Oil In Sediments Research Articles

The Effect of the Inhibitory Composition on the Composition of Paraffin Hydrocarbons in Oil Sediments

The Effect of the Inhibitory Composition on the Composition of Paraffin Hydrocarbons in Oil Sediments

Efficient preparation of diglycerides from rapeseed oil sediment using phospholipase C in a solvent-free phospholipid hydrolysis system

Diacylglycerols (DAGs), which are involved in rapid energy supply and fat reduction, are typically produced from triglycerides, glycerol and fatty acids through lipase-catalysis. This study introduces a novel method for preparing DAGs in a solvent-free system by using phospholipase C (PLC) hydrolysis of rapeseed oil sediment, which is a byproduct of the rapeseed oil water degumming. The optimisation of DAGs production by PLC hydrolysis using Response Surface Methodology (RMS) and Box-Behnken design. Under optimal conditions of 0.6% enzyme concentration, 51 °C reaction temperature, 56% water content and 2.2 h reaction time, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine in the oil sediment were almost entirely converted into DAGs. This reaction yielded an oil product containing 27.1% DAGs, with 1,2-DAGs at 24.88% ± 0.01% and 1,3-DAGs at 2.22% ± 0.01%, which is favoured in drug delivery systems, and the fatty acid composition of DAGs oil was almost consistent with rapeseed oil. Moreover, the residual phospholipids were primarily phosphatidylinositol (PI), with an amount of 69.73%, suggesting the potential for high-purity PI production. In this study, rapeseed oil sediment achieved comprehensive utilization through hydrolysis by PLC, which not only enhanced the value of the oil sediment but also provided a new approach for the synthesis of DAGs.

Naphthenic Acid Corrosion Mitigation: The Role of Niobium in Low-Carbon Steel.

Naphthenic acid corrosion is a well-recognized factor contributing to corrosion in the construction of offshore industry pipelines. To mitigate the corrosive effects, minor quantities of alloying elements are introduced into the steel. This research specifically explores the corrosion effects arising from immersing low-carbon steel, specifically A333 Grade 6, in a naphthenic acid solution. Various weight percentages of niobium were incorporated, and the resulting properties were observed. It was noted that the addition of 2% niobium in low-carbon steel exhibited the least mass loss and a lower corrosion rate after a 12 h immersion in naphthenic acid. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed small white particles, indicating the presence of oil sediment residue, along with corrosion pits. Following the addition of 2% niobium, the occurrence of corrosion pits markedly decreased, and only minor voids were observed. Additionally, the chemical composition analysis using energy-dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) showed that the black spot exhibited the highest percentage of carbon, resembling high corrosion attack. Meanwhile, the whitish regions with low carbon content indicated the lowest corrosion attack. The results demonstrated that the addition of 2% niobium yielded optimal properties for justifying corrosion effects. Therefore, low-carbon steel with a 2% niobium addition can be regarded as a superior corrosion-resistant material for offshore platform pipeline applications.

Effect of an Inhibitory Composition on the Composition of Paraffin Hydrocarbons in Oil Sediments

Effect of an Inhibitory Composition on the Composition of Paraffin Hydrocarbons in Oil Sediments

Taxogenomic placement of Rasporella oleae and Rasporella dianae gen. and spp. nov., two insect associated yeast species.

During the course of independent studies in Europe, North America, and Africa,seven yeast strains were isolated from insect frass, decaying wood, tree flux, and olive oil sediment. Phylogenetic analysis of two barcoding DNA regions (internal transcribed spacerand the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene) revealed that they belong to two closely related undescribed species distinct from all genera in the family Debaryomycetaceae. For reliable taxonomic placement the genomes of four strains of the two novel species and six type strains of closely related species were sequenced. Orthologous genes from 54 genomes of representatives of the Pichiomycetes and 23 outgroup taxa were concatenated to construct a fully supported phylogenetic tree. Consistent with the assumptions, we found that the two new species belong to a novel genus. In addition, the delimitation of the novel species was supported by genetic distance calculations from average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA:DNA hybridization (dDDH) values. The physiological characterization of the novel species was generally consistent with their genomic content. All strains had two alleles encoding secretory lipase in either two or three copies depending on the species. However, lipolytic activity was detected only in strains with three copies of the secretory lipase gene. Nevertheless, lipolytic activity might be related to their association with the insect gut. Based on these results, formal descriptions of the new genus Rasporella gen. nov. and of two new species Rasporella dianae sp. nov. (holotype UCDFST 68-643T , MycoBank no.: 850238) and Rasporella oleae sp. nov. (holotype ZIM 2471T , MycoBank no.: 850126) are provided.

Long-term biodegradation of crude oil in high-arctic backshore sediments: The Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) after nearly four decades

With an on-going disproportional warming of the Arctic Ocean and the reduction of the sea ice cover, the risk of an accidental oil spill from ships or future oil exploration is increasing. It is hence important to know how crude oil weathers in this environment and what factors affect oil biodegradation in the Arctic. However, this topic is currently poorly studied. In the 1980s, the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) project carried out a series of simulated oil spills in the backshore zone of beaches located on Baffin Island in the Canadian High Arctic. In this study two BIOS sites were re-visited, offering the unique opportunity to study the long-term weathering of crude oil under Arctic conditions. Here we show that residual oil remains present at these sites even after almost four decades since the original oiling. Oil at both BIOS sites appears to have attenuated very slowly with estimated loss rates of 1.8–2.7% per year. The presence of residual oil continues to significantly affect sediment microbial communities at the sites as manifested by a significantly decreased diversity, differences in the abundance of microorganisms and an enrichment of putative oil-degrading bacteria in oiled sediments. Reconstructed genomes of putative oil degraders suggest that only a subset is specifically adapted for growth under psychrothermic conditions, further reducing the time for biodegradation during the already short Arctic summers. Altogether, this study shows that crude oil spilled in the Arctic can persist and significantly affect the Arctic ecosystem for a long time, in the order of several decades.

Hybrid Modeling of Persistent Shoreline Oil Residues on Abu Ali Island, Saudi Arabia: Extent, Degree, and Remediation Implications

Extensive intertidal asphalt pavements and oiled sediment accumulations extend more than 20 km along the northern shoreline of Abu Ali Island, located north of Jubail on the Arabian (Persian) Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia. This shoreline oiling likely originated from two platforms in the Nowruz oil field, which spilled oil from 1983 to 1985; this was one of the largest marine spills in history, with shoreline impacts that were little known. In this study, we used a novel methodology that combined remote sensing analyses with hybrid machine learning–geostatistical modeling of field-collected data to quantify the distribution, extent, and volume of these contaminated sediments to investigate the mechanisms for their persistence and to support the development of remediation plans. After nearly 40 years, approximately 25,000 m3 of contaminated sediments remain, with nearly 50% of these buried underneath clean sediments. The presence of exposed or subsurface carbonate beach rock platforms or ramps clearly influences the ongoing persistence of these asphalt pavements by protecting them from physical energy and sediment mobilization. These rock platforms complicate potential remediation options, with more than 66% of the modeled volume of asphalt pavement estimated to be directly on top of and in contact with carbonate beach rock. The asphalt pavements present persistent ongoing PAH toxicity and continually shed smaller fragments when exposed to wave energy along with localized sheens and liquid oil, presenting a pathway for ongoing chronic exposure of biota.

Influence of Acid Reagents on Oil Sediment Formation

The formation of oil sediment in highly paraffinic oil in the presence of carboxylic and naphthenic acids was studied. The influence of the concentration and composition of acids on the process of sediment inhibition and the concentrations of paraffins, resins, and asphaltenes in sediments was demonstrated. In the composition of sediments obtained from oil with the addition of acidic reagents, the amount of light n-alkanes increased and the fraction of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons decreased. The concentrations of aliphatic fragments and carboxyl groups in the resins of sediments obtained with the addition of acidic reagents decreased, and the aromaticity coefficient increased. Asphaltenes in the sediment were characterized by a decrease in the concentrations of aromatic structures and carboxyl groups.

Composition and Structure of the Oil Sediments of Resinous Oil

The study of the distribution of sediment formed from test oil on the sediment-forming surface at different temperature gradients was typical for resinous oils: the amount of oil sediment increased with decreasing oil temperature, and its maximum corresponded to temperatures closest to the pour point of oil. The properties and structure of oil sediments, which differed in sampling sites and methods, were greatly influenced by the thermodynamic conditions of sedimentation. In sediments taken directly from a well and formed in dynamic mode at higher temperatures for a short time period, the asphaltene content was lower than that in oil sediments from a receiving tank. In samples taken at the surface and formed at low temperatures for a longer period, the amount of paraffinic hydrocarbons was significantly higher than that in the sediments from the well.

Composition and Structure of the Oil Sediments of Resinous Oil

Composition and Structure of the Oil Sediments of Resinous Oil

Influence of Acid Reagents on Oil Sediment Formation

Influence of Acid Reagents on Oil Sediment Formation

Effect of external wall defect growth on internal wall corrosion of oil pipelines under mechano‐electrochemical interaction

AbstractThe corrosion mechanism of X80 steel in simulated solutions of acid red soil and product oil sediment under mechano‐electrochemical interaction (MEI) was researched to build a new finite element model through multi‐physical field coupling simulation technology. Based on the new model, the effect of external wall defect growth on the internal wall corrosion of oil pipelines was analyzed in detail. The results showed that the distributions of stress and corrosion of the internal wall were extremely affected by the external wall defect depth, and the corrosion rate of the internal wall was enlarged remarkably by the external wall defect growth. Moreover, attributing to the local galvanic cell effect under MEI, the growth rates of corrosion defects in the depth and length directions of the external defect were accelerated because these directions were associated with larger stress and equivalent to the anode, but the corrosion rate in the width direction of the external defect was inhibited because this direction was associated with smaller stress and equivalent to the cathode.

Research of consumer properties of organic oils

The object of the work is organic cold-pressed oils: sea buckthorn oil, amaranth oil, sesame oil. In the work, consumer properties of vegetable oils were studied: organoleptic characteristics, peroxide value, fatty acid composition. Among the organoleptic indicators, transparency, smell, color and the presence of sediment were studied. To determine the smell, the oil was applied in a thin layer on a glass plate. In order to study the color, the oil was poured into a glass with a layer of 50 mm and examined in transmitted and reflected light on a white background. Determination of transparency was carried out in the cylinder after settling at a temperature of 20 °C for 24 hours. To detect sediment in the settled oil, the number of divisions in the lower part of the cylinder occupied by oil sediment was noted. All organoleptic characteristics correspond to the limits of the norm. All samples are transparent, do not contain sediment and foreign odors. The color is inherent in each type of oil. In all samples, the peroxide number was studied. The amount of peroxides was determined by the iodometric method. In sea buckthorn oil, the peroxide number is 4.6 ½O mmol/kg, sesame – 4.8 ½O mmol/kg, amaranth – 4.3 ½O mmol/kg. The indicated indicators correspond to the norm. The fatty acid composition of the oil was determined by gas chromatography on an HP 6890 gas chromatograph (Agilent, USA). The content of meristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids was studied in oils. Oleic acid (18:1ω–9) is found in the largest amount in sesame oil (29.29 %). The content of linolenic acid (18:2ω–6) is the highest in amaranth oil (49.29 %). The content of linoleic acid (18:3ω–3) is the highest in sea buckthorn oil (19.28 %). Further research is planned to be devoted to the effect of vegetable organic oils on the lipid fraction of flour products.

The research on influence of gossypol-based composition on paraffin sediment

The effects of the composition of herbal origin, prepared at the ratio of gossypol resin:MARZA-1=3:1 (MARZA-1 is a reagent of surfactant organic origin with a halogen atom and three triple bonds in the molecule), on the paraffin sediment in high-paraffin oil and the kinetics of sediment formation was investigated under laboratory condition. An oil sample produced from Narimanov deposit was used for the experiment. It was found that the most of asphaltene-resin-paraffin sediment (ARPS) emerged at the temperature of 200C and formed 28.7%. However, at the same temperature, the amount of sediment in the oil with the addition of 700 g/t composition was reduces by 4 times and the protective effect of the reagent was 76%. As the oil temperature rises, the protective activity of the composition decreased. Thus, it was 57%, 39%, and 6.5% at 300C, 400C, and 500C, respectively. The rate of paraffin sediment formation was reduced by 1.75 times, 2.3 times and 3.5 times when the temperature was increased from 200C to 300C, 400C, and 500C, respectively. The highest rate of sediment formation in all temperature intervals under study is mainly observed during the first five minutes of the process. As the duration of the process increases, the rate decreases by 3–4 times depending on the temperature. The composition significantly reduces the rate of sediment formation by retaining the paraffin hydrocarbon crystals dependent on the oil volume. As compared with the reagent-free oil, the rate is reduced by an average of 2.3 times in the temperature interval of 20–300C. However, the rate of sediment formation in reagent-free and reagent-added oil is reduced by 1.5 times at 40–500C. The group composition of asphaltene-resin-paraffin sediments varies depending on the accumulation of oil sediments. The amount of paraffin hydrocarbons increases sharply in the sediment obtained from the original oil during the first 5–15 minutes, and practically does not vary during subsequent periods. On the other hand, paraffin hydrocarbons/asphaltene-resin ratio in the original oil increases from 1.2 to 2.2 over time, indicating that the sediment contains paraffin and paraffin hydrocarbons play a crucial role in the sediment formation process. However, after the application of the reagent, the amount of paraffin hydrocarbons in the ARPS decreases by 8–13%, depending on the time, as compared with the original oil.

Experience in the Application of Hydrocarbon Optical Studies in Oil Field Development

This article reviews the results of measurement of optical properties of oil, such as polarimetry, refractometric, luminescent-bituminological research, IR-spectrometry and UV-visible-NIR spectrometry used to solve geo-bituminology development of hydrocarbon deposits. The authors pay special attention to optical research in the field of UV-visible-NIR electromagnetic radiation, the results of which allow us to estimate the residual oil reserves, separate production for each formation during the operation of multi-layer objects, determine the producing gas-oil ratio, density and content of hydrocarbons, efficiency of hydraulic fracturing, flow-reducing technologies, and injection of solvents of heavy oil sediments, etc. The published approaches to methods of optical research, which are carried out by laboratories or in-well devices, have been analyzed. This article analyzes the main advantages and disadvantages of current technologies for determining the optical properties of oil. The authors propose wellhead devices for determining the optical properties of oil in UV-visible-NIR radiation (190–1100 nm) and their functional schemes, with a description of the operating principle.

Utilization of Soybean Oil Waste for a High-Level Production of Ceramide by a Novel Phospholipase C as an Environmentally Friendly Process

Ceramide is a natural functional ingredient as food additive and medicine that has attracted extensive attention in the food, medical, and cosmetic industries. Here, we developed a biotechnological strategy based on a recombinant whole-cell biocatalyst for efficiently producing ceramide from crude soybean oil sediment (CSOS) waste. A novel phospholipase C (PLCac) from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus isolated from soil samples was identified and characterized. Furthermore, recombinant Komagataella phaffii displaying PLCac (dPLCac) on the cell surface was constructed as a whole-cell biocatalyst with better thermostability (30-60 °C) and pH stability (8.0-10.0) to successfully produce ceramide. After synergistical optimization of reaction time and dPLCac dose, the ceramide yield of hydrolyzing from CSOS using dPLCac was 51% (the theoretical maximum yield of converting sphingomyelin, ∼70%) and the relative yield was over 50% after seven consecutive 4 h batches under the optimized conditions. Our study provides a potentially promising strategy for the commercial production of ceramide.

Quantification of synthetic-based drilling mud olefins in crude oil and oiled sediment by liquid column silver nitrate and gas chromatography

Synthetic-based drilling muds (SBMs) are complex mixtures of man-made fluids used during the drilling of oil and gas wells. SBM-derived chemicals can enter the environment through failed wells and routine or poor disposal practices, where they can persist and thereby warrant measurement. SBMs are commonly formulated with linear and methyl branched α- and internal-olefins mostly in the C14 to C20 carbon range, which are not native to crude oils. Thus, SBM-derived olefins can provide a basis to recognize the impact of these drilling wastes in the environment. However, the presence of abundant native hydrocarbons in oils and sediments can hinder the detection of trace level SBM-derived olefins by conventional organic sample preparation and analytical methods. Silver ion chromatography using silver nitrate (AgNO3) impregnated silica gel can serve to physically separate olefins from saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons native in crude oils, which can subsequently be analyzed and measured by conventional one-dimensional gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). In this study, SBM-derived olefins are measured in crude oils from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and in their laboratory mixtures to a detection limit of approximately 5000 µg/g (0.5 wt%). In oiled sediment, SBM-derived olefins were reliably detected at concentrations as low as 1 µg/g-dry. An application of this method is demonstrated through analysis of crude oils and oil-contaminated seafloor sediment from the Taylor Energy oil spill site in the northern Gulf of Mexico where SBM was historically used and discharged.

Investigation of the effect of crystallization conditions and "Difron-4201" depressant additive on the composition and properties of paraffin deposits

For the first time in the laboratory, the physical and chemical characteristics of the model oil sample, the composition, and relative amounts of normal alkanes with carbon atoms from C8 to C60 were determined by high-temperature liquid-gas chromatography. When Difron-4201 is added to the model oil, seven carbon atoms are displaced in the direction of the lower molecular weight distribution of paraffin hydrocarbons in the sediment. The effect of the Difron-4201 additive on the group composition of model oil and oil sediments obtained at different temperatures of the "cold finger" was studied. It was found that with the addition of the additive and with a decrease in the temperature of model oil and "cold pipe", the number of paraffin hydrocarbons in the group composition of sediment increases and the amount of resin and asphaltenes decreases. Microanalysis of the structure of asphaltene–resin–paraffin sediments obtained after the addition of the additive showed that the model oil sediments, separated at 30/1500C and containing large amounts of high-molecular paraffin hydrocarbons, resin, and asphaltene components, have the highest proportion of amorphous structures. An increase in the share of dendritic modification of the crystalline structure is characteristic for paraffin hydrocarbons in sediments obtained with the addition of 900 g/t "Difron-4201" additive.

Nest survival of Seaside Sparrows (Ammospiza maritima) in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

In 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill released an estimated 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, damaging coastal ecosystems. Seaside Sparrows (Ammospiza maritima)—a year-round resident of Gulf Coast salt marshes—were exposed to oil, as shown by published isotopic and molecular analyses, but fitness consequences have not been clarified. We monitored nests around two bays in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, USA from 2012–2017 to assess possible impacts on the nesting biology of Seaside Sparrows. A majority of nests failed (76% of known-fate nests, N = 252 nests, 3521 exposure-days) during our study, and predation was the main cause of nest failure (~91% of failed nests). Logistic exposure analysis revealed that daily nest survival rate: (1) was greater at nests with denser vegetation at nest height, (2) was higher in the more sheltered bay we studied, (3) decreased over the course of the breeding season in each year, and (4) was not correlated with either sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations or estimated predator abundance during the years for which we had those data. Although the Deepwater Horizon spill impacted other aspects of Seaside Sparrow ecology, we found no definitive effect of initial oiling or oiled sediment on nest survival during 2012–2017. Because predation was the overwhelming cause of nest failure in our study, additional work on these communities is needed to fully understand demographic and ecological impacts of storms, oil spills, other pollutants, and sea-level rise on Seaside Sparrows and their predators.

Occurrence and characterisation of naphthenic acid fraction components in oil residues and sediments stranded on the shoreline of Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada

In June 2016, oil residues and sediment samples were collected from the shoreline of Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, at sites affected by the 1970 Arrow oil spill. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, fate, and behaviour of oil components 45 years post-spill by analysing polar naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs) through high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC–HRMS). In all samples, the most abundant NAFC species were those having only oxygen as the heteroatom (Oo species, o indicating the number of oxygen atoms, from 1 to 8) and a high degree of saturation. NAFC species only containing two oxygen atoms (O2) accounted for 50–70% of all Oo species. The abundance of all remaining species was negligible compared with Oo species. NAFCs in most Arrow oil residues had higher levels of oxygen species than the oil remaining stored in the sunken tanker. Environmental sediment samples collected from near a marina away from the spill site contained a dominant biological, whereas all Arrow oil residues were mainly composed of NAFCs that are characteristic of petroleum. The abundance of NAFCs in the Arrow oil residues varied between sites, confirming that site-specific environmental conditions play a major role in controlling the fate and behaviour of oil components, including NAFCs.