Oil Era Research Articles

Diasporic Identity: Disparity and Dislocation in Benyamin’s Goat Days

The influence of literature in contemporary society cannot be underestimated. Each writer uses literature as a means of self-expression. Some books serve as a reflection of society, and offering the readers an insight into the world around them. Goat Days by Benyamin is one of such books. This paper discusses the social concerns and problems narrated in his novel Goat Days. This study focuses on the theme of migration, violence, alienation, homelessness and identity crisis. Goat Days is the translation of the famous Malayalam novel Aadujeevitham which is translated into English by Professor Joseph Koyipally. The protagonist of the novel symbolizes the aspirations of all Malayalees seeking a prosperous future that they believe can be found in the Gulf countries. The background of the novel set in the Oil Era in the Gulf countries, provides the fantasy of a stable future for every ordinary man.

Raw material economy. Oil boom in Galicia (the second half of the 19th – the first half of the 20th century)

With the beginning of the oil era in the world, Galicia with its oil fields got a chance to take part in the processes of globalization, and foreign capital along with technological innovations flowed into this previously unknown region. And many new jobs appeared in the oil industry for those Galician peasants who wanted to change their lives. However, even during the biggest oil boom at the beginning of the 20th century, the economy of Galicia could not go beyond the closed circle of the resource raw material model. One of the first oil entrepreneurs was Ignatius Lukasevich, who invented a way to obtain kerosene from oil, which was used for lighting. And one of the most famous oil tycoons was Stanislav Shchepanovskyi, the author of books on the economy of Galicia. His enterprises were located in Sloboda Rungurska, which became one of the main centers of oil production along with Drohobych and Boryslav. Moisei Hartenberg from Drohobych became another oil tycoon. Galician Ukrainians were not leaders in the oil business, they owned about 10 % of the deposits, and the rest were transferred to foreigners after the beginning of the oil boom. In general, during the oil boom, more than three hundred joint-stock companies related to this industry were founded in Galicia. Most of these were small-scale, and 15 major companies accounted for three-quarters of all oil production. Large companies were created by foreign investors. After all, the profit from investments reached at the end of the 19th century 10–12 % (in Western Europe it did not exceed 3–4 % at the time) due to low wages, as well as intensive development of deposits to obtain maximum income in a short time. The maximum level of oil production was reached in 1909 – but only 5,2 % of the world (in the USA at that time – 63 %). In general, the oil reserves in Galicia were not very large, and after the First World War, when most of the oil wells were destroyed, they were no longer restored.

Research progress and development tendency of polymer drilling fluid technology for unconventional gas drilling

Unconventional gas includes tight sandstone gas, shale gas, coalbed methane, and natural gas hydrate. With huge reserves, unconventional gas has become the most important natural gas resource successor after the end of the “Easy Oil era.” The drilling fluid is an indispensable wellbore working fluid for unconventional gas drilling with multiple functions. The polymer drilling fluid (PDF) is the most common, longest developed, and most diverse drilling fluid type. With advantages of easily controlled rheology, convenient on-site performance maintenance, and specifically low cost and weak environment pollution, the PDF is gradually replacing the oil-based drilling fluid as the first choice for unconventional gas drilling. The invention of the non-disperse low-solid-content PDF in the 1960s shows that PDF technology has entered the stage of scientific development, and until now, its development has generally experienced five stages: beginning, developing, improving, re-developing, and re-improving. Dozens of polymer additives and PDF systems have been invented and applied, which have solved severe drilling problems, greatly improved drilling efficiency, and promoted exploration and development in difficult oil and gas resources. This paper first reviews the research progress of PDF technology according to the timeline by introducing the composition, feature, advantages, and disadvantages of some representative polymer additives and PDF systems, emphatically the function and mechanism of stabilizing wellbores, lubricating drilling tools, and protecting reservoirs of the biomimetic wellbore-strengthening PDF and amphiphobic high-efficiency PDF in unconventional gas drilling. Then, combining future global demands, especially China’s strategic needs of oil and gas exploration and development, the development tendency of PDF technology is critically illustrated by introducing several potential research directions including intelligent PDF, ecological PDF, and PDF for natural gas hydrate and deep layer gas resources.

Oil in statu nascendi. The state of the oil industry in Galicia in 1853

In the autumn of 1853, the Krakow Chamber of Commerce entrusted its member Antoni Szwarz with the task of conducting a personal survey of industrial and commercial facilities in Western Galicia. His mission was to gather statistical data from these economic sectors. The official surveyor’s findings provided a credible picture of the material state, industrial infrastructure, and economic awareness regarding the oil deposits in Galicia. Interestingly, these oil reserves were often underappreciated and remained largely untapped. Antoni Szwarz’s report also offers a parallel perspective on the experiences of Ignacy Łukasiewicz, who explored the oil-bearing regions of Eastern Galicia around the same time (between 1852 and 1853). It was during this period that the symbolic era of oil began, marked by the discovery and patenting of fractional distillation methods by Polish pharmacists Ignacy Łukasiewicz and Jan Zeh, as well as the development of a prototype oil lamp. This lamp was intended to consciously create and popularize demand for a superior illuminating fuel—namely, the oil fraction.The events of 1853 laid the foundation for professional oil mining, refinery industry, and mass distribution of petroleum products. Łukasiewicz continued this journey by establishing a pioneering oil mine in Bóbrka near Krosno in 1854. An official economic report published in the press a few months before these groundbreaking steps serves as a testament to the state of official knowledge at the national level during the transition years of 1853 and 1854. It also reflects the economic innovation driven by oil and Łukasiewicz’s discoveries in the region and beyond. Key words: oil industry, Western Galicia industry, Ignacy Łukasiewicz, 19th-century oil mining, Bóbrka 1854, “Czas” 1854, Kobylanka

Digital Communication Tools Usage and Buyer-Seller Relationship: Cocoa Smallholder Farmers’ Perspectives

Cocoa farming, production and exports in Nigeria remain a study focus because of the agricultural sector revenue in the pre-crude oil era of Nigerian history. Cocoa being one of the chief sources of revenue and exporting income for the country, exposes the subsector to contention and continuous review for analysts and policymakers to improve both the farming practices and commercial viability of the sphere. This study uses a smallholder population of 87 respondents in Ondo state to describe and analyze the buyer-seller relationship of cocoa farmers in the region. This article examined the level of usage of digital communication tools among cocoa farmers and evaluated the impact of digital communication tools used on the buyer-seller relationship in the study area. ANOVA, regression analysis, Pearson correlation analysis were employed for empirical investigations. The study findings revealed that the propensity to the adoption of digital communication tools is low and widespread adoption can eliminate challenges of trust, satisfaction, and imperfect market with regards to the information in the relationship context as extended by previous studies. It is recommended that beyond Messengers and SMS, a further advancement to using other means of communication including social media and video-conferencing can aid in solving some of the issues meandering the buyer-seller relationship. Congruently, global market rivalry and international standards in cocoa farming and processing can be achieved if digital communication tools are widely adopted by farmers in the region. Keywords: Digital Communication Tools, Buyer-Seller Relationship DOI: 10.7176/JESD/13-12-02 Publication date: June 30 th 2022

On Building a Model for the Efficient Development of the Oil and Gas Industry

Aim. The presented study aims to build a model for the efficient development of the oil and gas industry in the long term. Tasks. The authors investigate the peculiarities of the development of the oil and gas industry in the Russian Federation at the present stage when the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic has had a significant impact on the reduction of oil production and global demand for oil and petroleum products; identify strategic directions for the development of the oil and gas industry in Russia and substantiate the need for government measures to support the oil and gas industry, including the possibility of forming innovative investment resources and reducing the tax burden in combination with a global shift away from fossil fuels, which will ensure more efficient use of oil and gas reserves. Methods. This study uses the theory and methodology of strategizing developed by academician V.L. Kvint as a basis for determining strategic directions and priorities for the development of the oil and gas industry. An economic and mathematical regression model for predicting the volume of oil production in the Russian Federation over the next five years is developed with allowance for the priorities of the methodology under consideration. Results. Substantiation of the projected values of oil production increases the preparedness of Russian oil companies and the government, allowing them to respond to various scenarios in the future and thus making it possible to develop an efficient strategy based on preventive measures to reduce the impact of oil price volatility on the Russian economy. Calculations show that Russia will most likely not be able to fully realize its production potential. In the long term, oil production will naturally decline due to the depletion of the resource base. One of the prerequisites for the successful operation of oil and gas enterprises is their orientation towards an innovative strategy in the context of sustainable development. Conclusions. The era of cheap oil and unexpected profits from hydrocarbons is gradually coming to an end. Therefore, strategically important directions for the oil and gas industry include the modernization of technologies and equipment by attracting investments in oil and gas enterprises and the development of the industry’s infrastructure, diversification of the refining industry, reduction of crude oil exports, and increased exports of finished petroleum products.

Assessing the Development of Pottery in South-South Nigeria to the Era of Crude Oil

Pottery, baked clay has been in practice in the South-south region of Nigeria, long before the discovery of crude oil in about 1956 in the present Bayelsa State. The fact remains that the potters never had it easy hardening their wares through the open fire technique characterized by excessive loss of heat and wares, uncontrollable temperature, weak, porous, dull, low temperature and unglazed wares in addition to the health hazard. This paper aims to assess the development of pottery in the South-south region of Nigeria to the era of crude oil. This will be achieved by taking a critical look at the practice before and after the discovery of crude oil and its attendant products for the lubrication of the pottery process. With available data from both primary and secondary sources, this paper will highlight the role of crude oil in the development of pottery in the South-south region.

DID SOMETHING CHANGE IN CHAD AFTER THE OIL ERA? EVIDENCE FROM A ROLLING-WINDOWS ANALYSIS

The volatility of oil prices has increased visibly in the last decade. Undoubtedly, the occurrence of volatility affects the economics of oil exporting and importing differently. Increases in oil prices positively affect economic indicators in oil exporting economies, while decreases have negative effects. In this regard, increases in volatility have attracted researchers’ attention, and a vast literature is found investigating both the economics of oil importing and exporting countries as well as advanced and emerging market economies.
 The Republic of Chad’s economy differs from other economies because of its two different economic eras; the first was an oil import economy, which is energy dependent. The second is its oil era; this started in 2003 when oil reserves were discovered in the country. Due to Chad’s unique situation, we have examined the interactions between oil prices and Chad’s economic growth performance from 1963 to 2019 to see if its oil revenues have benefitted the economy or whether Chad’s situation falls under the “resource curse.” The results show that, while oil prices had been negative before the discovery of oil reserves, positive oil prices occurred after 2003. These prices did become negative again in 2018, which might be a sign of the resource curse.

Generalized extreme value statistics, physical scaling and forecasts of gas production in the Haynesville shale

We present a hybrid, data-driven and physics-based method of forecasting play-wide gas production in the Haynesville Shale, which is currently the second-largest shale gas producer in the US. We first define several statistical well cohorts, one for each reservoir quality and each well completion technology in the Haynesville. For each cohort, we use the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) statistics to obtain the historical average well prototypes. The cumulative production of each well prototype is matched with a physics-based scaling curve, and its production is then extrapolated for up to two more decades. The resulting well prototypes are exceptionally robust. If we replace individual production rates from all existing wells with their corresponding well prototypes and sum them up, the total rate will match remarkably the past gas field rate, and – in this case – we obtain a base or do nothing forecast. Next, we calculate the number of potential infill wells per square mile and schedule future drilling programs to obtain plausible production forecasts in the Haynesville. Because Haynesville is the most active shale play in North America in terms of refracturing, we also propose a novel approach to identify refracturing candidates among the old Haynesville wells and deliver another forecast scenario of future refracs. We predict that Haynesville will ultimately produce 30 Tscf of natural gas from the 4684 existing wells. Most likely, by drilling 923 new wells in the core (sweet spot) areas by 2023, EUR will increase to 40 Tscf. Additional 5023 wells in the noncore areas are forecasted to be drilled by 2032, increasing EUR to 90 Tscf. We also show that refracturing old Haynesville wells is more cost-effective than drilling new wells in the poor quality reservoir, especially in the era of low oil and gas prices.

Does religion curtail women during booms? Evidence from resource discoveries

Female employment rates vary systematically across the world. Some of the lowest rates are observed in the Middle East and the Arab states. But what explains this pattern? In this paper, we ask whether religion — and in particular Islam — curbs women’s employment during economic booms. To credibly address this question, we combine data on the unanticipated timing of giant oil and gas discoveries with a measure of Islamic prevalence prior to the oil era. Employing a dynamic event study model on a sample of 126 countries, we show that a giant resource discovery depresses female employment by more than two percentage units in Muslim countries. In non-Muslim countries, we find that a discovery has a neutral to positive effect on female participation in the long run. We attribute the loss of female employment in Muslim countries to the presence of religious laws restraining women’s mobility.

Beach Sand Filtrate as an Alternative Gas Fuel

The golden age of the oil business in Indonesia is over and now petroleum is even a burden. As oil producing countries prepare themselves to start the second phase of the golden era of oil, Indonesia is heading towards an era of energy crisis (Indirasardjana, 2014). Renewable energy is needed as an alternative to meet the community's fuel needs. Beach sand is one material that can be used to help the biomass gasification process. Small particles of sand are filled into a container and gas is flowed from below and suppresses the flow of each particle which is useful for the biomass decomposition process. When using beach sand, we can also utilize heat energy optimally in coastal areas to make gasification reactions easier. This study aims to examine the groups contained in the TMS (Tetramethylsilan) spectrum of the beach sand filtrate fluid by paying attention to the CH3 compounds which are arranged in TMS. FTIR test results show that the beach sand filtrate fluid gives an illustration that from wavelengths of 3000 to 3500 the sharpness of the amount of nitrogen and hydrogen in the sand beach filtrate liquid solution can be used as ammonia gas (a fuel). Nitrogen and Hydrogan when bound with Hydroxide will form ammonium hydroxide which can function as a fuel (heating).

ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИЙ ДОСВІД ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ КЛАСТЕРІВ У СФЕРІ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ТА ВІДНОВЛЮВАНОЇ ЕНЕРГЕТИКИ: УРОКИ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

In the modern world, attention to the use of renewable energy sources (RES) is increasing. This is primarily due to significant investments in the exploration and development of new oil and gas fields, the approaching threshold of exhaustion of these energy resources and, as a result, the end of the era of cheap oil. In addition, the use of these non-renewable energy sources is largely associated with an increase in carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and an aggravation of environmental problems. According to the energy development strategy of the European Union, energy cluster projects are designed to form and develop ties between the countries. The European Union clusters focus on the following areas: energy, nutrition and health, marine and other industries. The energy cluster includes: wind energy, biomass energy, bioenergy conversion, offshore wind energy, innovative energy ecosystem. The energy cluster of the European Union unites energy companies, promoting the integration of science and technology, creating conditions for the development of competition and cooperation between enterprises in commercial activities. For many years, clusters have been the leading form of providing for regions in the world. And the field of renewable energy is no exception here. We emphasize that this area has It has a pronounced innovation orientation and is able to become a locomotive of innovative processes in Ukraine. Forming and developing clusters in the field of RES, the regions of Ukraine can significantly accelerate their own innovative development and modernize the regional economy. Therefore, the study of foreign experience in the functioning of such clusters is extremely relevant. The high capital intensity of innovative processes in the electric power industry, combined with the significant investment potential of domestic energy companies, make it possible to consider the industry as one of the largest customers for the creation of innovative technologies. The activation of these processes in the energy sector determines the need for systematic management of the joint development of energy enterprises and related industries and areas of activity. The implementation of this approach should be facilitated by the formation and development of energy clusters. The article examines the foreign experience of creating such innovative structures in the industry.

Конец нефтегазовой эры: реальность или модный тренд?

Конец нефтегазовой эры: реальность или модный тренд?

DAS MARGENS DO MARAÚ NO BRASIL IMPERIAL À CRIAÇÃO DA PETROBRAS: 100 ANOS DE GEO-HISTÓRIA DO PETRÓLEO NACIONAL

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar 100 anos de geo-história do petróleo brasileiro. Não trataremos aqui da descrição da “longa duração”, do tempo puramente geográfico ou estrutural, pois assume-se que tal dimensão permeia e engloba de forma inexorável os demais tempos históricos, e suas respectivas imposições geográficas do meio sobre o homem ao longo de seu processo civilizatório. Como método, lastreado em Fernand Braudel e Therezinha de Castro, o presente artigo foi construído conectado ao tempo médio das conjunturas (a era do petróleo) e ao tempo curto dos fatos históricos (crises financeiras, embargos econômicos, acordos, golpes de estado, e decisões políticas). Percebeu-se, no transcorrer da pesquisa, a existência de quatro fases distintas da história do petróleo no Brasil. Fase 1: O petróleo no Brasil Imperial; fase 2: O petróleo: da primeira república até a sua descoberta no Brasil; fase 3: O petróleo: da criação da Petrobras até a quebra do monopólio em 1997; e fase 4: O petróleo: da quebra do monopólio da Petrobras até o pré-sal e o novo marco regulatório do setor no Brasil. São apresentadas aqui as duas primeiras fases, o petróleo no Brasil imperial e na primeira república até a criação da Petrobras.

Migration and Identity Crisis in Benyamin’s Goat Days

Migration is the movement of people from one place/country to another in search of better job opportunities or educational purposes or occurs due to political and social conflicts. This brings about a change in their social, cultural and psychological circumstances, which often makes them feel alienated in their lives. They experience a sense of disillusionment and loss of identity, which gradually leads them into psychological trauma where they start to question their identity. Benyamin’s Goat Days portrays the life of Najeeb, a poor Malayali who in the hope of earning money decides to work in the Gulf. However, his journey of hope soon transforms to despair with the cruel treatment of his sponsor. He finds himself, alienated among the herd of goats and yearns to meet his family. His desolation pushes him into a psychological trauma where he starts to identify himself with the goats. This paper focuses on the concept of migration, alienation and identity crisis faced by Najeeb, the protagonist who represents the hopes and desires of every Malayali who yearn for a sumptuous future, which they believe will be offered in the Gulf. Moreover, the novel is set in the background of the Oil Era in the Gulf which gives every Malayali the dream of a secure future.

CFD를 이용한 선박용 이코노마이저 Soot Blower 유동 해석에 관한 연구

In the recent high oil era, fuel reduction, energy saving and environmental pollution reduction are the main tasks of this era. Even though it has a lot of heat in the exhaust gas of marine engines and boilers, it is discharged through the atmosphere, and the energy loss is very large. To this end, Economizer is essential for waste heat recovery, and there is a “Soot Cleaning System” to increase efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to verify the efficiency by analyzing the flow of exhaust gas inside the mill with the automatic soot blower installed in the mill. In this study, soot blowing inside the economizer was simulated using ANSYS CFX(V.18.1), a general-purpose flow analysis engineering program, and the temperature, pressure and velocity fields in the economizer were analyzed.

Water Security Policies in Iraq (Strategic Perspective)

Water security is a central environmental issue at the global level for economical, political and health consequences in the economies of developing countries. The concept of virtual water is a new tool in water resources management. Water crises are a global problem of long-term economic repercussions and an unbalanced conflict between the supply and demand sides in needing water, which leads to imbalance in the water balance structure and consequently in water policies. And it is particularly important for effective water governance(water management, and its governance) through water politicization, the use virtual water and dealing with water as an economic commodity rather than a free one. The analysts and economic researchers are calling for the era of water in the third millennium instead of the era of oil that characterized at previous years. The research concluded that, in economic terms, water is expected to become a commodity sold and bought as any economic commodity. Water security should be studied from the point of view that relates the problem of water through three dimensions. The first one is related to climate variables and the second to the mismanagement and planning of water resources and the last dimension is the regional because the water sources originate from outside the Iraqi borders. Finally, the research recommends the necessity to move away from linking water with political positions and politics because politics is a rapidly changing world. As the countries of the upstream from the strategic perspective to apply the concept of political economic works to trade bartered oil for water and internationalization of the issue to take a regional dimension and internationally revealing the seriousness of the water situation in Iraq.

Risk Premium in the Era of Shale Oil

The boom in the production of shale oil in the United States has triggered a structural transformation of the oil market. We show, both theoretically and empirically, that this process has significant consequences for oil risk premium. We construct a model based on shale producers interacting with financial speculators in the futures market. Compared to conventional oil, shale oil technology is more flexible, but producers have higher risk aversion and face additional costs due to their reliance on external finance. Our model helps to explain the observed pattern of aggregate hedging by US oil companies in the last decade. The empirical analysis shows that the hedging pressure of shale producers has become more important than that of conventional producers in explaining the oil futures risk premium.

Timur Tengah dan Ekonomi Syariah: Studi Empiris terhadap Perkembangan Ekonomi Syariah di Timur Tengah

Purpose: This study is intended to identify how the practice and development of Islamic economics in the Middle East - the Arabian Peninsula.Design / Method / Approach : This study begins with a process of historical reading of economic activity and how the Islamic economy is the norm applied by economic institutions. In drawing conclusions, this study intensely uses historical facts as the source and foundation of conceptualization and equity of study findings.Findings : Development of a Sharia Economy in the Middle East Before the birth of the oil era at the beginning of the 20th, the main Gulf region was on the southern coast, acting as a liaison to Indian markets from the West and Somalia from the East. One of them is Aden, a natural port of Yemen, where ships from Ethiopia and India dock. The eastern path through the coast of the southern Arabian peninsula and up to the Persian bay is a link through the sea from Yemen to Iraq and transmits by land to Sham. On the track, traders crossed the Yemeni, Iraqi, Palmyra and Syrian markets. In each region they sell commodities that are not there and also buy commodities in the region to be brought to other regions. Because of a number of factors, for the time being, the economic development of the region is arguably stagnant and escaped world attention. Along with the development of science and technology in the early twentieth century, the need for fuel oil began to increase.Originality /Novelty: This article is not only a reference, but also a copy that can be used as a historical foundation to understand the development of Islamic economics in Middle Eastern friends.

탈석유화 시대의 대중동 경제협력에 대한 분석 : 전망 및 정책적 시사점

중동지역은 한국의 제3위 교역권으로 높은 성장잠재력이 예측되고 있어서 원자재, 플랜트‧건설 분야 등에서 협력 효과가 크다. 탈 석유시대에 대비한 산유국의 국가발전전략 수립과 사회간접자본 등을 고려한 중동의 수요에 최적화한 협력 모형을 기반으로 對중동 경제협력전략을 마련할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 걸프아랍지역이 한국의 동반진출 효과가 크다는 전제 하에, 걸프아랍 산유국에 한정하여 경제협력에 대한 환경분석을 통하여 미래를 예측하고, 탈석유화시대의 새로운 경제협력 모형 구축을 위한 분석 및 전망을 통하여 지역연구의 학술적 접근방향을 제시하는 한편, 정책적 기준을 모색하였다. 걸프아랍 산유국 국가들이 경제체질 개선 및 혁신 위주의 개혁정책을 추진하면서 기존에 석유중심 경제를 통해 조성된 체제적 특징도 변화할 것이라는 예측과 더불어 중동 경제의 탈석유화 산업구조를 평가하고 변화 방향에 대해서 전망하였다.