs system dynamics (SD) modeling to enhance the current understanding of the complex dynamics associated with oil spill incidents, focusing on the case of the MT Princess Empress oil spill in the Philippines last February 2023. The research integrates quantitative and qualitative data to develop a dynamic simulation model that captures the interdependencies among key variables, such as spill characteristics, environmental factors, response measures, resource allocation, and socio-economic impacts. Model validation was performed by comparing the results of the simulation with historical data from the MT Princess Empress incident. Sensitivity analysis was then conducted to identify critical factors influencing the system's behavior. Among oil spill size, initial recovery resources, resource support delay, and cash assistance to affected individuals, oil spill size was determined to have the most significant effect on the oil spill system owing to the amplification of negative consequences via reinforcing feedback loops. The research findings thus underscore the effectiveness of preventive measures as the primary strategy for mitigating the consequences of oil spills. Sustainable recovery for communities affected by such incidents also necessitates a shift towards long-term rehabilitation initiatives and proactive community engagement rather than relying on short-term solutions.

Binary mixture of ionic liquid and span 80 for oil spill remediation: Synthesis and performance evaluation

The synthesis of new surfactants helps to mitigate the environmental and financial effects of oil spills by providing efficient cleanup options. Herein, this study provides the development of a binary mixture of Span 80 and Choline myristate [Cho][Mys], a surface-active ionic liquid (SAIL) as green dispersant for oil spill remediation. The synergistic interaction at a 60:40 (w/w) ratio significantly lowered the critical micelle concentration (cmc) to 0.029 mM. Dispersion efficiency tests with Arab crude oil showed optimal performance at a 60:40 ratio of Span 80 and [Cho][Mys] (1:25 dispersant to oil ratio, v/v), achieving 81.16 % dispersion effectiveness in the baffled flask test. The binary mixture demonstrated superior emulsion stability (6 h) and the lowest interfacial tension (1.12 mN/m). Acute toxicity experiments revealed the dispersant's practical non-toxicity with an LC50 value of 600 mg/L. Overall, this environmentally benign surfactant combination shows promise as a safe and effective oil spill dispersant.

Parsing the toxicity paradox: Composition and duration of exposure alter predicted oil spill effects by orders of magnitude

Oil spilled into an aquatic environment produces oil droplet and dissolved component concentrations and compositions that are highly variable in space and time. Toxic effects on aquatic biota vary with sensitivity of the organism, concentration, composition, environmental conditions, and frequency and duration of exposure to the mixture of oil-derived dissolved compounds. For a range of spill (surface, subsea, blowout) and oil types under different environmental conditions, modeling of oil transport, fate, and organism behavior was used to quantify expected exposures over time for planktonic, motile, and stationary organisms. Different toxicity models were applied to these exposure time histories to characterize the influential roles of composition, concentration, and duration of exposure on aquatic toxicity. Misrepresenting these roles and exposures can affect results by orders of magnitude. Well-characterized laboratory studies for <24-hour exposures are needed to improve toxicity predictions of the typically short-term exposures that characterize spills.

Population biology of the reef crab Eriphia gonagra (Fabricius, 1781): Spatial variations and anthropogenic impacts in the Western Tropical Atlantic

The red-finger rubble crab, Eriphia gonagra, plays a fundamental ecological role in maintaining reef cover and is an important component of the reef food web. This study aimed to compare population aspects of E. gonagra in four reef areas in Northeastern Brazil and investigated the effects of anthropogenic impacts upon the community, including trampling, sewage discharge, and one of the largest oil spills in Brazilian history, which occurred in August 2019. Over the course of a year, 222 individuals of E. gonagra were examined. The oil spill impact did not affect the studied aspects of the population, but results pointed out that tourism caused a decrease in the average carapace size and maturation in Ponta Verde and Carneiros compared to less frequented areas. While the current study found no apparent impact of the oil spill on the studied aspects of the population, it underscores the ongoing need for research into the sub-lethal effects of oil spills. Continued investigation is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of potential long-term impacts and to refine our knowledge in this area. This study highlights the importance of research into the effects of human activities on benthic crustacean species in reef environments to better understand their overall health.

A Review on the Effects of Crude Oil Spill on Aquatic Life (Fish) in The Niger Delta, Nigeria

A Review on the Effects of Crude Oil Spill on Aquatic Life (Fish) in The Niger Delta, Nigeria

Comparative Analysis of Efficiency and Environmental Impact of Various Marine Oil Cleanup Technologies

Marine oil pollution, stemming from human activities, poses severe threats to ecosystems and coastal areas globally. This study assesses and compares various marine oil cleanup technologies, examining their efficiency and environmental impacts. The overview covers mechanical methods (e.g., skimming, barriers) and chemical/biological approaches (e.g., bioremediation, chemical agents). Evaluation criteria include effectiveness in diverse environments, cleanup speed, scalability, and cost/resource requirements. Case studies like the Dalian Port 7·16 Oil Leak and the Bohai Bay Oil Spill shed light on applied technologies and their outcomes. Recommendations emphasize enhancing cleanup strategies and regulatory frameworks for efficient responses to oil spill events. This study advocates for understanding cleanup technology limitations and ecological impacts while promoting sustainable strategies to combat marine oil pollution's adverse effects.

The role of habitat heterogeneity and timescales on the recovery of reef epifaunal communities affected by a massive oil spill in the tropics

From August 2019 to January 2020 the Brazilian Coast was impacted by the largest oil spill in the Tropical oceans ever since. Paiva Beach, one of the most preserved sandy beaches in the northeast tropical Brazilian coast, was among the most affected regions by the oil spill in October 2019. This area has important reef systems that harbor abundant macroalgal assemblages with very diverse epifaunal communities. The present study aims to evaluate the impacts of the 2019 oil spill on epifauna associated with the seaweed species Jania capillacea and Penicillus capitatus collected in Paiva Beach from July 2019 to October 2022, and use the interaction macroalgae/epifauna/timescale as a proxy to quantify the effects of oil spills on communities structure and recovery. The epifauna of both algae did not suffer severe changes in abundance immediately after the spill, however, the abundance of taxa like echinoderms, sea spiders (Pycnogonida) and peracarid crustaceans dropped during or soon after the event, whereas others, like sabellid worms, had strong increase in abundance, possibly related to the spill. Both phytal assemblages also had distinct temporal patterns in species diversity and abundance, the last being strongly correlated to amphipod abundance for some taxa. The epifauna of J. capillacea had a short-term tendency of decrease in taxonomic diversity, whereas the epifaunal communities of P. capitatus gained a few taxa in the months immediately after the disaster. The diversity profiles of both communities returned to pre-spill conditions a few months later, with a slower abundance recovery in J. capillacea. Local environmental characteristics like landscape heterogeneity, connectivity with other environments, and critical-species (mainly amphipods) were possibly the main buffering factors for the phytal communities after the oil spill.

Application Comparison of the Lex Loci Delicti Commission Theory between the Oil Spill Case in the Gulf of Mexico and the Carbon Emissions Case in the Netherlands

The event of a disastrous oil spill from British Petroleum's offshore drilling installation on the 20th of April 2010 was caused by a leaking underwater pipeline, which polluted the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Subsequently, there was the Carbon Emission Case in the Netherlands, which required Shell to reduce their carbon emissions by 45% by 2030 from the carbon emissions generated in 2019. Both events were deeply concerning and directly effected the citizens of the respective countries. In the first case, the spill of approximately 5,000 barrels or 210,000 gallons (795,000 liters) of crude oil spread extensively due to ocean currents where the contaminated area ended up covering 9,933 square kilometers of ocean (77 x 129km). This oil spill, which was a result of British Petroleum's negligence, lead to legal action taken against the company for violations of international environmental laws, due to environmental pollution. In the second case, Shell, was deemed to have contributed significantly to climate change in the Netherlands. The company was responsible for twice the amount of greenhouse gas emissions than the Netherlands. The research method employed in this journal uses a normative juridical research approach, focusing on legal norms within the decisions for Case MDL No. 2179 and the Verdict issued by the Haugue District Court. In this journal, the author concludes that both British Petroleum and Shell have been proven to commit unlawful acts against the international environment laws through environmental pollution.