Oil Phenols Research Articles

An examination of the phenol-croton oil peel: part IV. Face peel results with different concentrations of phenol and croton oil.

In Part IV of this examination of the phenol-croton oil peel, the author presents peeling solutions using phenol in concentrations between 16% and 50% as the carrier for croton oil. Previously, in Part I, the author showed that phenol alone in concentrations of less than 50% has no significant peeling effect on the skin in the absence of taping. All of these formulas are dependent on the addition of croton oil for their peeling action. A topographic map of the face is presented that divides the face into the zones that the author believes are best treated with different strengths of croton oil. Five patients peeled between late 1992 and late 1995 were chosen as examples to illustrate the effect of different strengths of croton oil between 0.25% and 2.78%. The author has documented their immediate postoperative course photographically to show the effect of the different concentrations. It is clinically apparent that peels using croton oil between 0.25% and 0.5% generally heal within 7 days; peels between 0.6% and 1.0% usually heal within 9 or 10 days, and peels using concentrations higher than 1% heal later and have some risk of pigmentation loss. Peels using croton oil concentrations at 2% and above almost always have pigmentation loss and have healing delays in areas other than the thick skin of the lower nose and perioral area. The practical clinical formulas distributed at the time of the presentation of this article at the 1996 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery in Orlando, Florida, entitled "Heresy Phenol Formulas--1996," are provided here. These have been used in both the United States and Europe over the past few years. A metric standard for drop size is suggested at 0.04 ml. This relates to the drop size used clinically over the years to measure croton oil. The adoption of this unit will make formulas around the world easier to calculate and compare. The author has produced a metric formula using the suggested standard size drop for croton oil. This uses 35% phenol as the carrier and provides the same range of treatment dilutions as the 1996 "Heresy Phenol Formulas." The need for research into "carriers" and solvents for croton oil is pointed out. Despite what is not known about how it works, the combination of croton seed extract and phenol has been a success story in providing facial rejuvenation from the 1920s to the present. The croton oil-phenol peel in its many formulas still sets the standard for facial rejuvenation.

An Examination of the Phenol???Croton Oil Peel: Part IV. Face Peel Results with Different Concentrations of Phenol and Croton Oil by Gregory P. Hetter, M.D.

An Examination of the Phenol???Croton Oil Peel: Part IV. Face Peel Results with Different Concentrations of Phenol and Croton Oil by Gregory P. Hetter, M.D.

The mighty cashew

The generic name ‘cashew’ applies to a tree, its fruit, its nuts, and the family to which it belongs. The tree has been cultivated in tropical countries for close on five hundred years, and from the fruit to the nut to the shell, the cashew is basically edible and useful. Outside the Tropics the tree is perhaps best known for its edible nuts. However of the various natural products of the cashew, it is the caustic, black phenolic oil known as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), until recently routinely discarded as a waste product, which has been found to be of most interest, as it can be used in numerous industrial and engineering applications. CNSL is essentially a mixture of phenolics and is a good natural alternative to petrochemically derived phenol. Furthermore CNSL has found uses in areas as diverse as paints, corrosion resistant varnishes, and natural composite materials. The fact that CNSL is also a low cost renewable resource which until recently was thought of as a waste product only adds to its appeal and suggests that an exciting future awaits this fascinating material.

Photomorphogenic and Chemical Responses to Blue Light in Mentha piperita

Blue light with a wavelength of 450 nm was given to peppermint to study some photomorphogenic and chemical responses. Irradiation was performed without white light (W) and in the presence of W. Blue light + W prompted a significant increase in leaf area and leaf area index and was accompanied by increased total chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance values. On the other hand, the effect of Blue light + W caused a significant decrease in the essential oil, protein and total phenol content as well as CO2 assimilation. Blue light affected menthol biosynthesis by a 65% reduction, while increasing 2.3 fold the content of menthofuran. The effect of Blue light on gene expression of both morphogenetic and essential oil characters is also discussed.

Growth inhibition of tomato-rot fungi by phenolic acids and essential oil extracts of pepperfruit ( Dennetia tripetala)

Phenolic and essential oil extracts of pepperfruit ( Dennetia tripetala) showed antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces sp., Candida tropicalis, Candida sp., Cryptococcus sp., Geotrichum sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium sp. isolated from spoilt tomato fruits and cultured on agar plates. Antifungal activity of phenolic and essential oil extracts was observed at inhibitory concentrations (IC) in the range of 2.5–6.5 and 1.5–3.0 mg/ml tomato/glucose medium respectively. Combination of phenolic and essential oil extracts at concentrations below IC values significantly retarded growth of fungi resident in blended freshly harvested and open market tomato fruits. These fungi were not detected in the tomato after 1 month storage when mild heat (80°C for 1 min) and NaCl (10 mg/g) were combined with the phenolic and essential oil extracts as preservative hurdles. The population of challenge fungi in blended tomato treated with the same low concentration of the extracts and salt but without heat hurdle, steadily declined till none was detected after 3 months. Being an edible fruit, pepperfruit extracts may prove a useful natural preservative in food processing.

Effect of Packing Media on the Oxidation of Canned Tuna Lipids. Antioxidant Effectiveness of Extra Virgin Olive Oil

The effectiveness of packing media differing in the content of natural antioxidants has been tested on lipid oxidation occurring during tuna canning. Extra virgin olive oil, having a high content in natural polyphenols, and other filling media lacking phenols (refined olive oil, refined soybean oil, and brine) were selected. The three oils also showed different quantities of tocopherols, the highest amount being detected in refined soybean oil. Different rates of oxidation were observed among the four media after thermal processing and storage of tuna cans; extra virgin olive oil showed a potential antioxidant activity on fish lipids. The verified antioxidant ability may be attributed to the solubilization of hydrophilic phenols into the water−muscle interface. The phenolic composition from extra virgin olive oil studied by reversed-phase HPLC showed a marked change after fish processing, thus suggesting phenol decompositions and strong interactions between oil phenols and fish muscle components. The aqueous environment built by brine made fish lipids more prone to oxidation, presumably due to the accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids at the oil−water interface. Keywords: Antioxidants; fish lipid oxidation; canning; packing medium (extra virgin olive oil, refined olive oil, soybean oil, brine); phenols

97/04602 Great Plains Synfuels' hidden treasures: Kuhn, A. K. and Duncan, D. H. Proc. Annu. Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., 1996, 13, (1), 478–483

The Great Plains Synfuels Project was commissioned 12 years ago. While demonstrating success regarding SNG production, DGC quietly started development of chemical products derived from the liquid by-product streams of Lurgi moving bed gasifiers. Naphtha, crude phenol, and tar oil are the primary by-products, and these contain valuable compounds such as phenol, cresylic acid, catechols, naphthols, fluorene, and BTX. Process technologies have been developed for (1) separation of various impurities from cresylic acid distillate fractions or from whole cresylic acid; (2) extracting cresylic acid from tar oil; (3) conversion of tar pitch to a blend stock used in making anode binder pitch; and (4) separating high purity catechol and methyl catechols. As a result of this work, DGC built a phenol/cresylic acid facility. The cresylic acid side supplies over 10 percent of the world market. The achievement with the catechols is presently leading to bench scale routes for synthesis of chemical intermediates which ultimately may include compounds such as vanillin, pyrogallol, sesamol, homoveratrylamine, and many others, penetrating the fields of flavors and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, photographic chemicals, dyes, etc. These efforts stimulate DGC`s growth and will provide an economic uplift. By-products already contribute more than 10% of revenues and aremore » destined to rival natural gas in importance.« less

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type 1 (p55) is a main mediator for TNF-alpha-induced skin inflammation.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that elicits a large number of biological effects, including inflammatory and immunoregulatory responses. Biological activities of TNF-alpha are mediated by two distinct TNF receptors, p55 type 1 receptor (TNFR1) and p75 type 2 receptor (TNFR2). To determine the role of TNF-alpha in the induction of inflammatory responses in the skin, gene-targeted mutant mice lacking either TNFR1 or TNFR2 were painted with irritant chemicals. Both phenol and croton oil painting onto the ears induced less inflammation in TNFR1(-) mice than normal and TNFR2(-) mice. Intradermal injection of TNF-alpha (0.2-200 ng for 3 days) into the ear induced less inflammation in TNFR1(-) mice than in normal mice. TNFR2(-) mice developed a normal inflammatory reaction to high doses of TNF-alpha (20-200 ng for 3 days), while they showed minimal reactivity to low doses of TNF-alpha (0.2-2 ng for 3 days). TNF-alpha is known to trigger the release of a series of other cytokines and to induce the expression of cell adhesion molecules, thus contributing to the development of inflammation. The levels of protein and mRNA for interleukin (IL)-6 were elevated in keratinocytes from normal as well as TNFR2(-) mice after treatment with TNF-alpha, while keratinocytes from TNFR1(-) mice did not show any up-regulation of IL-6. TNF-alpha induced intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in the keratinocytes from normal and TNFR2(-) mice, but not in those from TNFR1(-) mice. These results indicate that TNFR1 is critical for induction of skin inflammation by TNF-alpha.

In-line flow injection extraction-preconcentration through a passive hydrophilic membrane. Determination of total phenols in oil by flow-injection analysis

An in-line flow injection extraction-preconcentration procedure for the determination of total phenols in oil is described. The reaction between phenolic compounds and 4-aminoantipyrine in the presence of K2S2O8 as oxidizing reagent was used. The phenols were extracted and preconcentrated from a xylene solution by using a more selective passive hydrophilic Spectrapor membrane which also removed interferences. The phenols deprotonated after diffusion to the basic acceptor stream and the preconcentrated phenolate was injected into a carrier stream containing 4-aminoantipyrine as colour reagent. The carrier stream then merged with the oxidant stream, followed by detection at 500 nm. The system was suitable for the determination of total phenols in oil at a sampling rate of 12 samples per hour with an RSD of better than 1.3%. The detection limit was 0.09 mg/l for phenol, 0.18 mg/l for o-cresol and 0.02 mg/l for m-cresol. The results of the proposed system compared favourably with a standard manual 4-AAP method and a standard GC procedure.

96/04508 HPLC and 31P NMR analysis of phenols in coal liquefaction oils

96/04508 HPLC and 31P NMR analysis of phenols in coal liquefaction oils

Natural antioxidants and cardiovascular protection: The role of simple and complex phenols in olive oil

Natural antioxidants and cardiovascular protection: The role of simple and complex phenols in olive oil

Cytokine Induction in Human Epidermal Kerationocytes Exposed to Contact Irritants and Its Relation to Chemical-Induced Inflammation in Mouse Skin

In response to exogenous stimuli such as phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate, ultraviolet B radiation, and lipopolysaccharide, human keratinocytes produce soluble mediators that are important in primary contact irritancy including cytokines that are associated with proinflammatory properties (interleukin-1 alpha [IL-1 alpha], tumor necrosis factor alpha), chemotaxis (IL-8), and growth activation (granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor, IL-6, transforming growth factor alpha). We examined qualitative and quantitative changes in selected intracellular and secreted cytokines in human keratinocyte cultures in response to non-sensitizing contact irritants (croton oil, sodium lauryl sulfate, methyl salicylate, ethyl phenylpropiolate), sensitizing irritants (oxazolone, dinitrofluorobenzene), and ulcerative agents (phenol, benzalkonium chloride, chromium trioxide). The chemicals were also applied to mouse skin to assess whether the chemical-specific pattern of inflammation correlated with the in vitro production of keratinocyte-derived cytokines. Although all agents elicited neutrophils to the site of chemical application, time dependent and chemical-specific patterns of inflammation could be detected. Sodium lauryl sulfate, phenol, and croton oil induced increases in IL-8 production at non-cytotoxic concentrations in semi-confluent human keratinocyte cultures. Phenol and croton oil stimulated tumor necrosis factor alpha production, whereas croton oil was the only agent found to induce granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor production. Croton oil, phenol, benzalkonium chloride, and dinitrofluorobenzene induced the intracellular production of IL-1 alpha without a concomitant release into the medium. The release of cytokines occurred in parallel with a relative increase in cytokine-specific mRNA transcripts. Studies using neutralizing antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1 alpha demonstrated that IL-8 induction by croton oil and phenol occurred directly rather than through autocrine circuits. These data suggest that a given pattern of cytokine production is chemical-specific and may predict the contribution of keratinocytes to skin inflammation.

The use of Eichhornia crassipes to cleanse oil-refinery wastewater in China

Water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes) can grow in oil-refinery wastewater after the water has undergone an initial treatment of oil-separation, flotation and aeration. When the wastewater COD is below 131 mg/1, E. crassipes does not suffer long-term toxic effects. By numerical value analysis, the optimum COD under which E. crassipes can be used to oxidize oil-refinery wastewater is between 65 and 131 mg/l and the highest possible COD is 262 mg/l. Eichhornia crassipes, grown in two 3750-m 2 oil-refinery wastewater oxidation ponds, improved the quality and transparency of outlet water. After 2 to 4 days retention in oxidation ponds, turbidity decreased by 32%, phenol oil decreased by 18%, COD decreased by 8–13%, nitrogen decreased by 6–18%, phosphorus decreased by 12–24%, and several heavy metals decreased by 3–54% more than the unvegetated control. Eichhornia crassipes removed various pollutants through the absorption and uptake of toxic organic matter and heavy metals. In addition, its oxygenated root zone helps to bring about flotation and flocculation of oil residue, increased aerobic degradation, and a large microbial population to stimulate decomposition.

Prospective randomised comparison of current coagulation and injection sclerotherapy for the outpatient treatment of haemorrhoids

The feasibility and early results of a new technique of outpatient proctoscopic coagulation of haemorrhoids by means of an electronic probe (Ultroid, Microvasive Inc., USA) were evaluated in comparison to conventional injection sclerotherapy. Age, symptom and sex-matched groups were analysed before and 6 weeks after outpatient treatment, using scoring systems (n = 51). A mean of 6.2 +/- 0.4 ml of phenol in oil were injected over 2.4 +/- 0.2 min compared to a mean current of 15.8 +/- 0.2 mA over a period of 11.9 +/- 0.8 min (p less than 0.001, treatment time). Sclerotherapy was found significantly less tedious than coagulation. More patients complained of discomfort during coagulation, but the difference in tolerance scores between the 2 groups was not significant. Three patients in the coagulation group but none in the injection group refused to be treated by the same method again due to discomfort. Significant benefits were achieved by both modes of treatment after 6 weeks. The early cure rates for bleeding were 84% for sclerotherapy and 64% for coagulation (p = 0.2) and for prolapse 56% and 44% respectively (p = 0.72). Injection sclerotherapy is preferable to Ultroid coagulation for the outpatient treatment of haemorrhoids because it is a quicker, less tedious and more comfortable procedure with equally effective early results.

石炭液化油の水素化脱窒素におよぼすフェノールの添加効果

The additive effect of phenol on the denitrogenation of the chloroform soluble-benzene soluble (CSBS-1) and the chloroform soluble-benzene insoluble (CSBI-1) in the 1st liquid derived from Akabira coal was investigated by the hydrogenolysis reactions using sulfided Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst. Further, the heavy oil in the liquid from Miike coal was separated into acidic, neutral and basic fractions by ion-exchange chromatography, and the additive effect of phenol on their respective hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) and hyd-rodeoxygenation (HDN) was also studied.The denitrogenation in the 2nd liquids produced by adding 2.5 and 10% of phenol to CSBS-1 at 420°C increased and decreased than that in the non-addition, respectively. Phe-nol addition was not effective in the HDN of CSBI-1 of preasphaltene.Phenol addition to the heavy acidic or basic oil was not effective in the HDN and HDO of the basic oil, but of the acidic oil. This is because both phenol and acidic oil raise the acidity of the catalyst, and the basic oil adsorbs on the acidic site of the catalyst more pre-ferentially and strongly than phenol.

Photometric determination of phenols in essential oils

A photometric procedure is described for determining terpene phenols in essential oils which is based on the formation of colored indophenols with p-quinone chloroimine in an alkaline medium. A comparative evaluation of the results obtained with those of the pharmacopoeial method shows the greater economy, sensitivity, and accuracy of the proposed procedure.

Hydropyrolysis of kraft hardwood and softwood black liquor

AbstractThe hydropyrolysis of hardwood and softwood derived black liquor was studied to develop material balance data and to investigate the potential yield of phenolic oils that might be obtained as chemical by‐products of a kraft pulp mill. Hydropyrolysis reactions on softwood liquors were found to be more efficient in char formation than those on hardwood liquors. The yield of extractible phenolic oils was low, around 20–30 percent of black liquor organics, but the yields of simple phenols determined by gas chromatography were found to be even lower at 1–5 percent on black liquor organics.

Frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Rich., exposed to five pollutants

This work presents the results of investigations of cytogenetic changes produced by pollutants of a water ecosystem (phenol, decamethrine, Malathion, Neguvon and crude oil). The changes have been measured by observing frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the tissues of gills and kidney of rainbow trout exposed to pollutants. The fish were exposed to two dose levels of the pollutants, the lowest being the legislative maximum permissible concentration in the waters of Yugoslavia, which were used as a dose‐response for the highest investigated concentrations. Exposure to the water polluted by chemical pollutants under investigation, raised the frequency of aberrations compared to the controls.

Rectal prolapse in children.

Some of the factors thought to be responsible for rectal prolapse in children are reviewed. In the United Kingdom management has in the past been conservative. It is suggested that children should be treated at an early stage by means of an injection of phenol in almond oil, in order to reduce the discomfort of recurrent manipulative reductions of the prolapse in the child and alleviate the anxiety of the parents. In 18 cases treated during the past 3 years a single injection performed under general anaesthesia, as a day case, was successful in preventing further prolapse of the rectum.

The solubilization of coal with wood pyrolysis oil: The role of phenolic components

It has been observed that phenols are capable of enhancing the solubility of coal. It is of interest to investigate the ability of a natural, biomass material to react with coal. Such a material has a complex chemical matrix but is rich in phenolic components. The nature of reactions of this type may provide unique insights regarding the reactivity of coal. The results of a preliminary investigation of the ability of a highly phenolic wood pyrolysis oil to convert coal to a more soluble coal product are described. Four coals were studied over a temperature range of 60–460°C. The time of reaction and the wood oil:coal ratio were also considered. The wood oil was recovered and was used in a subsequent reaction with coal. For the two coals tested with this recycled wood oil, it was found that a greater extent of solubility of the coals was achieved. Some of the implications of using such a natural biomass material are discussed.