Oil-soluble Polymer Research Articles

Carbon dots grafted by oil-soluble polymer brushes derived from bis-alkyl chain monomers as a lubricant additive of poly-α-olefin with outstanding friction-reducing, anti-wear and anti-rust properties

The application of carbon dots (CDs) as lubricant additives of nonpolar oils such as poly-α-olefins (PAOs) has been greatly hindered because most of CDs derived from the bottom-up method were water-soluble. In this work, the oil-soluble polymer brushes grafted CDs were synthesized by the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of bis-alkyl chain monomers. As expected, the polymer grafted CDs exhibited the excellent long-term dispersion stability in PAO owing to the principle of similar compatibility. As the lubricant additives of PAO4, the CDs showed the best friction-reducing and anti-wear properties when the polymerization time was 2 h. Adding 1 wt% of CDs could make the coefficient of friction and wear volume of PAO4 reduce by 64.1 % and 49.6 %, respectively. Moreover, both the tribological properties and anti-rust performance of CDs were superior to the commercially used ZDDP. The distinguished friction-reducing and anti-wear properties of CDs were attributed to the synergistic lubrication of carbon cores and polymer brushes. The rolling, repairing and polishing action of carbon cores, together with the tribo-reactions of polymer brushes, resulted in the formation of tough lubricating films on the rubbing surfaces, thereby tremendously alleviating the friction and wear of tribopair. The impressive anti-rust performance of CDs could be assigned to their strong adsorption ability on metallic surfaces. The above results are hopeful to provide useful information for the design and development of efficient multifunctional additives such as polymer-grafted metallic or inorganic nanomaterials.

Anti-turbulent efficiency of oil-soluble polymer solutions and colloid systems flowing through cylindrical channel

Relevance. The use of anti-turbulent additives for transporting hydrocarbon liquids through main pipelines allows reducing significantly the energy consumption of pumping power stations. Aim. Comparative analysis of the anti-turbulent efficiency of high-molecular polymers and compositions of surfactants. Methods. Laboratory-scale experimentation aimed to study the flow of dilute polymer solutions and dispersed surfactant systems through a cylindrical channel of a turbulent rheometer. Results. The author has carried out the comparative experimental studies of the anti-turbulent efficiency of extremely dilute solutions of polymers and colloidal systems. The results were obtained that suggest a higher anti-turbulent efficiency of high-molecular-weight polymers compared to micellar surfactant systems. Solutions of high molecular weight polybutadiene and aluminum polyhydroxydicarboxylates in gasoline were used as samples for the experimental comparison of hydrodynamic efficiency. The paper describes the laboratory setup, on which the studies were carried out, and introduces the formulas used for quantitative calculations. The structure of polymer solutions and colloidal systems is considered and a theoretical explanation is given for the preferential use in industrial practice of high-molecular polymers in extremely low concentrations in real pipelines. It was found out that the mechanisms of degradation of antiturbulent properties of polymer solutions and dispersed surfactant systems are different. This is due to the difference in the structure of macromolar coils of polymer with an immobilized solvent and that of micelles from low molecular amphiphilic compounds. The paper introduces the arguments that explain the degradation of the antiturbulent properties of polymers not by the destruction of carbon-chain macromolecules, but by decomposition in a turbulent flow of the original large associates, consisting of a large number of chains, into individual and smaller macromolecular coils with an immobilized solvent.

Oil-soluble polymer brushes-functionalized nanoMOFs for highly efficient friction and wear reduction

Nanomaterials as lubricating oil additives have attracted significant attention because of their designable composition and structure, suitable mechanical property, and tunable surface functionalities. However, the poor compatibility between nanomaterials and base oil limits their further applications. In this work, we demonstrated oil-soluble poly (lauryl methacrylate) (PLMA) brushes-grafted metal-organic frameworks nanoparticles (nanoMOFs) as lubricating oil additives that can achieve efficient friction reduction and anti-wear performance. Macroinitiators were synthesized by free-radical polymerization, which was coordinatively grafted onto the surface of the UiO-67 nanoparticles. Then, PLMA brushes were grown on the macroinitiator-modified UiO-67 by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, which greatly improved the lipophilic property of the UiO-67 nanoparticles and significantly enhanced the colloidal stability and long-term dispersity in both non-polar solvent and base oil. By adding UiO-67@PLMA nanoparticles into the 500 SN base oil, coefficient of friction and wear volume reductions of 45.3% and 75.5% were achieved due to their excellent mechanical properties and oil dispersibility. Moreover, the load-carrying capacity of 500 SN was greatly increased from 100 to 500 N by the UiO-67@PLMA additives, and their excellent tribological performance was demonstrated even at a high friction frequency of 65 Hz and high temperature of 120 °C. Our work highlights oil-soluble polymer brushes-functionalized nanoMOFs for highly efficient lubricating additives.

Lube Oil Performance Enhancement Using Nano-Polymers Additives during Copolymerization Reaction

Under the parameters of normal engine operation, lubricating oil typically experience periodic shifts in its viscosity. Because of this, engine oils often include polymeric additives that are referred to as viscosity modifiers. The oil is able to give acceptable fluid lubrication at extreme temps due to these additives, which are oil-soluble polymers. The aim of present work to use polymers in form of nano-composites such as Styrene, Octadecyl-methacrylate (ODMC) and Dodecyle-methcrylate (DDMC) for lube oil viscosity index and pour point enhancement during copolymerization reaction. The benzoyl peroxide was used as an initiator. Solubilizes were made using SN-150 mineral base oil from the Al-Dorha refineries in Baghdad, which had a viscosity index of 128, and a viscosity range of 0 to 100°C. Styrene and methacrylate monomer combinations were copolymerized in an SN-150 mineral base oil solution in a nitrogen atmosphere at 60-80°C. A 200 mm3 oil glass reactor fitted with a magnetic stirrer and a reflux condenser was used to conduct the reactions. Five percent by weight of the total monomer was the concentration used. With respect to the monomers, the initiator concentration was 1.0% wt. Seven hours are needed for the whole reaction cycle. The copolymer composition was modified from 5 to 25% wt.% styrene by changing the monomer combination ratio. The advanced statistical analysis is performed to find the optimum conditions by mean of surface response and multiple regression using MINITAB. The optimization finding is obtained at Styrene of 5%, DDMC of 18% and ODMC of 18%, which promotes viscosity index of 197 leading to 51% enhancement in Al-Dora lube oil.

The additives of polymer type

The paper presents the general data on various polymer additives – polyisobutylene, polyacrilates, polymetacrylates, oil-soluble polymers and copolymers of allyl and vynil monomers, the derivatives of alkylnaphtalines, alkylfenol, which improve viscous and depressor properties of the lubricants. While using polymer compounds undergo different processes of destruction and oxidation. To improve the stability, the aromatic fragments are involved in the polymers via various methods. The paper provides the results of the research surveys on the synthesis of the additives of polymer type with heat-stable, high viscous-temperature, depressor, anticorrosion, antioxidation properties, and their structure have been studied as well. It is noted that wide-range studies in the sphere of the synthesis and examination of the target, high-quality polymer additives are carried out in the Institute for the Chemistry of Additives of ANAS named after A.M. Guliyev. These additives as the depressor ones reduce the chilling temperature of the lubricants and improve their viscosity index.

Mechanical degradation of polyalphaolefin in turbulent drag reduction flow in rheometer and pipeline

Turbulent drag can be reduced by the use of anti-turbulent additives, which are often associated with significant economic benefits. For half a century turbulent drag reduction has become a hot research topic. However, under the strong hydrodynamic force of turbulent flow, chains of the polymer’s macromolecules may undergo significant mechanical degradation. In the present work, we investigated drag reduction and mechanical degradation characteristics of oil-soluble polymer-polyalphaolefin (PAO) in turbulent flows in a parallel-plate disk rheometer, cylindric rotational rheometer, and commercial oil pipeline. The influence of Reynolds number, temperature, polyalphaolefin composition, and concentration on polymer mechanical degradation have been analyzed. We revealed different degradation behaviors in turbulent flows for oil-soluble polymers in rheometer and pipeline. A degradation law for oil-soluble polymers in a rheometer and a general model of degradation in the pipeline have been derived, which can be used to predict drag reduction efficiency DR and effective polymer concentration θ in rheometer and commercial pipelines. The models are in high agreement with experimental results.

Supramolecular Interfaces and Reconfigurable Liquids Derived from Cucurbit[7]uril Surfactants.

Nanoparticle surfactants (NPSs) offer a powerful means to stabilize the oil-water interface and construct all-liquid devices with advanced functions. However, as the nanoparticle size decreases to molecular-scale, the binding energy of the NPS to the interface reduces significantly, leading to a dynamic adsorption of NPS and "liquid-like" state of the interfacial assemblies. Here, by using the host-guest recognition between a water-soluble small molecule, cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and an oil-soluble polymer ligand, methyl viologen-terminated polystyrene, a supramolecular NPS model, termed CB[7] surfactant, is described. CB[7] surfactants form and assemble rapidly at the oil-water interface, generating an elastic film with excellent mechanical properties. The binding energy of CB[7] surfactant to the interface is sufficiently high to hold it in a jammed state, transforming the interfacial assemblies from a "liquid-like" to "solid-like" state, enabling the structuring of liquids. With CB[7] surfactants as the emulsifier, O/W, W/O and O/W/O emulsions can be prepared in one step. Owing to the guest-competitive responsiveness of CB[7] surfactants, the assembly/disassembly and jamming/unjamming of CB[7] surfactants can be well controlled, leading to the reconfiguration of all-liquid constructs.

Compositionally Driven Viscometric Behaviors of Poly (Alkyl Methacrylates) in Lubricating Oils

Viscosity index (VI) and shear stability index (SSI) are standard methods used in the lubricant industry to determine temperature-viscosity dependency and resistance to product degradation, respectively. A variety of oil-soluble polymers, including poly(alkyl methacrylates) (PAMAs) are routinely used to control these properties in fully-formulated liquid lubricants. In this report, we use reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to precisely target identical degrees of polymerization in a family of PAMAs with varying lauryl, hexyl, butyl, ethyl, and methyl groups. Then, expanding on previous methodology reported in the literature, we establish structure property relationships for these PAMAs, specifically looking at how intrinsic viscosity [η] and Martin interaction parameters KM relate to VI and SSI characteristics. While the intrinsic viscosity [η] is associated with the volume of macromolecules at infinite dilution, the parameter KM reflects the hydrodynamic interactions of polymer chains at actual polymer concentrations in lubricating oils. In this paper, we show that the dependence of VI on the non-dimensional concentration c/c* (or c[η]) can be presented in a form of master curve with shift factors proportional to KM that decreases with increasing size of alkyl groups. This finding implies that even in the dilute regime, the coil-expansion theory used to explain the effect of macromolecules on VI should be complemented with the idea of hydrodynamic interactions between polymer molecules that can be controlled by the choice of alkyl chains in the family of PAMAs.

Statement of Retraction

This article refers to:RETRACTED ARTICLE: Oil soluble polymers as a viscosity-reducing agent for super heavy oil

Effect of Additives on the Tribological Properties of Various Greases-A Review

Abstract Effect of grease constituents such as base oil, thickener, and their interaction on the lubricating film thickness at various speeds has been studied. The rheological properties of greases and impact of thickener, various oil soluble polymers and their molecular weight on these properties are examined. Greases when used in high temperature and high pressure applications result in high friction and wear, how to improve their anti-wear and extreme pressure properties has been investigated. The effect of various additives such as Benzoic acid, polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), nano titanium dioxide, cerium oxide (CeO2), sulphurized isobutene, carbon nanotubes, graphene nanosheets, on the tribological properties of various greases is studied. This review article aims to present an overview of the role of base oil, thickener, viscosity modifiers, and various additives in grease lubrication and in enhancement of tribological properties of various greases.

Latest Technology of Oil Soluble Polymer

Latest Technology of Oil Soluble Polymer

High viscosity-reducing performance oil-soluble viscosity reduction agents containing acrylic acid ester as monomer for heavy oil with high asphaltene content

Reducing viscosity of crude oil is a direct means of cutting the cost and increasing the amount of crude oil delivery. It was found that kerosene-dilution can significantly reduce the viscosity of Shengli heavy oil, and the viscosity reduction rate varies little with temperature rises. By measuring the viscosity of the deasphalted oil, it was found that the viscosity of the heavy oil was greatly reduced after deasphalted treatment, and the deasphalted oil showed a good Newtonian fluid, indicating that the high viscosity of the Shengli heavy oil was because of high asphaltene rather than the precipitation of paraffin. Aiming at the high asphaltene of Shengli heavy oil, oil-soluble polymer viscosity reduction agent was used to study the viscosity reduction. Two new monomers, acrylic acid phenethyl alcohol ester and benzyl acrylate were synthesized, and six copolymers were synthesized by free radical copolymerization with styrene, octadecyl acrylate and N-methoxyphenyl maleimide. Through the viscosity-reducing evaluation, the copolymer containing acrylic acid phenethyl alcohol ester and octadecyl acrylate (AD) had best performance. At 70 °C, the AD achieved viscosity reduction rate of 61.74%, which is the result of the matching of aromatics and solubility of monomers. And it is found that the monomer cooperation has an important effect on the viscosity reduction. This provided an important guidance to development of oil-soluble viscosity reduction agent.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Oil soluble polymers as a viscosity-reducing agent for super heavy oil

Statement of RetractionWe, the Editor and the Publisher of Petroleum Science and Technology, have retracted the following article:Li-Yan Pan, Guo-Qing Feng, Jin-cheng Mao & Hai-Bin Wang. “Oil soluble polymers as a viscosity-reducing agent for super heavy oil,” Petroleum Science and Technology, Volume 35, 2017, Issue 8, pages 747–753. doi:10.1080/10916466.2016.1273240We are now cognizant of the fact that the above article has substantial text-matching with the following article, to which no attribution was made:Jincheng Mao, Jiawei Liu, Haibin Wang, Xiaojiang Yang, Zhaoyang, Bo Yang & Jinzhou Zhago. “Novel terpolymers as viscosity reducing agent for Tahe super heavy oil,” RSC Advances, Volume 7, 2017, Issue 31, pages 19257–19261.It is therefore not deemed to be an original contribution. We note the breach of warranties made by the authors with respect to originality and provenance, and of our policy on publishing ethics and integrity. We note that we received, peer-reviewed, accepted, and published the article in good faith based on these warranties, and censure this action.We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”.

Interparticle Capillary Forces at a Fluid-Fluid Interface with Strong Polymer-Induced Aging.

We report on a measurement of forces between particles adsorbed at a water-oil interface in the presence of an oil-soluble polymer. The cationic polymer interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged particles, thereby modulating the particle contact angle and the magnitude of capillary attraction between the particles. However, polymer adsorption to the interface also generates an increase in the apparent interfacial viscosity over several orders of magnitude in a time span of a few hours. We have designed an experiment in which repeated motion trajectories are measured on pairs of particles. The experiment gives an independent quantification of the interfacial drag coefficient (10-7-10-4 Ns/m) and of the interparticle capillary forces (0.1-10 pN). We observed that the attractive capillary force depends on the amount of polymer in the oil phase and on the particle pair. However, the attraction appears to be independent of the surface rheology, with changes over a wide range of apparent viscosity values due to aging. Given the direction (attraction), the range (∼μm), and the distance dependence (∼1/S5) of the observed interparticle force, we interpret the force as being caused by quadrupolar deformations of the fluid-fluid interface induced by particle surface roughness. The results suggest that capillary forces are equilibrated in the early stages of interface aging and thereafter do not change anymore, even though strong changes in surface rheology still occur. The described experimental approach is powerful for studying dissipative as well as conservative forces of micro- and nanoparticles at fluid-fluid interfaces for systems out of equilibrium.

Oil-Soluble Polymer Brush Grafted Nanoparticles as Effective Lubricant Additives for Friction and Wear Reduction.

The development of high performance lubricants has been driven by increasingly growing industrial demands and environmental concerns. Herein, we demonstrate oil-soluble polymer brush-grafted inorganic nanoparticles (hairy NPs) as highly effective lubricant additives for friction and wear reduction. A series of oil-miscible poly(lauryl methacrylate) brush-grafted silica and titania NPs were synthesized by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. These hairy NPs showed exceptional stability in poly(alphaolefin) (PAO) base oil; no change in transparency was observed after being kept at -20, 22, and 100 °C for ≥55 days. High-contact stress ball-on-flat reciprocating sliding tribological tests at 100 °C showed that addition of 1 wt % of hairy NPs into PAO led to significant reductions in coefficient of friction (up to ≈40 %) and wear volume (up to ≈90 %). The excellent lubricating properties of hairy NPs were further elucidated by the characterization of the tribofilm formed on the flat. These hairy NPs represent a new type of lubricating oil additives with high efficiency in friction and wear reduction.

Relaxations of light scattering in mixture of PEG-PDMS-PEG triblock polymer with water in oil nano-droplets

The effect of a triblock oil soluble polymer (PEG-PDMS-PEG) on the properties of water-in-oil (W/O) droplet microemulsion (R ∼ 7.5 nm) has been studied as a function of the amount of added polymer. Macroscopically one observes a substantial increase of viscosity with increase of polymer concentration that it is surpassed and effective cross-linking of the droplets takes place. SAXS measurements show that the size of the droplets is not changed by the polymer addition but it induces repulsive interactions ones at high polymer content. One fast (alpha relaxation) and two slow relaxations (beta and gamma relaxations) were observed in mixture system by Quasielastic light scattering (QLS). At high polymer content the network formation leads to slowdown of beta and gamma relaxations in QLS and increase in the motion of alpha. Moreover, the increasing of midblock length of polymer in mixture systems can increasing the different between slow and fast relaxation.

Length scale effect of PCL-PB-PCL on the light scattering and dynamics of network

The effect of length scale of triblock oil-soluble polymer (poly (ε-caprolactone)–poly butadiene-poly (ε-caprolactone)) (PCL-PB-PCL) on the properties of a water-in-oil (W/O) droplet microemulsion (R ~ 5.5 nm) has been studied as a function of the amount of added telechelic polymer. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements show that the size of the droplets is not affected by the polymer addition but it induces attractive interactions at low concentration and repulsive ones at high polymer content. Measurements of the diffusion coefficient by dynamic light scattering (DLS) show different relaxations in mixed systems. The fast diffusion coefficient increases with increase in polymer concentration. At higher polymer content, the network formation leads to an additional slow relaxation mode in DLS that can be related to the formation of clusters of microemulsion droplets interconnected by the polymer. The collective diffusion of slow relaxations decreases with increase of polymer concentrations.

Physical and mechanical properties of sunflower oil and synthetic polymers based bigels for the delivery of nitroimidazole antibiotic – A therapeutic approach for controlled drug delivery

Bigels of sunflower oil, span 40 and water soluble synthetic polymers (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone) were prepared and explored as controlled delivery vehicle for metronidazole. Fluorescence microscope was used to analyze the microstructure of the bigels. Viscometer and mechanical tester were used to study the mechanical properties of the bigels. The antimicrobial efficiency of the metronidazole loaded bigels was evaluated in vitro using Escherichiacoli. The cytotoxicity studies were conducted in vitro using HaCaT cell lines. The microstructure of the bigels showed the presence of hydrogel as continuous phase and oleogels as dispersed form. The bigels were viscoelastic in nature with pseudoplastic flow behavior. A decrease in the amount of the released drug was observed with the increase in the polymer concentration in the bigels. All the bigels showed a high cell proliferation index. The drug loaded bigels showed equivalent inhibitory zones against Escherichia coli as compared to commercially available formulations.

Degradation of polymer solutions in a turbulent flow in a cylindrical channel

Water- and oil-soluble polymers capable to reduce the turbulent flow drag were studied. The cause of a decrease in the Toms effect under various conditions was determined. Recommendations were formulated for optimum use of the polymers in pipeline transport technologies.

Turbulent flow of oil-water emulsions with polymer additives

The article outlines direct and reverse oil-water emulsions. Microphotography study of these emulsions was carried out. The effect of water-soluble and oil soluble polymers on the emulsion structure and their turbulent flow velocity in cylindrical channel was investigated. It has been experimentally proven that if the fluid being transported is not homogeneous, but a two-phase oil-water emulsion, only the polymer that is compatible with dispersion medium and capable of dissolving in this medium can reduce the hydrodynamic resistance of the fluid flow. Thus, the resistance in direct emulsions can be reduced by water- soluble polyacrylamide, while oil-soluble polyhexene can be applied for reverse emulsions.