Oil Composition Of Sweet Basil Research Articles

Polyphenol Content and Essential Oil Composition of Sweet Basil Cultured in a Plant Factory with Light-Emitting Diodes

Polyphenol Content and Essential Oil Composition of Sweet Basil Cultured in a Plant Factory with Light-Emitting Diodes

Changes in growth and essential oil composition of sweet basil in response of salinity stress and superabsorbents application

To evaluate the effect of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) on the growth, some physiological traits, essential oil (EO) content and composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum cv. Keshkeni luvelu) under salinity stress, a pot factorial experiment in randomized complete design with three replications was done. Treatments included salinity stress levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 mM NaCl) and superabsorbents (Ackoasorb, Terracottem, Stockosorb, and control). The results showed that the growth characteristics, SPAD, K+, and K+/Na+ ratio were decreased by severity of NaCl stress, whereas the application of SAPs have increased them. On the other hand, EO content, membrane permeability, MDA, proline, and Na+ contents were increased under severity of NaCl stress and SAPs application were decreased them, except EO content. At the highest salinity level (120 mM NaCl), the application of the Terracottem reduced membrane permeability and Na+, however, shoot dry weight, shoot to root weight ratio, leaf dry matter and the EO content increased by the Terracottem application. In addition, the Stockosorb application decreased MDA and proline contents, but the percentages of oxygenated monoterpenes, especially linalool and tau-muurolol increased under Stockosorb application. In conclusion, the application of SAPs can alleviate the harmful effects of salt stress on quantity and quality yields of sweet basil.

Effects of cadmium and lead on seed germination, morphological traits, and essential oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

The negative impact of contaminated soil with heavy metals on plant and human health is an important global concern. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) on seed germination, morphological traits, and essential oil (EO) composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Two months prior to the experiment, soils pre-treated using Cd (0, 5, 10, 20) and Pb (0, 100, 200, 400) in mg kg soil−1. Seeds were sown in the pots containing the contaminated soil under greenhouse conditions at 26 ± 6 °C and 60–70 %RH. The amount and composition of EO were determined using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The contaminated soil had a negative impact on seed germination, leaf area, and flowering, stem growth and plant dry mass. The extracted EO yield was varied (P > 0.05) among the applied treatments from 0.28 to 0.39% (v/w). The GC-MS analysis of the EO identified the presence of 38 compounds. The major identified components of the EO were included estragole (18.80–50.32%), 2, 6- octadienal (3.2–11.95%), caryophyllene oxide (0.98–10.69%), caryophyllene (0.42–5.70%), phthalic acid (1.43–47.89%), and geranial (2.60–9.43%). The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed a positive correlation between the plant height and phthalic acid contents. In conclusion, sweet basil cultivation in the Cd and Pb contaminated soils could cause undesirable effects on the seed germination and morphological traits, but might be have a positive influence on the EO yield, composition and phytoremediation of the soil.

Ecological foliar fertilization effects on essential oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivated in a field system

Abstract Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) is a valuable aromatic plant, widely used in traditional and modern medicine, perfumery, the food industry, cosmetics and landscaping. In order to study the effect of organic foliar fertilization on essential oil (EO) content and composition, a field experiment was conducted. Treatments including four different organic foliar fertilizers: Fylo® (F1), Geolino Plants&Flowers® (F2), Cropmax® (F3), Fitokondi® (F4) and control were set up in a factorial experiment based on split plot design with three replications. Recovery of the EO ranged from 0.2% to 0.42% for basil leaves and 0.52–0.69% for basil flowers. GC–MS analysis of the essential oils revealed the presence of linalool, α-muurolol, methyl chavicol, eugenol, γ-cadinene, α-bergamotene, eucalyptol, germacrene D, cubenol, β-elemene and α-bulnesene as main compounds in all the samples but their percentages in each part of the plant (leaves and flowers) were greatly different. Moreover, certain variations in the content of particular compounds in EO were found, depending on the fertilization applied. Accordingly, it can be concluded that organic foliar fertilization can considerably improve the essential oil content, without drastic effects on the chemical composition.

Beneficial root endophytic fungi change growth and oil composition of sweet basil in heavy metal contaminated soil

Beneficial root endophytic fungi change growth and oil composition of sweet basil in heavy metal contaminated soil

Essential oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in symbiotic relationship with Piriformospora indica and paclobutrazol application under salt stress.

Essential oil content and oil composition of paclobutrazol treated sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plant inoculated with Piriformospora indica under salt stress were investigated by GC-MS. The results show a slight increase in essential oil content when basil plants subjected to moderate salinity stress (3 dS m-1 of NaCl). It decreased signifiicantly with increasing salinity level to 9 dS m-1. The findings revealed that leaf area, above ground and leaf dry weights, essential oil content and yield were significantly affected by P. indica inoculation, however paclobutrazol application significantly influenced essential oil yield but not content. Fungal symbiosis as well as paclobutrazol application ameliorated the negative effects of salinity on dry matter and essential oil yield. The main constituents found in the volatile oil of O. basilicum in control treatment were Geranial (26.03%), Neral (24.88%) and Estragole (24.78%). The compounds concentrations showed some differences in P. indica and paclobutrazol treatments. The results demonstrate that micorrhiza-like fungi concomitantly increase essential oil production and biomass in sweet basil, a medicinal herb rich in commercially valuable essential oils.

Effects of plant density on essential oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivated in Turkey

This research was carried out at the Field Crops Department of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara in order to investigate essential oil composition of Ocimum basilicum with respect to three different plant densities (30×20cm, 40×20cm, 50×20cm). Field experiment was established in 2008 and three cuttings were obtained during vegetation period. Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from basil herb and oils were analyzed by GC-MS. Cutting times were performed in 23 July, in 26 August, in 6 October, respectively. Linalool was determined as a main component that changed between 56.70–70.31% in the first cutting, 57.91–64.08% in the second cutting, 49.56–64.77% in the third cutting. Linalool content decreased regularly from first cutting to third cutting, whereas it increased by decreasing the plant density. The other important components were identified as γ-cadinene (7.75%), β-cubebene (3.97%), α-bergamotene (3.14%) in the first cutting; γ-cadinene (7.23%), α-bergamotene (4.93%), eucalyptol (3.22%) in the second cutting; γ-cadinene (9.34%), α-bergamotene (5.88%), α-amorphene (3.89%) in the third cutting. γ-cadinene was found as the second important compound in all cuttings. Average essential oil ratio was recorded as 0.58% (in first cutting), 0.53% (in second cutting) and 0.21% (in third cutting). In all cuttings, the lowest essential oil ratio was obtained in 30×20cm of plant density. The highest essential oil percentage was recorded in first cutting, while the lowest ratio was determined in third cutting.

Productivity, Oil Content, and Oil Composition of Sweet Basil as a Function of Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization

Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) were believed to be important nutrient management tools for the production of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ‘German’) with desirable oil content and composition and acceptable herbage yields. A multilocation research study was initiated to evaluate the effect of N (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg·ha−1 N) and S (0, 20, 40, and 80 kg·ha−1 S) rates on biomass production, oil content, and oil composition for sweet basil. The three locations in Mississippi (Stoneville, Poplarville, and Verona) were selected based on soil type, geographic, and climatic variation. Location, N rate, and their interaction were significant on basil dry herbage yields. The herbage yield means were 4967 kg·ha−1, 2907 kg·ha−1, and 2122 kg·ha−1 for Poplarville, Verona, and Stoneville, respectively. Oil content was significantly affected by location with means of 0.69%, 0.80%, and 0.64% for Stoneville, Poplarville, and Verona, respectively. Location, N, and S had significant effects on oil yields with means of 14.7, 38.7, and 18.5 kg·ha−1 for Stoneville, Poplarville, and Verona, respectively. The significant quadratic response of essential oil yields to N fertilization rates showed oil yields were maximized for fertilization between 50 and 60 kg·ha−1 N. In contrast, the response to S fertilization appeared to continue to increase beyond the maximum fertilization rate evaluated of 80 kg·ha−1 S. Location and N application rates had a significant effect on the yields of the major basil oil constituents (–)-linalool, eugenol, (–)-bornyl acetate, and eucalyptol, whereas S had a significant effect on eucalyptol yield only. Eucalyptol concentration was positively correlated to the concentration of (–)-bornyl acetate. This is the first study to quantify (in real concentration) the response of the major sweet basil oil constituents (–)-linalool, eugenol, (–)-bornyl acetate, and eucalyptol as a function of N and S application rates. Also, it is the first study to demonstrate a strong response of basil oil yield to S. The results from this study demonstrated that N and S applications can be used as management tools with respect to sweet basil production, oil content, and oil composition.

Yield and Composition of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum sanctum L. Grown at Four Locations

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) are the most widely grown basil species in the world either for the fresh market or for essential oil production. Both species are considered to be promising essential oil crops in the southeastern United States; however, research on oil production and composition of these species in Mississippi and the southeastern United States is lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate biomass productivity, oil content, and oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cvs. German and Mesten and holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) cv. Local grown at four locations in Mississippi. Overall, the three basil cultivars grew well; the fresh herbage and essential oil yields at three of the locations were high and comparable to basil yields reported in the literature. Essential oil content in air-dry herbage and the essential oil yields were as follows: 0.07% to 0.50% and 0.7 to 11.0 kg·ha−1 in sweet basil cv. Mesten, 0.2% to 0.5% and 1.4 to 13.0 kg·ha−1 in sweet basil cv. German, and 0.08% to 0.40% and 0.6 to 5.3 kg·ha−1 in holy basil cv. Local, respectively. The main constituent of sweet basil cultivars was (–)-linalool with other constituents being (–)-camphor, α-humulene, eucalyptol, eugenol, (–)-bornyl acetate, methyl chavicol, (–)-trans-caryophyllene, α-trans-bergamotene, and cadinol. The main constituents of holy basil were methyl chavicol, eugenol, and eucalyptol with other constituents being α-humulene, humulene-epoxide II, (–)-trans-caryophyllene, α-trans-bergamotene, and γ-cadinene. Our results suggest sweet and holy basils have a potential as new essential oil crops for Mississippi and possibly the southeastern United States and can provide oil yields and composition typical for the respective species.

Application of magnetic field and iron in order to change medicinal products of Ocimum basilicum

In the present research, the effects of static magnetic field, with or without iron on the growth, the activity of certain enzymes (like polyphenol oxidase and phenyle alanine ammonialyase), the content of phenolic compounds and the essential oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) were studied. Treatment of plants with static magnetic field with or without iron led to decrease of the growth of plants as well as decrease in the activity of phenyle alanine ammonialyase and of phenolic compounds content. In addition in those plants exposed to magnetic field the amount of essential oils, notably of methyl chavicol, was increased. Exposure of plants to the magnetic field decreased the activity of polyphenol oxidase, whereas treatment of plants with iron when exposed to magnetic field increased polyphenol oxidase activity. In this group the content of essential oil was reduced.

Volatile oil composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivating in Turkey (Short communication)

AbstractSweet basil is one of the most widespread spices in the world. Its dried leaves are used commonly as a flavouring in many food products [1]. A number of different types of basil oil have found and achieved economic importance. European basil oil contains approximately equal proportions of estragole (methyl chavicol) and linalool. Exotic or Reunion basil is an oil rich in methyl chavicol. Methyl cinnamate basil is, as its name suggests, an oil rich in methyl cinnamate. And finally, eugenol basil oil contains eugenol in high percentages [2].Basil is a spice plant cultivated in some parts of Turkey, and used in soups, desserts, pickles etc. as a flavouring agent. However, no studies have been conducted 90 far on Turkish plant and volatile oil. Therefore, the object of this work was to study the volatile oil composition of Turkish sweet basil cultivated in Erzurum region (East Turkey) having cold climate conditions.