Oil Palm Shell Waste Research Articles

Mechanical Properties and Flexural Response of Palm Shell Aggregate Lightweight Reinforced Concrete Beam

This work focuses on examining the mechanical characteristics and flexural response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams by incorporating oil palm shell (OPS) lightweight aggregate from oil palm shell waste. The OPS aggregates are replaced in various percentages, such as 0 to 50% of natural coarse aggregate (NCA). Mechanical properties of OPS concrete were conducted, and these properties were used to quantify the flexural performance of RC beams. Five RC beams with several gradations of OPS aggregates were cast and tested for this investigation. The first cracking, ultimate strength, load-deflection behavior, ductility index, and failure patterns of OPS aggregate beams were investigated as the corresponding behaviors to the NCA concrete beam. The fresh properties analysis demonstrated lessening the slump test by varied concentrations of OPS concrete. Furthermore, compressive strength was reduced by 44.73%, 50.83%, 53.33%, and 57.22% compared to 10%, 15%, 20%, and 50% OPC substitution at 28 days. Increasing OPS content in concrete mixes decreased splitting tensile strength, comparable to the compressive strength test. Modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity experiments exhibited a similar trend toward reduction over the whole range of OPS concentrations (0–50%) in concrete. It was revealed that the flexural capacity of beams tends to decrease the strength with the increased proportion of OPS aggregate. Moreover, crack patterns and failure modes of beams are also emphasized in this paper for the variation of OPS replacement in the NCA. The OPS aggregate RC beam’s test results have great potential to be implemented in low-cost civil infrastructures.

Properties of bio-oil and bio-char from high-intensity microwave-assisted pyrolysis of oil palm shell waste

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis was applied using four magnetrons to implement a high intensity at a power density of 0.3107 W/m3 with 800 g specimen size. The 23 full factorial experimental design manipulated the factors temperature, mixture ratio, and pyrolysis time, seeking to maximize %yield at minimum cost of crude bio-oil. The optimum according to model fit had a temperature of 611 °C with a 70:30 sample mixture ratio of oil palm shell (OPS) to activated carbon (AC), and time 39.6 min for a yield of 15.3% and 8.48 Thai-Baht/cc cost. The coefficients of determination were R2 = 93.99% and 94.00% for the respective models. In the aqueous phase of crude bio-oil, acetic acid was the dominant chemical component at 55.2%, whereas phenol was dominant in the bio-oil phase at 44.2%, from 400 °C pyrolysis temperature. The assessed properties of bio-char were proximate composition, heating value, specific surface, and pore volume, and these were improved compared to the raw OPS. However, these properties must be improved further to match commercial-grade activated carbon.

Potensi Pigmen Pewarna Alami pada Corak Warna Lipa Sabbe sebagai Sumber Belajar IPA

Along with the growing public awareness of personal and environmental health, lipa sabbe products with natural colors are increasingly popular. Natural dyes are advantageous because they do not need to be imported, are safe for human health during the manufacturing process, do not pollute the environment, and are safe. Although synthetic dyes are easier to use, they are harmful to health, produce hazardous waste, pollute the environment, and are made from imported materials. This study aims to determine the types of plants that can be used as natural dyes for lipa sabbe. Qualitative methods with literature studies sourced from journals, books, or other related scientific articles are used in this research. The results showed that natural dyes in lipa sabbe became one of the Science Learning Resources with natural dyes including extracts from cocoa shell waste, coconut fiber waste, oil palm shell waste, rambutan peel waste, mangosteen peel waste, guava leaf waste, mango leaf waste and avocado leaf waste is plantation waste that can be used as a natural lipa sabbe dye. The pigments in this material produce yellow, reddish brown, gray, and black colors.
 
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Bio-graphene production from oil palm shell waste valorised through sequential thermal and catalytic means

Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin made up a large majority of biomass in the world. These three organic polymers can produce bio-gas such as methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) which are necessary for bio-graphene fabrication. Carbon layer deposition depends on CH4 while the uniformity and porosity of the carbon layer depend on CO2 and activation agent interaction. By altering the Oil Palm Shell (OPS) biomass precursor through pyrolysis, the remaining content of biomass precursors will enhance bio-graphene development through Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) process. The alteration of these biomass precursors is made through thermal manipulation at temperatures of 200 ∘C, 400 ∘C and 600 ∘C. The best thermal means will produce bio-graphene encompassing observable crystallinity, appropriate exfoliation, low defect, high carbon and low oxygen value which possess characteristics that are similar to bio-graphene fabricated from the past years. The different pre-treated biomass through pyrolysis are characterized using proximate analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Micro-Raman. Additionally, the different bio-graphene samples fabricated from pre-treated biomass precursors were identified and characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Ultra-high Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (U-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Micro-Raman spectrometer.

Pembuatan bio-briket dari produk pirolisis biochar cangkang kelapa sawit sebagai sumber energi alternatif

Fossil fuel sources are non-renewable energy sources and someday will experience scarcity due to the increasing population; it is necessary to look for alternative fuels. Several renewable energies that can replace fossil fuels are water, solar energy, wind, thermal energy, and biomass energy. One biomass energy from plantations is biomass from oil palm plantation waste. Riau Province is Indonesia's largest palm oil producer, with a total land area of ​​2.89 million until 2021. The results of harvesting coconuts will produce waste, i.e., oil palm shells. Oil palm shells can be treated with pyrolysis technology. In the pyrolysis process, three products are produced: liquid, solid (biochar), and oil products (bio-oil). In this study, the pyrolysis product of oil palm shell waste in the form of biochar was used as raw material to produce bio-briquettes. Producing bio-briquettes resulted from pulverized biochar pyrolysis, mixed with tapioca flour adhesive with a percentage of 4% and 8%. Then, the biochar mixture with adhesive was put in a mold and compressed. The results of the bio-briquettes were tested for water content, ash content, volatile matter content, and calorific value. The test results were compared with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 8021 2014. The research results on bio briquettes from the pyrolysis of palm oil shell waste showed the best results at 4% reactant content with 4.45% water content, 5.1% ash content, volatile matter content 40.40%, and the calorific value was 5,999.93 cal/gram.

A review: The utilization and its benefits of liquid smoke from lignocellulosic waste

In the integrated charcoal technology, the smoke arising from the process is flowed into a pipe which is cooled, so that the smoke turns into a liquid, so it is called liquid smoke. Therefore, the technology to produce liquid smoke is environmentally friendly. The raw material used in the process of making wood vinegar is generally in the form of lignocellulose waste which contains lignin and cellulose such as wood waste, bamboo waste, oil palm shell waste, coconut shell waste and others. With simple technology input, liquid smoke can be produced from this waste, which has many benefits. The method to produce the liquid smoke was through a process of charcoal or pyrolysis which produces three forms of solid products, namely charcoal, products in the form of gases, namely smoke, and products in the form of liquids, so called tar and liquid smoke; and the main component as a characteristic of liquid smoke were acetic acid, phenolic and carbamic acid. Phenol is the compound that plays the most role in liquid smoke, because it is antibacterial and antifungal and inhibits fat oxidation. Therefore, liquid smoke with its various benefits can be a solution for the problems of pets and bacteria in agriculture or environmental pollution.

The Use of Energy in The Production Process of Hot Mix Asphalt in Asphalt Mixing Plant (AMP)

Asphalt mixing plant (AMP) is a set of tools used to produce hot mix asphalt (HMA) in a location/place. This study is intended to determine the energy use of diesel fuel sets in the production process by measuring the energy use of both types of fuel including fuel consumption and energy, temperature, and the quantity of production from HMA in the AMP. The conclusion of this research is that changes in temperature and length of time of production will affect the use of diesel fuel and energy use, with the longer the production time and the temperature instability to heat the aggregate in the dryer, it will consume huge fuel and energy usage and the results of the calculation analysis were also obtained by producing a HMA weighing 130.640 tons requires consumption of diesel fuel of 1,477.25 liters which is equivalent to the fuel consumption of oil palm shell waste of 6.01 ton and also which is equivalent to energy use of 52,280.99 MJ, for each production of 1 ton of HMA required consumption of diesel fuel of 11.31 liters. Meanwhile, to increase 1°C requires 8.09 liters of diesel fuel consumption which is equivalent to energy use of 290.16 MJ.

REGIONAL POLICY IN MANAGING OIL PALM WASTE AS RENEWABLE ENERGY IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE

Besides producing CPO and KPO, oil palm also produces a lot of waste. Oil palm waste can be managed and utilized. This study aims to determine how oil palm waste is managed, the authority of local governments to regulate oil palm waste management in South Kalimantan Province. Third, what is the concept of future local government policies in utilizing oil palm waste as a new and renewable energy development in South Kalimantan? The research method used is normative juridical research, the research that is focused on examining the application of the rules or norms in positive law, analyzing in-depth and holistically, from all aspects comprehensively, sourced from library research using legal materials, namely primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials, to answer regulatory issues in the legislation regarding the Policy on the Use of Oil palm Waste as New and Renewable Energy in South Kalimantan Province. The result shows that Indonesia has been able to create renewable energy from the oil palm industry. However, the government needs to regulate the use of oil palm shell waste through local regulations and policies. With the participation of policymakers, and focus for development. It can creates jobs, increase and develop disadvantaged areas and in the end will reduce the level of poverty.

Activated carbon and palm oil fuel ash as microwave absorbers for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of oil palm shell waste.

In this study, the effects of two microwave absorbers (MWAb) or catalysts, namely activated carbon (AC) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA), were investigated in microwave pyrolysis of oil palm shell (OPS). The results show similar trends and ranges of the dielectric properties for both MWAbs when measured using a network analyzer with an open-end probe at 2.45 GHz from room temperature to 100 °C. However, according to the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, AC has a larger specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume than POFA. The higher SSA of the AC allows more molecules of gas or liquid substances to be attached on its surfaces than on POFA. This adsorption does not change the structure of AC or POFA. Therefore, on using AC the phenol content was higher than with POFA, as observed from GC-MS peak areas. Both MWAbs had absorbed liquid or gas molecules that may adhere to the surfaces either physically or chemically (or by both types of mechanisms) facilitating bonding to form different molecules. However, phenol derivatives, overall chemical compositions, and product yields were similar for these two MWAbs, according to ANOVA.

Characterization of Activated Charcoal Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensiss Jacq) Shell Waste using SEM and FTIR: Effect of Activation Temperature

This study aims to determine the structure of morphology and functional groups from activated charcoal for palm oil waste with variations in activation temperature. The process of two stages: the carbonation and activation stage. Carbonation process using a pyrolysis reactor at a carbonation temperature of 200oC -400oC for 6 hours. Then, the sample activated at a temperature of 700 °C, 750oC, 800oC, and 850 °C. Samples were characterization using SEM and FTIR. SEM analysis results show the largest pore size at a temperature of 850 oC with a diameter of 48.3 nm, and the lowest temperature was 700 °C with a capacity of 35.3 nm. Activated charcoal from oil palm shell waste at mesopore size. Next, FTIR analysis results show wave numbers 2165,18 cm-1, 1554 cm-1, 1030,76 cm-1 dan 424,11 cm-1. The removal of some absorption bands and the formation of new absorption bands, caused by the activation temperature

Synthesis and Characterization of Composite of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/ Activated Carbon by Hydrothermal Method

Composite of Al2O3/activated carbon (Al2O3/AC) has been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. It was synthesized from activated carbon from oil palm shell waste by mixing with Al2O3 powder in ethanol. The mixer was placed in a hydrothermal reactor and heated up to 250°C for 3 hours. Comparison study of surface area between activated carbon and composite of Al2O3/AC indicate that surface area decreased from 67.6 to 65.3 m2/g. However, XRD analysis shows that there was a slight different hkl phase. Characterization using FTIR showed that the composite have more oxygen functional groups compared with activated carbon. SEM-EDX of composite of Al2O3/AC showed an increasing of crystalline structure on the surface.

Flexural behaviour of reinforced lightweight concrete beam using hot water pre-treated oil palm shell coarse aggregate

Along with the increasing demand for habitation in Indonesia, the need for concrete as the most favourable housing material is escalating. Oil Palm Shell (OPS) as coarse aggregate material is a possible alternatives material in concrete mix proportions. This possible choice of material not only can fulfil the requirements of the materials, but is also capable of reducing the problem of OPS waste in Indonesia. As OPS concrete compressive strength in previous studies in laboratory is in the range of 20-23 MPa, studies on larger elements of structure become interesting. This research presents flexure behaviour of lightweight concrete beams using OPS replacing natural coarse aggregates under four-point loading application. OPS is firstly pre-treated using hot water at 50°C based on previous research. In this study, a series of tests was conducted on two samples of identical beam with dimension of 15×25×300 cm. This size represents the typical dimension of beam used in two-storey houses in Indonesia. Mechanical response due to bending that occurs in OPS lightweight concrete beam is presented. Observation on the beam is emphasised on the pure bending area.

Pemanfaatan Hasil Pembakaran Limbah Cangkang Kelapa Sawit sebagai Bahan Pengganti Pasir pada Pembuatan Beton Normal

In 2015 the total area of oil palm plantations in Kalimantan reached 3.47 million Ha with a production of 8.12 million tons per year. Solid waste is in the form of fresh fruit bunches and palm shells. The result of combustion of oil palm shell waste in the form of boiler crust ash is a waste that has chemical elements SiO2, Al2O3, and CaO, with the content of these compounds can affect the strength of the concrete and can increase its strength. In this study, the quality of the concrete mix planned at 28 days is 23 MPa. Concrete testing included compressive strength tests carried out at 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, 42 days and 56 days. Before making concrete samples, the mortar compressive strength is tested first by varying the boiler crust ash content by 0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, and 50% to obtain the optimum mixture. Based on the results of the analysis of compressive strength mortar obtained the optimum mixture of 15% for the manufacture of concrete that will be compared with normal concrete. The compressive strength of concrete with the optimum mixture at 28 days is 24.44 Mpa more than the compressive strength of the 23 Mpa plan. Concrete that has the highest compressive strength occurs at the age of 56 days is concrete with the normal mixture with a compressive strength of 34.44 Mpa higher than the compressive strength of concrete with an optimum mixture of 15% boiler crust ash which is 28.51 MPa.

Pyrolysis Heating Performance of Oil Palm Shell Waste Biomass with Carbon Surfaces

Bio-fuels from solid waste biomass have been projected to provide renewable energy for the future. The thermal conversion of waste biomass to bio-fuels requires the development of energy efficient and quick heating processes. For this reason, Microwave (MW) heating process has attracted great attention in achieving quick heating conditions. In this study, solid Oil Palm Shells (OPS) waste biomass was subjected to multimode MW pyrolysis system operated at 2.54 GHz frequency with coconut activated carbon (CAC) surfaces. The effects of increasing OPS loading were investigated at 300 W, 35 wt% CAC loading and 4 liter per minute (LPM) of N2 on pyrolysis heating performance, bio-oil yield and composition. The results indicated that increase in OPS loading provide slow heating of biomass solids. However, the final temperature reached in biomass solids were found encouraging in initiating pyrolysis conditions. 150g of OPS loading demonstrated quick and nearly uniform process heating compared to 175g and 200g OPS loading. The highest bio-oil yield of 31.76 wt% was obtained with 200g OPS loading. The phenols in the bio-oil detected remained 58.02-66.67% GC-MS area. The findings of this study reveals that the heat generated from carbon surfaces and carried with N2 gas can improve pyrolysis heating conditions in OPS solids at fairly low MW power, which can save process energy. The high phenols in bio-oil suggest potential use as chemical feedstock in petrochemical industry.

Pyrolysis Heating Performance of Oil Palm Shell Waste Biomass with Carbon Surfaces

Bio-fuels from solid waste biomass have been projected to provide renewable energy for the future. The thermal conversion of waste biomass to bio-fuels requires the development of energy efficient and quick heating processes. For this reason, Microwave (MW) heating process has attracted great attention in achieving quick heating conditions. In this study, solid Oil Palm Shells (OPS) waste biomass was subjected to multimode MW pyrolysis system operated at 2.54 GHz frequency with coconut activated carbon (CAC) surfaces. The effects of increasing OPS loading were investigated at 300 W, 35 wt% CAC loading and 4 liter per minute (LPM) of N2 on pyrolysis heating performance, bio-oil yield and composition. The results indicated that increase in OPS loading provide slow heating of biomass solids. However, the final temperature reached in biomass solids were found encouraging in initiating pyrolysis conditions. 150g of OPS loading demonstrated quick and nearly uniform process heating compared to 175g and 200g OPS loading. The highest bio-oil yield of 31.76 wt% was obtained with 200g OPS loading. The phenols in the bio-oil detected remained 58.02-66.67% GC-MS area. The findings of this study reveals that the heat generated from carbon surfaces and carried with N2 gas can improve pyrolysis heating conditions in OPS solids at fairly low MW power, which can save process energy. The high phenols in bio-oil suggest potential use as chemical feedstock in petrochemical industry.

Effect of heating rate on the slow pyrolysis behaviour and its kinetic parameters of oil-palm shell

The effect of heating rate on the slow pyrolysis behaviour and its kinetic parameters was investigated in this study. Pyrolysis experiment with oil–palm shell waste as raw material was conducted in nitrogen atmosphere at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C /minute and final temperature of 550 °C by simultaneous thermogravimetric analyser. The results show that heating rate affects the thermogravimetric curve position, maximum decomposition rate, and the temperature on which the maximum mass loss rate occur. Moreover, it can be known that calculated activation energies and frequency factors vary, depend on the specified temperature range and reaction order. By approximating the pyrolysis stages into four temperature ranges for reaction order of one and into five ones for reaction order of two and three, it was obtained that the activation energy values are from 6.90 to 203.10 kJ/mol and frequency factor values range from 1.283E-01 to 7.07E+15 s -1 .

Effect of fibre aspect ratio on the torsional behaviour of steel fibre-reinforced normal weight concrete and lightweight concrete

The emergence of torsion studies is attributed to the increasing demand for the aesthetic design of curved structural members; however, they are limited in respect of lightweight concrete. Oil Palm Shell Concrete (OPSC) has been researched in Malaysia, which is known to produce a sustainable lightweight concrete by using locally available oil palm shell waste. This study aims to compare the torsional behaviour between the normal weight concrete (NWC) and OPSC, and to investigate the effects of steel fibre of varying aspect ratio – 55, 65 and 80 – in both types of concrete. The results showed that OPSC is more ductile in torsion than the NWC beam, with a twist at failure 2.8 times that of NWC. The steel fibre reinforcement compensated the weak tensile strength of OPSC and enhanced the mechanical properties, torsional strength and ductility, toughness and crack resistance of the OPSFRC specimens. The effect of the aspect ratio is evident from the OPSFRC-80 mix reinforced with steel fibre of aspect ratio 80, which produced the highest ultimate torque, twist at failure and torsional toughness of 8.60kNm, 0.179rad/m and 1.074kNm/m, respectively. In addition, equations are proposed to predict the cracking and ultimate torques to improve the torsion design of lightweight concrete.

Optimization and characterization of bio-oil produced by microwave assisted pyrolysis of oil palm shell waste biomass with microwave absorber

In this study, solid oil palm shell (OPS) waste biomass was subjected to microwave pyrolysis conditions with uniformly distributed coconut activated carbon (CAC) microwave absorber. The effects of CAC loading (wt%), microwave power (W) and N2 flow rate (LPM) were investigated on heating profile, bio-oil yield and its composition. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to study the significance of process parameters on bio-oil yield. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the bio-oil yield is 0.89017 indicating 89.017% of data variability is accounted to the model. The largest effect on bio-oil yield is from linear and quadratic terms of N2 flow rate. The phenol content in bio-oil is 32.24–58.09% GC–MS area. The bio-oil also contain 1,1-dimethyl hydrazine of 10.54–21.20% GC–MS area. The presence of phenol and 1,1-dimethyl hydrazine implies that the microwave pyrolysis of OPS with carbon absorber has the potential to produce valuable fuel products.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a thermostable α-amylase exhibiting an unusually high activity

An α-amylase gene was cloned from the thermophilic bacterium Bacillus subtilis isolated from Indonesian oil palm shell waste. The gene expressed an extracellular enzyme. Optimal hydrolysis conditions for the enzyme were 70 o C and pH 6.0. The specific activity of the enzyme was 16.0 kU per mg of protein, which was higher than for other thermostable amylases. Hydrolytic products of the enzyme using starch and glycogen were mainly maltohexaose and maltopentaose. The enzyme had a Km value of 0.099 mg/mL for amylopectin, more than 10 times lower than for amylose. The catalytic efficiency of the enzyme using amylopectin was 39,200 mL/mg·s and was 3,270 mL/mg·s using amylose. The enzyme liquefied corn starch at pH 5.0, which was successfully converted to glucose using commercial glucoamylase and pullulanase without pH adjustment. The enzyme has advantages for industrial applications.

Progress in the technology of energy conversion from woody biomass in Indonesia

Sustainable and renewable natural resources as biomass that contains carbon and hydrogen elements can be a potential raw materials for energy conversion. In Indonesia, they comprise variable-sized wood from forests (i.e. natural forests, plantations and community forests that commonly produce small-diameter logs used as firewood by local people), woody residues from logging and wood industries, oil-palm shell waste from crude palm oil factories, coconut shell wastes from coconut plantations, traditional markets as well as skimmed coconut oil and straws from rice cultivation.