Oil Production Research Articles

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria promoted changes in plant metabolism and the volatile profile of Piper callosum Ruiz & Pav

Piper callosum Ruiz & Pav. is known in the Amazon as a paregoric elixir and exists as a shrub native to the Neotropics. In traditional medicine, the tea from its leaves is used to treat pain in the digestive tract, rheumatism, and muscular aches. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation on the secondary metabolism of P. callosum. The plants were inoculated after 30 days of cultivation and kept in a greenhouse. Plant development parameters were monitored at 30-, 60-, and 90-days after inoculation (DAI) and indicated that AMF and PGPR favored plant growth throughout all stages of development. The leaf volatiles extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and showed that phenylpropanoids and monoterpene hydrocarbons were predominant in all essential oils, revealing distinct abundance patterns across the different sampling points. The major volatile compounds identified were safrole, methyl eugenol, and β-pinene, and a reduction trend in their content was observed for safrole and methyl eugenol, especially at 90 DAI in both treatments. Principal component analysis revealed that germacrene D-4-ol and limonene were among the most influential in both treatments. Finally, the total phenolic content and the enzymatic activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase revealed different effect patterns for inoculation and time of evaluation on each treatment. All the data presented indicate that symbiotic inoculation can optimize the production of essential oil, which can improve the quality and productivity of P. callosum plants.

Genome-wide investigation of family‑1 UDP glycosyltransferases reveals the Fusarium resistance role of VfUGT90A2 in tung trees

UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play vital roles in pathogen resistance through secondary metabolites, such as flavonoid. Vernicia fordii (tung trees) is well known for its production of industrial oil, which has been decimated by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fordiis (Fof-1). The current understanding of the metabolic and molecular mechanism of V. fordii against Fof-1 is limited. Through genome-wide analysis identified 153 VfUGTs, which were divided into 16 clusters derived from tandem and segmental repeat events. Variations in gene structure and cis-elements have contributed to gene differentiation within the various subfamilies of VfUGTs. VfUGT90A2 was found to be highly induced and expressed, serving as a key gene during the response process to Fof-1 infection in tree roots. The study showed that transgenic hairy roots of the tung trees, overexpressing VfUGT90A2, displayed significantly enhanced resistance to Fof-1. Additionally, the root extract from these transgenic roots was found to have a notable inhibitory effect on the growth of Fof-1 mycelium. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses further revealed an increase in flavonoids, such as quercitrin and myricitrin, in the transgenic hairy roots overexpressing VfUGT90A2. Meanwhile, VfUGT90A2 was speculated bound well to quercetin by protein docking predictions. The enzyme activity assay in vitro further verified that VfUGT90A2 catalyzed the glycosylation of quercetin. In all, our data shows that VfUGT90A2 is involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathways and has an impact on enhancing the resistance of plant to Fusarium, therefore, offers an opportunity to explore an effective strategy for Fusarium resistant plant breeding.

Identification of Security Scenarios in offshore Oil&Gas production facilities based on past incident analysis

Offshore Oil&Gas installations may be attractive targets of intentional attacks due to their presence in socio-political sensitive areas, their economic significance, and the high impact of scenarios that can be triggered by the mismanagement of the hazardous substances handled (e.g., crude oil, natural gas, etc.). In the present study, a new dataset including 112 past security-related incidents that affected the offshore Oil&Gas sector in the last decades was developed and analyzed using Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), Root Cause Analysis (RCA), and Attack Tree Analysis (ATA). Significant differences were found in the types of threats and attack modes, with terrorism identified as the primary threat, followed by robbery and kidnapping. The identified scenarios caused fatalities, injuries, and asset damages at the targeted facilities, underscoring their potential to cause severe impacts, comparable to the outcomes of safety-related accidents. Tables linking identified attack modes, scenarios, and consequences specific contribution to the SVA workflow proposed by the API Recommended Practices 70 and 70I were obtained. Overall, the results obtained support the application of suitable Security Vulnerability/Risk Assessment (SVA/SRA) methodologies concerning the identification and characterization of adversaries, the definition of attack modes, the evaluation of effectiveness of existing security barriers, and the assessment of consequences.

The Recommendation of the Mediterranean-styled Japanese Diet for Healthy Longevity.

The Mediterranean diet, listed as the intangible cultural heritage of humanity by UNESCO, is known as healthy and consumed worldwide. The Japanese diet is also listed and considered healthy. This narrative review compares the Mediterranean diet with its Japanese counterpart. Research has reported that people in Mediterranean regions, such as Italy and Greece, have one-third of the mortality ratio from cardiovascular diseases compared to people in the United States and Northern Europe because of the difference in eating habits. Therefore, Mediterranean diets are considered as healthy. A typical Western diet containing high amounts of fat, sugar, and calories is responsible for several diseases like metabolic syndrome and obesity, which are induced by chronic inflammation. In contrast, Mediterranean and Japanese diets contain them only less. The similarity between Mediterranean and Japanese diets is the substantial intake of vegetables, beans, and fish. On the other hand, the Mediterranean diet consumes large amounts of olive oil, especially polyphenol-rich extra virgin olive oil and dairy products, but meat consumption is relatively small. In contrast, the Japanese diet does not use oil and fat, contains abundant fermented foods, and consumes seaweed. Japan is known for its longevity, and people think that a well-balanced diet daily is good for preventing and curing illness. In this regard, finding non-disease conditions, so-called "ME-BYO," and curing them before the manifestation of diseases is becoming more common. In this review, we discuss the healthy eating habit, "The Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet," which prevents ME-BYO condition and reduces the risk of various diseases. The Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet, a hybrid of Mediterranean and Japanese diets, reduces the risk of various diseases by suppressing chronic inflammation. This nutritional intervention prevents ME-BYO and is beneficial for healthy longevity. Hence, a Mediterranean-styled Japanese diet might be helpful for healthy longevity in Japan and around the world.

Optimizing Palm Oil Production Scheduling In Nigeria Using Balanced Transportation Problem

This paper deal with optimizing palm oil production of a production firm in Nigeria using balanced Transportation problem in other to reduce or increase/ minimize the production cost and increase or maximize production, profit and efficiency. Here the scheduling challemnge is developed and modeled as a balanced of transportation problem as requires in creation of an optimum production schedule. This resulted in allocating optimal and maximum production level such that the given demand were meet at a minimum cost .

Conceptual framework for data-driven reservoir characterization: Integrating machine learning in petrophysical analysis

Reservoir characterization plays a critical role in optimizing oil and gas production by accurately determining subsurface properties such as porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation. Traditionally, this process has relied on the interpretation of well logs, seismic data, and core samples using manual or physics-based methods. However, these approaches often face limitations when dealing with complex datasets and heterogeneous reservoir properties. This review develops a conceptual framework for integrating machine learning (ML) into petrophysical analysis to revolutionize reservoir characterization. By utilizing advanced ML algorithms such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and deep learning, this model demonstrates the potential of data-driven methods to improve the accuracy and efficiency of reservoir analysis. The framework focuses on how ML techniques can automate the interpretation of well logs, enhance seismic data processing, and predict rock properties from core samples, leading to more accurate identification of reservoir boundaries and productive zones. This approach not only reduces interpretation errors but also accelerates decision-making in reservoir management. Moreover, machine learning can handle the vast amounts of data generated in reservoir studies, enabling real-time analysis and adaptive decision support. The study also addresses challenges such as data quality, model interpretability, and computational scalability, offering insights into future applications of ML in reservoir characterization. By combining petrophysical expertise with machine learning capabilities, this framework aims to significantly advance the field of reservoir characterization and contribute to more efficient resource management in the oil and gas industry.

A Comprehensive Review of Advanced Treatment Technologies for the Enhanced Reuse of Produced Water

Produced water (PW) is considered to be the largest source of industrial wastewater associated with oil and gas extraction operations for industrial production. It is a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds that has high complexity in terms of various characteristics. Globally, the volume of PW is increasing along with the expansion of gas and oil fields, leading to major impacts on the environment. Existing treatment technologies involve partially treating the PW through removing the suspended solids, heavy metals, without removing organic components and re-injecting the water underground using water disposal injection wells. The treatment process consists of a primary treatment unit to remove the particles, followed a secondary biological or chemical processing treatment, while the final treatment stage involves the use of a tertiary treatment unit to improve the water quality and remove the remainder of the undesired components. Moreover, while PW is considered one of the available options to be utilized as a water source, no alternate advanced treatment options on a commercial scale are available at present due to the limitations of existing PW treatment technologies, associated with their maintainability, sustainability, cost, and level of quality improvement. As such, research focused on finding an optimal treatment approach to improve the overall process continues to be conducted, with the aim of reusing the water instead of injecting it underground. This literature review discusses the latest advanced technologies for PW treatment aimed at reusing the full stream capacity of PW and eliminating the need for wastewater disposal via injection. It is concluded that researchers should focus on hybrid treatment technologies in order to remove the pollutants from PW, effectively allowing for its reuse.

The Effects of Phenanthrene on Electrical Activity in Ventricular Cardiomyocytes of Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>)

The production of oil on the Arctic shelf and its transport along the Northern Sea Route increase risks of pollution of the ecosystems in the Arctic seas with oil and oil products. Today, polyaromatic hydrocarbons are known as the most toxic oil components, and phenanthrene is predominant in terms of its concentration in oil and physiological effects. Phenanthrene affects the electrical activity of fish heart, but its effects are species-specific. At the same time, the effects of phenanthrene on cardiac function in Arctic fishes, including economically important commercial species, are studied not enough. This study examines the effects of phenanthrene on electrical activity and ionic currents in ventricular myocardium of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The major ionic currents in cod myocardium were IKr, IK1, INa and ICa. Phenanthrene (1 μM) did not affect the duration of action potentials (APs) recorded in isolated cod ventricular cardiomyocytes using patch clamp method. Meanwhile, phenanthrene suppressed rapid delayed rectifier current IKr by 61.33 ± 3.94%, decreasing the repolarization reserve of the myocardium. Phenanthrene did not affect nor the level of resting membrane potential, not background inward rectifier current IK1. Also, application of phenanthrene decreased AP upstroke velocity in cod myocytes, which was due to the suppression of fast sodium current INa. Finally, phenanthrene slightly reduced the amplitude of calcium current ICa and accelerated its inactivation, which overall led to the decrease in ICa charge transfer. Thus, the effects of phenanthrene on cod myocardium at cellular level can be described as potentially proarrhythmic, which makes the populations of cod in Arctic seas vulnerable to pollution of the aquatic environment by oil components after oil spills due to technological disasters.

A Model-Driven Approach to Extract Multi-Source Fault Features of a Screw Pump

Screw pumps’ faulty working conditions affect the stability of oil production. At project sites, different sensors are used simultaneously to collect multi-dimensional signals; the data fault labels and location are not clear, and how to comprehensively use multi-source information in effective fault feature extraction has become an urgent issue. Existing diagnostic methods use a single signal or part of a signal and do not fully utilize the acquired signal, which makes it difficult to achieve the required accuracy of diagnostic results. This paper focuses on the model-driven approach to extract multi-source fault features of screw pumps. Firstly, it constructs a fault data model (FDM) by analyzing the fault mechanism of the screw pump. Secondly, it uses the FDM to select an effective data set. Thirdly, it constructs a multi-dimensional fault feature extraction model (MDFEM) to extract featured signal features and data features, for which we also comprehensively used multi-source signals in effective fault feature extraction, while other traditional methods only use one or two signals. Finally, after feature selection, unsupervised fault diagnosis was achieved by using the k-means method. After experimental verification, the method can comprehensively use multi-source information to construct an effective data set and extract multi-dimensional, effective fault features for screw pump fault diagnosis.

Unveiling the Lipid Features and Valorization Potential of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Heads

The sustainable utilization of co-products derived from the salmon processing industry is crucial for enhancing the viability and decreasing the environmental footprint of both capture and aquaculture operations. Salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the most consumed fish worldwide and a major species produced in aquaculture. As such, significant quantities of salmon co-products are produced in pre-commercialization processing/steaking procedures. The present study characterized a specific co-product derived from the processing of salmon: minced salmon heads. More specifically, this work aimed to reveal the nutritional profile of this co-product, with a special focus on its lipid content, including thoroughly profiling fatty acids and fully appraising the composition in complex lipids (polar lipids and triglycerides) for the first time. The antioxidant potential of lipid extracts from this salmon co-product was also studied in order to bioprospect lipid functional properties and possibly unveil new pathways for added-value applications. Our analysis indicated that these minced salmon heads are exceptionally rich in lipids. Oleic acid is the most prevalent fatty acid in this co-product, followed by palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid. Moreover, relevant lipid indexes inferred from the fatty acid composition of this co-product revealed good nutritional traits. Lipidome analysis revealed that triglycerides were clearly the predominant lipid class present in this co-product while phospholipids, as well as ceramides, were also present, although in minimal quantities. The bioprospecting of antioxidant activity in the lipid extracts of the minced salmon heads revealed limited results. Given the high concentration of triglycerides, minced salmon heads can constitute a valuable resource for industrial applications from the production of fish oil to biodiesel (as triglycerides can be easily converted into fatty acid methyl esters), as well as possible ingredients for cosmetics, capitalizing on their alluring emollient properties. Overall, the valorization of minced salmon heads, major co-products derived from the processing of one of the most intensively farmed fish in the world, not only offers economic benefits but also contributes to the sustainability of the salmon processing industry by reducing waste and promoting a more efficient use of marine bioresources.

An on-road experimental emissions evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with pyrolysis oil from waste plastics, pure and blended with biodiesel-A Mexican case

Pyrolysis of plastic waste generates alternative fuels that are useful for thermal devices. However, it is the subsequent fractionation process that truly distinguishes itself, refining these fuels to a quality comparable to petroleum derivatives such as diesel and gasoline, thereby making them suitable for direct use in internal combustion engines. This study evaluated the effect on emissions of an internal combustion engine fueled with waste plastic oil diesel-like fuel and its blend with biodiesel. The tests were conducted on-road using a typical light-duty diesel vehicle for passenger or courier transportation. Three tests were carried out, the first one with petroleum diesel (D100) as the reference fuel, the second one with waste plastic oil diesel-like fuel (WPO-DL), and the last with a blend of 80% WPO-DL and 20% biodiesel obtained from waste cooking oil (WPO-DL80WCO20). The main findings were a reduction in the generation of NOx when using WPO-DL. However, using WPO-DL increased the production of CO and HC, attributed to the presence of more heavy hydrocarbons compared to that of D100. Additionally, for the WPO-DL80WCO20 blend under acceleration conditions HC decreased under all acceleration conditions. These findings demonstrate that the distilled fuel obtained from the pyrolytic oil product of non-recyclable plastic waste by conventional methods would contribute to the global energy transition and reduce the presence of tons of non-recyclable plastic waste by traditional methods.

Enhancement of surfactant performance via titanium dioxide nanoparticles: implication for oil recovery in sandstone

The application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the petroleum research area has received ample attention in recent years owing to its impact on wettability-altering agents. Further, employing a surfactant injection to improve oil production in sandstone formations on an industrial scale has become an alternative solution, particularly for mature fields. However, the existing literature on the combination of alkyl ethoxy carboxylate (AEC) surfactant with titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the application of enhanced oil recovery in sandstone formations remains underreported. This study explores the impact of combining AEC surfactant with titanium dioxide nanoparticles on recovering trapped oil in sandstone by examining the interfacial tension, contact angle, zeta potential, and core flooding with various concentrations of added titanium dioxide nanoparticles (0, 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 wt%) on AEC surfactant. Although the addition of 0.05 wt% TiO2 to AEC surfactant can significantly reduce the interfacial tension to the lowest value of 5.85 × 10−5 mN/m, our results show that the highest oil recovery in Berea sandstone (59.52% recovery factor) is achieved at the concentration of 0.025 wt% added TiO2 to AEC surfactant. We find that the stability of TiO2 nanoparticles on AEC surfactant plays a significant role in getting maximum oil recovery. These important findings from this study contribute to improving our understanding on the application of TiO2 combined with AEC surfactant to achieve more efficient and sustainable enhanced oil recovery in sandstone.

On the transition to the use of modern lubricants in systems of energy facilities

The analysis of turbine oils currently in use is given. The classifications for petroleum base oils according to the systems developed at JSC VNIINP and the American Petroleum Institute are presented. The transition from the operation of turbine oils of the first group to more advanced oils obtained on the basis of base oils of the second group and above is justified. The problems that may arise when replacing oils of the first group with modern oils in connection with the processes of mixing energy oils of various formulations are outlined. The mixing process is complicated by the compatibility factors of both the commercial products themselves and the additive compositions used, as well as possible contamination with oil sludge of lubricants in operation and possible contamination with water and mechanical impurities of the new energy oil at the delivery stage. The necessity of analyzing the possibility of mixing is explained both by the compatibility of the energy oils being tested and by the compatibility of the additive package used in them. A list of indicators is presented by which it is possible to judge the possible compatibility of the energy oils under consideration. The results of the compatibility analysis are presented. In modern foreign policy conditions, for the Russian Federation, there is a need to activate Russian developments and provide modern lubricants for a new generation of energy facilities. A possible solution to this issue, developed by the specialists of the NRU MPEI, is presented. A system for the production of oil distillate with subsequent production of base (group III) and commercial oil for high-ash initial coals of the brown coal and early black coal stages of coalification of coal basins closed for development is presented.

APPLICATION OF VISCOUS GEL SOLUTIONS AND WATER SHUTOFF TECHNIQUES FOR LAYERS DURING WELL CONSTRUCTION

Most of the oil fields are at the decline stage of development. This stage of development is characterized by a decrease in the oil production level, an increase in the water cut of the extracted fluids (up to 90%). Reducing the water cut of the produced products is facilitated by water shutoff measures. Based on the analysis of the causes of growth of water cut in wells, the most common causes of high water cut in production wells include water filtration through fractured systems and highly permeable reservoir intervals, behind-the-casing crossflows and the formation of a water cut cone. Rational control over the water cut in the produced products increases the economic efficiency of the field development and reduces the costs of treatment and utilization of extracted water. There are different approaches for solving the problem of water shutoff: creating screens and barriers using various chemical compositions, using technical means and technological methods. These technologies are classified according to the nature of the impact of the injected water-insulating mass on the permeability of the oil-saturated part of the reservoir, opened by perforation. Taking this into account, water shutoff technologies are divided into selective and non-selective ones. The use of rigid gels is one of the methods of water shutoff in the near-well area. Gels can be injected selectively into the formation using coiled tubing (CT) and a packer. In case of absence of interlayer crossflows, an injection of a rigid gel into a watered-out formation can prevent unwanted water from penetration into the well.

Enhancing Data Governance with Real-Time Analytics in Oil Production Forecasting

This article explores the transformative impact of real-time analytics on oil production forecasting in the oil and gas industry. It discusses the shift from traditional batch processing to real-time data analysis, highlighting the limitations of batch processing and the benefits of real-time analytics. The article examines how advanced data processing platforms enable more effective data governance and faster insights, leading to improved decision-making, enhanced operational efficiency, and increased production. It also delves into the role of real-time analytics in strengthening compliance and accountability through automated data collection, validation, and consistent data handling. The article presents various case studies and numerical data demonstrating the significant improvements in forecasting accuracy, anomaly detection, and regulatory compliance achieved by implementing real-time analytics systems.

Effect of Perilla Seeds Pretreatment on the Volatile Profile and Flavor Characteristics of Perilla Oil: Comparison of Oven, Infrared, and Microwave Heating

ABSTRACTThe effects of microwave (MW), infrared (IF), and oven heating (OH) on the volatile profile and flavor of perilla oil were investigated in this study. Physicochemical properties and Maillard reaction products of perilla oil were measured to investigate the potential pathway of flavor formation. Sensory evaluation, combined with headspace‐solid‐phase microextraction‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS) and electronic nose (E‐nose) techniques, was employed to determine the categories and contents of volatile compounds in perilla oil. Three heating treatments all effectively increased the content of odor‐active volatile compounds in perilla oil. Samples treated by MW contained higher concentration of heterocyclics, while samples treated using IF and OH contained more aldehydes. The content of (E,E)‐2,4‐heptadienal were highly correlated to P‐AV. The contents of pyrazines and furans were positively correlated with A420nm, particularly 2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine, trimethyl‐pyrazine, and 2‐pentylfuran. The content of hexanal and (E)‐2‐hexenal showed a negative correlation with the content of heterocyclic compounds. Consequently, the volatile compounds in perilla oils were generated through three potential mechanisms: lipid oxidation, the Maillard reaction, and their synergistic effect.

Exploring the Application of Large Language Models Based AI Agents in Leakage Detection of Natural Gas Valve Chambers

Leakage problems occur from time to time due to the large number of equipment and complex processes during oil and gas production and transportation. The traditional detection methods highly depend on manpower with large workload and are prone to missed and false alarms, which seriously affects the efficiency and safety of oil and gas production and transportation. With the continuous improvement of information technology and the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), the research on leakage detection technology based on AI methods has attracted more and more attention. This paper discusses the application scenarios of an AI agent based on the recently emerged large language model (LLM) technology in oil and gas production leakage detection: (1) Compared with the traditional leakage detection methods, this paper innovatively employs a combination of AI-based diagnostics and infrared temperature measurement technologies to develop a specialized small model for oil and gas leakage detection, which has been proven to significantly improve the accuracy of detecting industrial venting events in natural gas valve chambers; (2) By employing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) technology, a knowledge vector library is constructed, utilizing a series of leakage-related documents, assisting the LLM to carry out knowledge questioning and inference. Compared with the traditional SimBERT, the accuracy can be improved by about 15% in the Q&A search ability test. The correct rate is about 70% higher than the SimBERT in the Chinese complex reasoning quiz. Also, it can still remain stable under high load conditions, with the interruption rate of retrieval closing to zero. (3) By combining the specialized small model and the knowledge Q&A tool, the natural gas valve chambers’ leakage detection AI agent based on the open-source LLM model was designed and developed, which preliminarily achieved the leakage detection based on the specialized small model, and the automatic processing of the retrieval reasoning process based on the knowledge Q&A tool and the intelligent generation of corresponding leakage disposal scheme. The effectiveness of the method has been verified by actual project data. This article conducts preliminary explorations into the in-depth applications of AI agents based on LLMs in the oil and gas energy industry, demonstrating certain positive outcomes.

USE OF TUBING COATINGS AND SCALE INHIBITORS TO PREVENT SCALING

The problem of formation of inorganic scaling in tubing is a common problem in oil production processes. The formation of salts on the inner surface of the tubing leads to a significant narrowing of the flow section of the pipe. An urgent task is to find methods, the use of which will either prevent or reduce the formation of inorganic scaling on the walls of pipes. Methods of removing scaling from the tubing are expensive, time consuming, and require shutdown of the oil production facility. Therefore, it is preferable to use methods for preventing salt formation in tubing. Methods of preventing the processes of scaling in the tubing include physical, chemical and technological. The most common method of preventing scaling is the use of scale inhibitors (chemical method). The use of internal protective pipe coatings (technological method) as a measure to prevent the formation of inorganic scaling on the walls of the tubing is a promising, but not fully studied method. The use of coatings is promising, since in addition to the potential reduction in the formation of scaling on the walls of pipes, their main function is corrosion protection.One of the methods of preventing salt formation in the tubing may be the integrated use of internal protective coatings of the tubing and scale inhibitors. But, since this method is not universal, an individual selection of the most effective coating-inhibitor combination will be required for each oil production facility. Selection of an effective coating-inhibitor combination using pilot field tests is an expensive and time-consuming procedure, therefore, it is necessary to develop a laboratory method to solve this problem. The article proposes a method that makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the complex use of protective coatings and scale inhibitors to prevent the formation of inorganic salts on the inner surface of tubing in laboratory conditions. The results of bench tests for 9 grades of protective coatings and for 6 grades of scale inhibitors (in different dosages) are presented.

SAFETY ASSURANCE TRIPPING OPERATIONS IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION

The article discusses the issues of industrial safety at the enterprises of the oil and gas industry, in particular during the performance of tripping operations. The relevance of the research topic is justified, based on the fact that this industry in our country (oil production) occupies one of the leading positions in the world, and all processes are accompanied by tripping operations, therefore, the issue of ensuring industrial safety remains relevant.The problems of the oil and gas sector and their impact on the drilling process, in particular, high wear of equipment and the human factor, were considered.The study focuses on non-compliance with occupational health and safety standards, as well as shortcomings in the risk management system that contributed to the occurrence of these emergencies. Rostekhnadzor data related to the distribution of industrial injuries were analyzed. Cases of violation of industrial safety regulations during tripping operations were considered, which led to severe traumatic injuries and fatal outcomes.Based on the analysis of regulatory requirements in the field of production safety of tripping operations, shortcomings were found, and recommendations were made for making changes based on the existing safety status at the facilities of such problems as equipment deterioration, the relevance of existing protective equipment.The second block is aimed at considering the technical features of the receiving walkways and identifying design imperfections during their operation.The article proposes a shock-resistant protective limiting device of its own design, which will contribute to improving the production safety of tripping operations when drilling wells. The use of this device will minimize the risks of damage to equipment and reduce the likelihood of emergencies. Due to its simplicity and the use of available materials, the device has high strength and durability, which ensures its reliable operation in conditions of increased loads and difficult climatic conditions. In addition, the introduction of such devices in production processes helps reduce the cost of repair and maintenance of equipment, as well as increase the overall efficiency of drilling operations by reducing downtime and unplanned shutdowns associated with incidents.

Targeted engineering of camelina and pennycress seeds for ultrahigh accumulation of acetyl-TAG

Acetyl-TAG (3-acetyl-1,2-diacylglycerol), unique triacylglycerols (TAG) possessing an acetate group at the sn-3 position, exhibit valuable properties, such as reduced viscosity and freezing points. Previous attempts to engineer acetyl-TAG production in oilseed crops did not achieve the high levels found in naturally producing Euonymus seeds. Here, we demonstrate the successful generation of camelina and pennycress transgenic lines accumulating nearly pure acetyl-TAG at 93 mol% and 98 mol%, respectively. These ultrahigh acetyl-TAG synthesizing lines were created using gene-edited FATTY ACID ELONGASE1 (FAE1) mutant lines as an improved genetic background to increase levels of acetyl-CoA available for acetyl-TAG synthesis mediated by the expression of EfDAcT, a high-activity diacylglycerol acetyltransferase isolated from Euonymus fortunei. Combining EfDAcT expression with suppression of the competing TAG-synthesizing enzyme DGAT1 further enhanced acetyl-TAG accumulation. These ultrahigh levels of acetyl-TAG exceed those in earlier engineered oilseeds and are equivalent or greater than those in Euonymus seeds. Imaging of lipid localization in transgenic seeds revealed that the low amounts of residual TAG were mostly confined to the embryonic axis. Similar spatial distributions of specific TAG and acetyl-TAG molecular species, as well as their probable diacylglycerol (DAG) precursors, provide additional evidence that acetyl-TAG and TAG are both synthesized from the same tissue-specific DAG pools. Remarkably, this ultrahigh production of acetyl-TAG in transgenic seeds exhibited minimal negative effects on seed properties, highlighting the potential for production of designer oils required for economical biofuel industries.