Oils Of Different Parts Research Articles

Assessment of Contact Toxicity and Repellent Effects of Essential Oils from Piper Plants Piper yunnanense and Piper boehmeriifolium against Three Stored-Product Insects.

Storage is a crucial part during grain production for the massive spoilage caused by stored product insects. Essential oils (EOs) of plant origin have been highly recommended to combating insects which are biodegradable and safe mode of action. Hence, to make the fullest use of natural resources, essential oils of different parts from Piper yunnanense (the whole part, PYW; fruits, PYF; leaves, PYL) and Piper boehmeriifolium (leaves, PBL) were extracted by steam distillation method in the present study. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) characterization revealed bicyclogermacrene (PYW), γ-muurolene (PYF), δ-cadinene (PYL) and methyl 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoate (PBL) as the principal compound of each essential oil. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were also recognized as the richest class accounting for 56.3 %-94.9 % of the total oil. Three storage pests, Tribolium castaneum, Lasioderma serricorne and Liposceis bostrychophila, were exposed to different concentrations of EOs to determine their insecticidal effects. All tested samples performed modest contact toxicity in contrast to a bioactive ingredient pyrethrin, among which the most substantial effects were observed in PYF EOs against T. castaneum (35.84 μg/adult), PBL EOs against L. serricorne (15.76 μg/adult) and PYW EOs against L. bostrychophila (57.70 μg/cm2 ). In terms of repellency tests, essential oils of PYF at 78.63 nL/cm2 demonstrated to have a remarkable repellence against T. castaneum at 2h and 4h post-exposure. The investigations indicate diverse variations in the chemical profiles and insecticidal efficacies of P. yunnanense and P. boehmeriifolium EOs, providing more experimental evidence for the use of the Piper plants.

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals of essential oils and extracts of Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata L. as a spice for diabetes mellitus

AbstractThe aim of this paper was to evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts, n‐hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, aqueous subextracts and essential oils of flowers, roots, leaves and aerial parts of Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata, which has been utilized in the public medicine systems of Turkey, Greece, Egypt and Rome for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis, as well as for flavour and aroma in the food industry and protection. Quantitative determination of secondary metabolites in the most effective samples of the plant was also analysed by LC–MS/MS. Moreover, the chemical composition of essential oils of different parts of the plant was analysed via GC‐FID and GC/MS. The main constituents in the flower, leaf and aerial part were found to be carvacrol (75.6%), γ‐terpinene (10.5%), carvacrol (73.3%), γ‐terpinene (9.5%), p‐cymene (8.6%), carvacrol (76.1.8%) and p‐cymene (7.3%), respectively. Quinic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, naringin, hesperidin and rosmarinic acid were measured in four ethyl acetate subextracts, and rosmarinic acid was found to have the highest amount in the flower subextract with a value of 48095.1083 ng/mL. The ethyl acetate extract of flowers showed the best activity with a 326 ± 12 μg/mL IC50 value, while the standard acarbose IC50 value was 4143 ± 243 μg/mL. It was determined that the leaf ethyl acetate extract, in particular, had a very high % inhibition value on ABTS·+ (99.137 ± 0.011% inhibition) and DPPH• (41.068 ± 0.031% inhibition). It is thought that the plant, which has been used as a spice in the kitchen for centuries by the public, can be safely used due to its high antidiabetic and antioxidant effects.

Study on components and larvicidal activities of essential oils of different parts of Prangos ferulacea plant against larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi

Study on components and larvicidal activities of essential oils of different parts of Prangos ferulacea plant against larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi

GC-MS Analysis of Constituents of Volatile Oil in Different Parts of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla

GC-MS Analysis of Constituents of Volatile Oil in Different Parts of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla

Investigation of Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Mentha suaveolens L. from Saudi Arabia.

Mentha is an aromatic plant used since antiquity for its pharmaceutical virtues. The climate of Saudi Arabia favors the growth of aromatic plants including Mentha suaveolens L. The aim of this study is to analyze the volatile oils of different parts of fresh and dried Mentha suaveolens L. grown in Saudi Arabia (Aljouf area) using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID) techniques, to recognize the effect of drying on chemical composition, then to evaluate the antioxidant and antifungal activities of different extracts. In total, 118 compounds were identified via GC/MS and GC/FID, in which carvone is the main volatile constituent (stems, leaves, whole plant 45–64%). This investigation deduces that Mentha belonged to the carvone chemotype. Then, the analysis of non-volatile constituents of fresh and dried Mentha was performed by HPLC. The main phenolic compound of fresh and dried Mentha for different parts was rosmarinic acid (ranging from 28,002.5 to 6558 µg/g). The ethanolic extract of fresh stem showed the highest antifungal activity (53% inhibition) compared with miconazole (60% inhibition) but the ethanoic extract of dry stem showed no activity. Additionally, all ethanolic extracts, whether for fresh or dry Mentha, have antioxidant activity more than 90% while the antioxidant activity of whole plant volatile oil is equal to 53.33%. This research shows that M. suaveolens L. could be applied to manufacture natural antioxidants, antifungal, and flavoring agents.

Do changes in skull size of South American sea lions reflect changes in population density?

AbstractPopulations of the South American sea lion (SASL, Otaria byronia) have been intensely exploited for leather and oil in different parts of its distribution range throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, generating large changes in abundance. In Patagonia, the SASL population was reduced by more than 90% of its original abundance, and it began to recover after sealing ended. The aim of this work was to assess changes in size and shape of the skull related to changes in population abundance during the last 100 years. Using geometric morphometry techniques, we analyzed 145 individuals (68 males and 77 females) from Patagonia. Skulls were classified by sex, time period (harvest vs. postharvest), and decades of individual's birth. Results indicated that there were differences in skull size but not in shape discriminated by time period. Moreover, individuals of the postharvest period showed a decrease in the skull size during the last two decades, coinciding with the recovery in population abundance. Our results suggest the existence of a density‐dependence response in somatic growth of SASL population of Patagonia.

Assessment of the quantitative content of essential oil in different parts of the plant Heracléum sosnówski

In this article the analysis of scientific literature was carried out during which considerable interest of scientists to research of essential oil of Heracléum sosnówskyi — the plants widespread in the Russian Federation, and being weed is noticed. We identified the presence of essential oil in the stems, fruits and leaves of Heracléum sosnówskyi, which grows in three districts of the Moscow region. Also, the quantitative analysis of the content of essential oil in the stems from 0.57 to 0.67 %, in the fruits-from 0.98 to 1.38 %, in the leaves-from 0.87 to 0.93 %.

Extraction, chemical compositions, and cytotoxic activities of essential oils of Thevetia peruviana

In this study, The essential oil of flowers, fruits, and leaves of Thevetia peruviana, which were collected in Vietnam, were being reported for the first time. The essential oil of flowers was extracted by different methods: n-hexane extraction, distillation water, and supercritical CO2 extraction. The compositions of essential oil of different parts of Thevetia peruviana were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS systems. Major chemical compositions of essential oil were identified as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, terpenoids, and sterol. The activities of total essential oil extracts of the Thevetia peruviana exhibit inhibitory activities against five cancer cell lines.

Effects of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon Essential Oil Aromatherapy on Mood States and Salivary Cortisol Levels in Healthy Volunteers.

Aromatherapy is one of the complementary therapies to improve health. The aromatic essential oils have been used in the treatment procedure through inhalation of essential oil vapor, massage, and herbal bathing. Litsea species are generally used in traditional medicine, and Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon is a potent fumigant plant, used in cosmetics and foods as essence. The chemical composition of the essential oil of different parts of L. cubeba has been found to be varied. L. cubeba essential oil (LEO) is known for the treatment of cognition-associated discomforts. The current study assessed the impact of inhalation of LEO on mood states and salivary cortisol levels of healthy people. Fifteen healthy volunteers were involved in the study. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) Questionnaire and ELISA methods were employed to determine the mood states and salivary cortisol level, respectively. (-)-β-pinene, β-citral, cis- and trans-citral, citronellal, limonene, linalool, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one were detected in LEO by GC-MS analysis. The heart rate and blood pressure were not affected significantly during LEO exposure. The inhalation of LEO significantly improved the total mood disturbance and reduced the confusion among the healthy human subjects. LEO inhalation reduced the salivary cortisol level at a notable level. The results of the current study warrant further studies on the beneficial effect of LEO aromatherapy in healthy and diseased subjects to uncover the therapeutic nature of the L. cubeba plant.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Cupressus sempervirens. var. sempervirens, C. sempervirens. cv. Cereiformis and C. sempervirens var. horizentalis

The genus Cupressus belonging to Cupressaceae family has twelve species worldwide. In Iran, Cupressus consists of only one species with two varieties C. sempervirens. var. horizentalis and C. sempervirens. var. sempervirens which has a cultivar namely C. sempervirens. cv. Cereiformis. In this study, the potential antioxidant activities of the oils of different parts of Cupressus sempervirens, C. sempervirens cv. Cereiformis and C. sempervirens var. horizentalis were examined.The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the oils were studied by GC/FID and GC/MS. Then the obtained essential oils, their main components as well as positive controls (Quercetin, DMSO, vitamin E and ascorbic acid) were subjected to different antioxidant tests including Rapid Thin-layer Chromatography method, diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, deoxyribose degradation test, and modified deoxyribose degradation test. While all the essential oils and pure compounds showed activity in rapid TLC screening, only the leaf oil of C. sempervirens var. sempervirens (38.4 %) and C. sempervirens cv. Cereiformis (77.9 %) exhibited moderate activity in DPPH assay. In deoxyribose degradation test, the low concentrations (0.05-0.2 μL/mL) of these two plants showed moderate activity while the fruit oil of C. sempervirens var. horizentalis showed the highest activity (17.7 %). These essential oils may be considered as natural preservatives in low concentrations provided that their organoleptic, cytotoxicity and allergic effects would be examined. Thus, complementary studies are recommended to be established. Moreover, it is suggested to examine the antioxidant activity of these oils by using non-polar or less polar solvent systems before any final conclusion.

Comparative study of the chemical profiling, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of different parts of Thymus willdenowii Boiss & Reut

The analysis of Thymus willdenowii Boiss & Reut essential oils (TW EOs) shows 33 components accounting for (96.3–97.7%) of all identified. The main constituents of TW EOs were thymol (35.5–47.3%), p-cymene (13.9–23.8%), γ-terpinene (8.9–20.3%). The antioxidant assays revealed that all TW EOs tested showed strong activities, the antimicrobial effect of TW EOs has been tested against isolated clinical strains of Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 35659), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876), and Aspergillus brasilliensis (ATCC 16404). The antimicrobial test indicates that TW EOs show an inhibition effect against all the tested bacteria with a MIC of 6.9 to 27.6 μg/mL−1. These results proving that the essential oils extracted from Thymus willdenowii Boiss & Reut may be a new potential source of natural antimicrobial applied in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Composition and anti-bacterial activity analysis of citronella oil obtained by hydrodistillation: Process optimization study

Hydro-distillation was performed to determine the quantity of essential oil in different parts of Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) plant. Parameters affecting the oil extraction process were evaluated using Response Surface Methodology. The generated second order polynomial model was highly significant with R2=0.9744 and P<0.0001. Highest yield of 2.38% vw−1 was obtained using the leaves part at distillation time of 180min, which was about 40% more than stems part and 17% more than whole aerial parts. Higher essential oil content of fresh plant (2.43% on a dry weight basis) compared to dried plant (2.12% on a dry weight basis) indicates that the moisture content has a significant effect on oil yield. GC/MS analysis of the oil extracted from leaves part revealed about 95% of commercially important compounds viz. citronellal (55.23%), geraniol (26.29%) and citronellol (13.41%), indicated very high quality citronella oil. The oil was found effective against all the six tested bacteria strains namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli, which revealed that citronella oil could be applied for the treatment of infections caused by various gram positive or negative pathogenic organism. The hydrosol obtained after hydro-distillation was analyzed using HPLC and was found to contain sugar alcohols such as adonitol, erythritol and mannitol which could be utilized in nutraceutical industries.

Foliar application of plant nutrients and kinetin modifies growth and essential oil profile in Rosa damascena under acidic conditions

Rosa damascena Mill. is cultivated for its high-value essential oil in different parts of the world. The flower yield and the composition of essential oil of R. damascena are strongly affected by a number of factors. Nevertheless, the interactive effects of foliar application of plant nutrients and kinetin and its time of application on yield and secondary metabolites profile of R. damascena under acidic conditions are still unclear. Thus, a field experiment comprising two different times of spray and five foliar spray treatments was conducted to test the hypothesis that flowering behavior and secondary metabolites profile can be modified through proper nutrient supply at right time. The foliar spray at flower bud appearance stage (S2) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased flower yield by about 10.0 % compared with the foliar application at axillary bud development stage (S1) during both years, regardless of plant nutrients. Among the foliar spray treatments, kinetin at 0.20 g L−1 registered about 23–39 % higher flower yield compared with the water spray control; however, remained statistically at par (P ≤ 0.05) with Ca(NO3)2 at 4.06 g L−1. Moreover, the percentage of major fragrance-bearing compounds of essential oil (β-citronellol + nerol, linalool, E-geraniol, and Z-citral) was marginally increased with Ca(NO3)2 compared with kinetin treatment. However, the percentages of major hydrocarbons, nonadecane and heneicosane, were noticeably increased when kinetin was applied at S1. Foliar application of kinetin and Ca(NO3)2 might be done to improve flower yield and essential oil content in R. damascena flowers.

Composition of the Essential Oils of Different Parts of Seseli annuum L. (Apiaceae)

The chemical composition of the essential oils of different parts of Seseli annuum from Serbia was investigated. β-Selinene (0-21.4%), germacrene D (3.4-19.1%), caryophyllene oxide (1.2-18.1 %), germacrene A (0-14.6%), α-selinene (0-12.4%), β-elemene (0-11.4%), E-caryophyllene (3.2-10.3%), α-pinene (0.6-7.5%), vetiselinenol (0-6.3%) and isodaucene (0-5.4%) were dominant compounds in the analysed essential oils. The cluster analysis revealed separation of two groups of essential oils: the first group of oils from fruit, inflorescence and aerial parts in flowering phase with high β-selinene and α-selinene content and the second group of oils from leaf, stem and rosette with higher caryophyllene oxide amounts. The essential oil of rosette was separated from the oils of leaf or stem and contained the highest caryophyllene oxide content while α-selinene and β-selinene were completely absent.

Essential oils chemical composition, antioxidant activities and total phenols of Astrodaucus persicus.

Astrodaucus persicus, Apiaceae, is used as vegetable or food additive in some parts of Iran. The essential oils of different parts of Astrodaucus persicus from Kordestan province were analyzed for the first time and compared with other regions. In this study, antioxidant activities and total phenols determination of aerial parts essential oils and root fractions of A. persicus were investigated. The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation from flowers/fruits, leaves/stems, ripe fruits and roots of plant and analyzed by GC-MS. Crude root extract was fractionated with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP methods and total phenols by Folin-ciocalteu assay were measured. The abundant compounds of flowers/fruits blue essential oil were α-thujene, β-pinene and α-pinene. The predominant components of blue leaves/stems essential oil were α-thujene, α-pinene and α-fenchene. The major volatiles of ripe fruits blue essential oil were β-pinene, α-thujene and α-pinene. The chief compounds of root yellow essential oil were trans-caryophyllene, bicycogermacrene and germacrene-D. Total root extract and ethyl acetate fraction showed potent antioxidant activities and high amount of total phenols in comparison to other samples. Among volatile oils, the flowers/fruits essential oil showed potent reducing capacity. The major compounds of aerial parts essential oils were hydrocarbon monoterpenes while the chief percentage of roots essential oil constituents were hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes. α-Eudesmol and β-eudesmol were identified as responsible for creation of blue color in aerial parts essential oils. A. persicus was known as a potent antioxidant among Apiaceae.

Evaluation of genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of essential oils of Seseli rigidum Waldst. &amp; Kit. (Apiaceae)

The essential oils of genus Seseli are known for their beneficial biological activities and could present novel targets in the development of safe and effective preparations of plant products. The objective was to test the essential oils of different parts of Seseli rigidum from two natural habitats for potential genotoxic and antigenotoxic activities against H202-induced DNA damage in human whole blood cells in vitro, by the comet assay. The essential oil analysis showed a high falcarinol content in oil from the root, while oils of the fruit and aerial parts contained ?-pinene as the main compound. Genotoxicity was not detected at any of the concentrations of the essential oils from the three parts of the plant from localities I and II. Although the antioxidant activity (established by the FRAP and DPPH tests) of the investigated oils was low, all oils demonstrated a strong antigenotoxic effect against H2O2-induced damage post-treatment, when the oils were applied after the oxidant. Based on the lack of pretreatment activity and the post-treatment reduction in DNA damage, the antigenotoxic effect of S. rigidum essential oils was probably based on the stimulation of DNA repair mechanisms. Environmental conditions did not affect the antigenotoxic properties of the oils. In conclusion, our results revealed the antigenotoxic properties of S. rigidum essential oils and appropriate and safe doses with beneficial effects under the described conditions.

Chemical Compositions of Essential Oils of Flower, Leaf, Stem and Root of Phlomis cancellata Bunge. from Mazandaran, Iran

Aims: Phlomis cancellata is an aromatic and native plant that is a member of Labiatae. Not only a traditional medicine but also the plant is considered in modern medicine and different industries because of it s essential oil characteristics. The features of essential oils in aromatic plants are based on the part of plant from which they are extracted. In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oils of different parts of the Phlomis cancellat a were evaluated. Place and Duration of Study: Plant was collected from its natural habitat in Mazandaran province, Iran, in July 2012, its parts were separated and then dried in laboratory (Nour Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran) and essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation. Methodology: The essential oil of P. cancellata obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC FID and GC/MS. Results: The chemical analysis has resulted in identification of 25, 20, 11 and 2 constituents,

Essential oil composition of Senecio graciliflorus DC: Comparative analysis of different parts and evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities

The essential oil of different parts of Senecio graciliflorus DC was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-FID and GC–MS for the first time. A total of 17, 20, 19 and 17 constituents were identified comprising 99.90, 95.50, 98.93 and 95.96% of the essential oil of flower, leaf, stem and root parts of Senecio graciliflorus respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons predominated in the essential oil with 85.28% in flower, 57.53% in leaf, 67.74% in stem and 64.98% in root oil. α-pinene, cis-ocimene, 1,2,3-trimethylcyclohexane and β-pinene were the major constituents of the essential oil. The flower essential oil exhibited a strong antioxidant potential displaying IC50 values of 21.6±0.6 and 26.0±1.0μg/ml in DPPH and hydroxyl radical assays respectively. On the other hand the essential oil of flower and root displayed highest cytotoxicity against lung (A-549) cancer cell lines (IC50=19.1±0.9 and 21.3±1.1μg/ml respectively. This study which represents the first report of the essential oil composition and bioevaluation of Senecio graciliflorus, can serve as a new source of cytotoxic and antioxidant activity.

Chemical Compositions of Essential Oils of Different Parts and Extract of Achillea santolina L. from Iran

Chemical Compositions of Essential Oils of Different Parts and Extract of Achillea santolina L. from Iran

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Different Parts of Seseli rigidum

The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the Balkan endemic species Seseli rigidum Waldst. & Kit. (Apiaceae) was investigated. The monoterpene alpha-pinene was predominant in the volatile oil from aerial parts (57.4%) and fruit (23.3%). In the essential oil of the aerial parts limonene (6.7%), camphene (5.8%) and sabinene (5.5%) were also present in high amounts, and in the fruit oil, beta-phellandrene (17.4%) and sabinene (12.9%). On the contrary, the root essential oil was composed almost entirely of the polyacetylene falcarinol (88.8%). The antimicrobial activity of the root essential oil was significant against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus and Enterococcus faecalis (MICs 6.25-25.00 microg/mL). Volatile constituents from the root strongly inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MICs 6.25-50.00 microg/mL). Anti-staphylococcal activity can be attributed to the main volatile constituent ofS. rigidum root, falcarinol.