Rheological Properties Of Oil Research Articles

A Review on the Application of Nanofluids in Enhanced Oil Recovery

Abstract: Oil mobility has been a significant issue since the recovery of a heavy crude reservoir. It is determined by two factors: oil rheological properties and penetrability. Nanofluids (NFs) are a distinct class of engineered fluids characterized by the dispersion of nanoparticles ranging in size from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm) into a working fluid. They are divided into groups based on physicochemical characteristics, including nanoparticle morphology, and thermal and rheological properties. The well-known nanofluids composed of metal (e.g., ZrO2) and ceramic (e.g., SiO2) had the best physicochemical performance in terms of oil mobility. This chapter examines the inundation of metal and nonmetal based nanofluids as a new enhanced oil extraction (EOR) method for extracting primary and secondary oil from more than 45% of confined reservoir fluids. Furthermore, new developments in the utilization of these materials on EOR approaches to combat significant interfacial adhesion across sandstone and fluid interfaces are summarized.

Deterioration Mechanism and Status Prediction of Hydrocarbon Lubricants under High Temperatures and Humid Environments

In practical engineering applications, high temperatures and water ingress seriously affect the service life of hydrocarbon lubricants. In this study, the deterioration process of hydrocarbon lubricants under high temperatures and humid environments was investigated, and a new health state prediction model was proposed. Simulation of hydrocarbon lubricant Polyalpha−olefin (PAO) molecules used the ReaxFF force field to analyse the high temperature thermal oxidation process of lubricants. The rheological properties of oil−water emulsions were determined by observing the morphology of oil−water two−phase mixtures with different water contents. A multiparameter fusion viscosity prediction model was proposed using a linear model of the viscosity of aqueous fluids, as affected by temperature and water content, and was fitted with the Andrade viscosity−temperature equation to predict lubricant viscosity changes under multiple parameters. Online validation tests were carried out on a compound planetary transmission system, and the surface topographical parameters of the transmission components were further discussed. Experimental results show that the linear correlation with the improved lubricant viscosity prediction model is 0.966, and the surface wear of transmission components is consistent with the trend of lubricant quality change. These findings provide a fundamental basis for the assessment of lubricant service life in high temperatures and humid environments.

Molecular insights into the dispersibility of asphaltene and crude oil rheological properties under the effect of multi-alkylated aromatic amides

In crude oil development, it is important to improve the dispersibility of asphaltene (ASP), and to achieve viscosity reduction. Adding dispersants is a promising solution to postpone the ASP deposition, nevertheless, the effect of dispersants to the oil viscosity is at odds. To provide insight into the role and mechanisms of ASP dispersants in regulating the dispersibility of ASP and the oil rheological properties, we performed computational simulation studies. It is demonstrated that MAA dispersants adsorb onto ASP clusters via the polar interaction, isolating ASP clusters and preventing further aggregation. In addition, dispersed ASP molecules present stronger intermolecular friction with light-weighted components and the hydrogen bond spatial network can be enhanced, thereby leading to the increase of oil viscosity. These molecular insights help to understand the association of crude oil rheological properties with ASP dispersibility, which is expected to facilitate the future development of chemical agents for crude oil recovery.

Development of a new technology for the fight against wax deposits

One of the most serious complications in the production, transport and treatment of oil is asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits. Their formation in underground well equipment, as well as in flow lines, collection system pipelines increase the cost of oil production. There are no sufficiently effective reagents to solve these problems. The results of implementation in many other wells testify to the high efficiency of the new reagent. The effect of reagents on the rheological properties of oil was also studied. Sangachal Deniz oil was used as a crude oil sample. We have developed multicomponent and multifunctional reagents M-R, P-R. In addition, due to paraffin formations in the tubing, they had to change 50–60 pipes for new ones every month. As a result of the introduction of M-R reagents, no paraffin deposits were found in the tubing for almost a year The effect of these reagents on the pour point of oils, dispersion, dissolution, and paraffin deposition has been studied. The use of the new reagent was tested at the mines of the oil and gas production department (OGPD) "28 May". The results of implementation in many other wells testify to the high efficiency of the new reagent. The effect of reagents on the rheological properties of oil was also studied. Sangachal Deniz oil was used as a crude oil sample.
 The proposed three-parameter Herschel-Bulkley model can be used to assess the rheological parameters of oils during their transportation. This layer, of course, cannot thicken indefinitely. Highly effective multicomponent composite compositions were developed to combat complications in the production of high-asphaltene-resin-paraffin oils. As can be seen from, during the reagent dosing period, there were no particular changes in the well performance. Treatment with hot oil on certain days was, as it were, of a preventive nature, since no changes were observed in the well parameters before and after heat treatment. When a certain layer thickness is formed in the tubing, the linear velocity of oil increases and begins to wash it away

Investigation of rheological properties of oil during the formation of wax deposits

The relevance of research lies in the need to assess the change in rheological properties of oil in the process of wax deposits formation. The existing correlation dependences make it possible to determine the viscosity of the oil at a known temperature and density, however, their application is possible only for oils of a specific region and a constant component composition. However, in the process of oil production at many fields, including in the Perm Krai, the problem of the formation of wax deposits arises, which directly affects the composition of the fluid. At the laboratory stand «Wax Flow Loop» a number of laboratory studies have been carried out in various thermal conditions. According to research data, when the oil temperature is above 25 °C during the formation of deposits, the rheological properties of oil improve. When the oil temperature is below 20 °C, the formation of deposits occurs in the volume of oil and the rheological properties deteriorate. The obtained experimental results allow us to consider the dynamics of changes in the rheological properties of oil in the process of the formation of wax deposits. The use of laboratory research data will make it possible to predict the change in the rheological properties of fluids during the formation of wax deposits under various conditions, as well as to increase the accuracy of modeling the process of production of the target fluid.

Modified graft copolymers based on ethylene vinyl acetate as depressants for waxy crude oil and their effect on the rheological properties of oil

In this work, modified ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)-based copolymers were synthesized by graft copolymerization of hydrophobic monomers onto commercial EVA using a low energy electron beam (EB). The mechanism of graft copolymerization was studied by the spin trap method using a model reaction of the interaction of a tert-butoxy radical with an EVA copolymer. The results show that the main contribution to the initiation of graft copolymerization is made by the reactions of hydrogen abstraction from the methine CH groups of the vinyl acetate units. Oil from the Kumkol region treated with PPD showed better rheological properties, lower pour point temperatures, as well as lower wax content when tested on a cold finger, and better performance on the transportation route of the Kumkol - Karakoin - Shymkent. Moreover, EVA-based graft copolymers (gEVAp) performed better PPD than those obtained for commercial pour-point depressant (PPD). The rheological parameters of oil have been dramatically improved, which can be characterized as better oil pumpability in the cold season, which reduces the load on mainline pumps and saves energy for the transporting company. The pour point of the tested oil dropped from 12 to −3 °C, which led to the formation of wax crystals of the regular, compact platelet shape. Field tests using pigs showed significantly less wax deposited along the pipeline.

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ADDITIVES ON THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OILS AND ASPHALTENE-RESİN-PARAFFINE COMPOUNDS

Studies of the rheological properties of oil during transportation depending on the content of resinous components and on the intensity of asphalten-rezin-parphine deposits (ARPD). Exploitation and development of heavy oil fields requires the use of non-traditional methods of their extraction, collection and transportation by pipeline. The rheological properties of the oil are used as the primary source information for design and operation issues during field development and subsequent pipeline transportation. In practice, chemical, thermal and mechanical methods are often used together to clean the ARPD. In this case, the technological and economic effect is achieved as a result of the complete elimination of ARPD and the acceleration of the process. It is important to follow safety rules when using chemical methods in combination with mechanical and thermal methods. One of the main tasks of rheological research is to determine the relationship between the force acting on the environment under study and the deformation forces that occur under the influence of this force. The results of experimental studies of low-paraffinic and high-paraffinic oils show that the presence in the oil of a dispersed system of asphaltenes and resins can lead to depressant effects. In the process of completing the graduation qualification work were overview of ARPD, mechanism of formation and factors, influencing the formation of ARPD. Detailed description is given existing ARPD control technologies with results of pilot tests at various fields and presented comparative analysis of control methods. The study revealed the most effective technologies for prevention and removal of asphalt-resin-paraffin sediments, as well as proposed improvement of one of the methods combating ARPD. The conclusion concluded on the prospects of application technologies during operation of complicated well stock Azerbaijani. These technologies are useful for fields with high content of asphalt-resin-paraffin substances in oil, which leads to a decrease in production of well products. Effective viscosity and tensile strength were measured in a rotary rheometer REOTEST-2 using a measuring system in accordance with GOST 26581-85. The results of electron microscopic studies of the oil sample extracted from the Balakhani field show that only with the addition of BAF-1 reagent, the asphaltene-resin-paraffin associations are completely dissolved and dissolved in the volume of oil. According to the obtained results, it was found that asphalteno-resinous components are natural depressants that reduce the crystallization temperature of paraffin depending on the type of oil. Difron-4201 and BAF-1 were used in different proportions as additives in the article. BAF-1 and Difron 4201 reagents were added to the 1:1:1 ratio of paraffin-resin-asphaltene mixture in Balakhani heavy oil, respectively, in a 1:1 ratio of Difron 4201 and BAF-1 reagents. As a result of the 1:1 ratio of Difron 4201 and BAF-1 reagents to the mixture, the uniform distribution of parasite-resin-asphaltene asociates was observed, which is one of the main conditions for improving the oil relog. The effect of Difron-4201 and BAF-1 additives on the properties of the oil sample extracted from the higher paraffin Bulla field was studied. Difron-4201 and BAF-1 composites consisting of a 1:1 mixture were found to be more effective among the studied ARD additives, which reduces the freezing temperature of the oil sample in the range of 200-800 kg/ton. The optimal density of Difron-4201 and BAF-1 composites was determined to be 600 kg/ton. Similar studies were conducted on Balakhani heavy and Surakhani oil samples. After exposure of BAF-1 and Difron-4201 to resin-asphaltene-paraffin compounds separated from Bulla and Balakhani oil samples by their additives, their electron microscopic studies were studied. According to the research, it is more expedient to use a composite made of a mixture of reagents BAF-1 and Difron-4201 to improve the rheological properties of paraffin, resin, asphaltene oils. Keywords: viscosity, asphaltene, resin, paraffin, association, additive, Difron-4201, BAF-1.

Molecular Insights into the Dispersibility of Asphaltene and Crude Oil Rheological Properties Under the Effect of Multi-Alkylated Aromatic Amides

Molecular Insights into the Dispersibility of Asphaltene and Crude Oil Rheological Properties Under the Effect of Multi-Alkylated Aromatic Amides

Development of methods for evaluation of lubrication properties of hydraulic aviation oils

A method for evaluation of the lubricating and rheological properties of hydraulic oils in tribological contacts has been developed, which consists in online studying samples of commercial batches of oils on a software and hardware complex with visual evaluation of the kinetics of changes in the main tribological indicators of friction contact. Using a roller analogy, the operation of gears in the conditions of rolling with 30% sliding is simulated. Samples of AMG-10 oil from two producers are analyzed. It is established that with increasing temperature of lubricant for Sample 2 (“Kvalitet-Avia” AMG-10), a long-term restoration of protective boundary films of oil is observed and the period of their formation increases by 2.5 times, causing the implementation of a semidry mode of lubrication at start-up. The total thickness of the lubricating layer is 1.27 times less as compared with Sample 1 ("Bora B" AMG-10 oil), regardless of the lubricant temperature. Also, the rheological properties of the oils have been determined. Sample 1 exhibits low shear stresses at the level of 9.4 MPa and high effective viscosity, 4249 and 5039 Pa·s, at a volumetric oil temperature of 20 and 100 ºС, respectively. For Sample 2, with increasing oil temperature to 100 ºC shear stress increases by 1.15 times and the effective viscosity in contact decreases by 1.53 times. Additives present in Sample 1 are characterized by more effective antiwear properties and thus increase the wear resistance of contact surfaces in the conditions of rolling with sliding thanks to strengthening of the surface metal layers during operation, while Sample 2 undergoes strengthening-softening processes which reduce the wear resistance of friction pairs

Study and determination of regularities in variability of oil rheological properties to enhance oil recovery

The processes of oil production, collection and treatment are complicated by a complex of problems associated with the formation of stable oil emulsions, deposits of asphalt-resin substances and paraffinic hydrocarbons, inorganic salts. Moreover, the formed sediments often have a complex blend composition. Especially, at the late stage of oil field development, as a rule, procedures of gathering and processing of oil are complicated, in particular, by wall mud cake, low pressure, and also by an increase in the water cut of the product, with an increase in the volume of chemicals used during repair works and for production stimulation. Under these conditions, it becomes relevant to determine the regularities in changes of the rheological properties of oil to prevent complications in pumping equipment and flow strings, pipelines, equipment, and tank farm of oil gathering systems. The use of ultrasonic waves in electrophysical advanced recovery has a number of advantages, including simple and fast application, protection from wellbore damage, high profitability, low operating costs, significant compatibility with other enhanced oil recovery methods, and widespread application. This paper provides a technical and economic assessment of the effectiveness of electrophysical stimulation in the production field in Western Kazakhstan. The use of electrophysical stimulation technology in the production fields shows high technological efficiency. A decrease in the oil viscosity in a bottomhole zone of a production well during the use of ultrasound leads to an increase in the flood front during the water-driven operation of the reservoir. This matter was addressed in the present paper.

Effects of Electromagnetic Treatment on Rheological Properties of Oil: Experiment and Application

Effects of Electromagnetic Treatment on Rheological Properties of Oil: Experiment and Application

Characteristics of polycarboxylate-based dispersant suitable for medium and low temperature oil well cementing

The rheology and hydration properties of oil well cement paste at medium and low temperature are of great importance for cementing marine shallow formation. This paper studies the effect of one kind of polycarboxylate-based dispersant (PW1010) on the performance of oil well cement paste and compares it with sulfonated aldehyde-ketone condensation polymer dispersant (SAF). The influence of PW1010 and SAF on the rheological properties of oil well cement paste is investigated, and is analysed by adsorption isotherm and Zeta potential tests. The influence of PW1010 on the hydration of oil well cement is conducted by compressive strength measurements, isothermal calorimetry (ICC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and permeability. The results show that an oil well cement paste containing PW1010 has better rheological properties at medium and low temperature than that containing SAF, because PW1010 has comb-like structure, which provides stronger steric hindrance effect. Moreover, even though PW1010 delays the hydration of oil well cement, it increases the early-age compressive strength and reduces the permeability at medium and low temperature. This is mainly because PW1010 improves the dispersion of cement particles and reduces the porosity and large pores of the hardened cement. This study has important significance for ensuring the well cementing proceeding smoothly and improving cementing quality.

Experimental Studies of the Effect of Plasma-Pulse Treatment on Rheological Properties of Oil

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the effectiveness and duration of the pulse-plasma treatment of oil. The aim of this work is to assess the effect of plasma-pulse treatment of oil (PPT) on its viscosity and pour point (solidification). The relevance of the work results is due to the need to improve the efficiency of oil transportation through main and industrial pipelines. The research work carried out relates to the field of physicochemical and mechanical methods of processing heavy and bituminous oils during their transportation through pipelines without the use of heating and thinners.

The Role of Nanodispersed Catalysts in Microwave Application during the Development of Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reserves: A Review of Potential Applications

Electromagnetic impact on oil reservoir manifests itself in various physical and chemical phenomena and attracts a significant scientific and technological interest. Microwave (MW) radiation heating can be more efficient for the oil recovery than heat transfer by convection or by thermal conduction. MW influence can also lead to significant changes in the physicochemical and rheological properties of oil caused by chemical processes of transformation of the oil high-molecular components such as resins and asphaltenes. The efficiency of transition-metal catalysts applied for the in-situ conversion of hydrocarbons directly in the reservoir might be significantly increased by exposing the oil formation to MW radiation. Actually, transition metals nanoparticles and their oxides are considered as active absorbers of MW radiation and; therefore, they can be used to intensify MW impact on the reservoir. Catalyst particles dispersed in the formation provide enhanced MW sweep. Taken together, the functioning of the catalysts and the effect of microwave radiation provide deep conversion of resins and asphaltenes, a decrease in the viscosity of the produced oil and an increase in oil recovery factor, along with a decrease in water cut of the well production. The present review analyzes the latest works on the combined application of microwave exposure and dispersed catalysts. In addition, this review discusses the prospects and perspectives of practical application of electromagnetic heating to enhance heavy oil recovery in the presence of nanoparticles.

Investigation of the effect of depressor additives on the rheological properties of oil

The article is devoted to the study of physico-chemical properties of oil fields Uzen, Kenkiyak, Martyshi and study the effect of depressor additives on the rheological properties of oil fields Uzen. The main analyses of oil were carried out, including the content of paraffins, viscosity, pour point. Depressor additives of brands were used during the research MR-1055/980, Deprop 4125, WX 161. It is established that the effect of depressor additives on oil has a positive effect on their physical and chemical characteristics.

О некоторых аспектах влияния депрессорных присадок на реологические свойства нефти

О некоторых аспектах влияния депрессорных присадок на реологические свойства нефти

Development of technologies for the pour point depressant treatment of an annular near-wall layer of oil pumped through a main pipeline

The technology of depressant utilization, which essentially depends on the method of its addition to oil, has a substantial impact on the efficiency of the main pipeline. Direct injection of a pour point depressant into the reservoir enables to maintain optimal conditions for oil processing, namely, to cool the oil at an optimal rate and, which is especially important, in static conditions. But in this case, significant capital investments will be required for mixing devices, devices for cooling oil, for the construction of additional tanks, etc. The addition of pour point directly into the pipeline (before or after the head pumping and heating stations) cannot provide optimal cooling conditions. This process does not significantly improve the rheological properties of oil as compared to the introduction of a depressant directly into the reservoir. The introduction of a pour point depressant directly into the pipeline will significantly reduce capital costs for processing highly paraffinic oil and the advantages of this method are obvious. The proposed method of depressant utilization will reduce their consumption, and energy consumption for heating oil. This goal is achieved by the fact that the pour point depressant is not added to the entire volume of highly paraffinic oil pumped through the pipeline, but only to the annular near-wall layer of oil in the pipe, thus creating a low-viscosity near-wall layer of the pumped highly paraffinic oil. This paper presents a scheme for the implementation of the proposed method and formulas for thermal calculations of the pipeline sections considering depressant addition to oil.

Управление реологическими характеристиками нефтей физическими методами воздействия

Управление реологическими характеристиками нефтей физическими методами воздействия

Investigation of Electrohydraulic Effect on Physicochemical Characteristics of High-Resinous Oil “Karazhanbas”

In order to change the viscosity of high-resinous oil of the “Karazhanbas” field (Kazakhstan), the effect of electrohydraulic action on it was studied. The effect of adding an organic solvent xylene on the rheological properties of oil is investigated. A comparative study of the hydrocarbon composition of oil before and after electrohydraulic impact was carried out by the method of gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Fragment composition of oil hydrocarbons before and after electrohydraulic treatment was determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It is shown that the conversion of heavy oil fractions to light ones begins with a five-time electrohydraulic impact. It is determined that 20‒25 electric discharge pulses are sufficient for the quantitative process of splitting hydrocarbons. It was found that the addition of xylene to high-viscosity oil leads to an increase in the conversion of hydrocarbons under electrohydraulic action. The content of paraffins and naphthalenes in high-viscosity oil is slightly reduced during electrohydraulic processing. In oil, after electrohydraulic action, a decrease in the proportion of protons of long alkyl terminal СН3-groups of hydrocarbons is observed, which indicates the process of decomposition of heavy oil fractions into light fractions.

Исследование причин снижения эффективности депрессорной присадки при перекачке парафинистых нефтей

The purpose of the research is to find out the reasons for the decrease in the effectiveness of the depressor additive DPN-1 as oil flows through the pipeline. The objects of the research are a mixture of paraffinic oils entering the Usa – Ukhta oil pipeline, either treated or untreated with DPN-1, as well as its mixture with highly-refined oil pumped from the Chikshino crude oil delivery and acceptance point. To achieve this goal, the rheological properties of oil were monitored at the main US oil pumping station, Chikshino and Ukhta-1 oil pumping stations; laboratory studies on the rheological properties attributed to simulated mixtures, compiled taking into account the volumes of oil delivered by various oil producers; and monitoring of the rheological properties of point samples of oils as they flow through the pipeline. The serial experiments resulted in establishing that the key factor in reduced efficiency of the DPN-1 additive used in the paraffinic oil mixture is the high pour point oil pumped from the Chikshino crude oil delivery and acceptance point (the share of which is 10 % of the total pumping volume).