Oil-based Emulsion Research Articles

STUDY ON PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SACHI SEED OIL BASED EMULSION CONTAINING COLLAGEN PEPTIDES

In this study, collagen peptides were carried by a Sacha inchi (sachi) seed oil-based emulsion with Tween 80 under optimal conditions: 26.26% sachi seed oil, 26.06% Tween 80, and 47.68% distilled water. Collagen peptides, varying from 5 - 30% of the total emulsion mass, were dispersed in the aqueous phase before being introduced into the emulsion. Using the sachi seed oil-based emulsion to carry collagen peptides helps prevent the hydrolysis of collagen peptides by acids and enzymes in the digestive system. The characteristics of the emulsion were evaluated using dynamic light scattering, infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The emulsions loaded with collagen peptides have average droplet sizes ranging from 83.57 - 286.93 nm. Emulsions carrying 5 - 10% collagen peptides exhibit a high stability for up to 30 days. These results demonstrate the potential application of sachi seed oil emulsions carrying collagen peptides in functional foods and healthcare products.

Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Activity of Eugenol and Copaiba Essential Oil-Based Emulsions Loaded on Cotton Textile Materials.

The present study was focused on the preparation, characterization and application onto cotton fabrics of different topical oil-in-water emulsions based on chitosan, eugenol and copaiba essential oil for potential topical applications. Different amounts of copaiba essential oil (oil phases) and eugenol were used, while the water phase consisted of hamamelis water. The designed formulations were evaluated via optical microscopy and rheological parameters assessment. The textile materials treated with the developed emulsions were analyzed in terms of antibacterial efficiency and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. The rheological measurements have shown that the emulsions' stability was dependent on their viscosity and structure of the colloidal systems. The emulsions remained stable at temperatures equal to or below 35 °C, but an increase in temperature led to droplet flocculation and creaming. The emulsion-treated textiles exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and in vivo biocompatibility on the skin of guinea pigs without sensitization effects. Our study revealed that eugenol and copaiba essential oil-based emulsions loaded on cotton textile materials could be promising candidates for developing skin-friendly textiles designed for different topical applications.

Effect of stigmasterol and polyglycerol polyricinoleate concentrations on the preparation and properties of rapeseed oil-based gel emulsions

Emulsion gels mimic the rheological properties of solid and semi-solid fats, offering a viable solution to replace conventional fats in low-fat food formulations. In this study, gel emulsions stabilized with stigmasterol (ST) and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) complexes were prepared. Initially, we examined the effect of the ST/PGPR complex on the mechanism of gel emulsion stabilization. Our findings revealed that the gel emulsion formulated with 3% PGPR and ST exhibited a robust structure, effectively stabilizing the entire system and ensuring uniform distribution, and increasing ST concentration led to greater stability of the gel emulsion system. Stability assessments demonstrated that gel emulsions containing 3% PGPR and varying ST concentrations exhibited remarkable thermal stability and effectively delayed oil oxidation. These results underscore the high stability of gel emulsions stabilized with the ST/PGPR complex, highlighting their potential as a margarine substitute.

Determination of the influence of hemp oil-based emulsion systems composition on the oxidation products content during storage

The object of the study is the content of antioxidants and the induction period of accelerated oxidation under simulated conditions of the lipid component of the emulsion system. The way to solve the problem of developing compositions of oxidation-stable emulsion systems based on nutritionally valuable oils, in particular hemp oil, by adding natural physiologically active antioxidants is considered. The research is relevant in the context of finding effective storage methods and extending the shelf life of products using hemp oil. The feature of the work lies in determining the influence of the composition of emulsion systems based on hemp oil on chemical oxidation during storage. The content of stabilizers in the hemp oil emulsion system (lecithin – 0.8...1.0 %; xanthan gum – 0.0...0.1 %) is proposed, which is effective in the inhibition of oxidative spoilage. The content range of β-carotene (0.012 %) in model emulsion systems is outlined, the addition of which increases the induction period of accelerated lipid oxidation by 1.58...2.08 times. The peroxide value of the lipid component of the emulsion system during storage at different temperature conditions (0...15 °C) and during different storage periods (15...60 days) was studied. The results of the study confirm the significant influence of the composition of emulsion systems on the chemical oxidation of the lipid component, which is important for ensuring the quality and stability of food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. An applied aspect of the obtained scientific result is the possibility of modeling the composition of emulsion systems based on valuable hemp oil depending on the ratio of polyfunctional antioxidants of the oil component

Deposition of Water and Emulsion Hollow Droplets on Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces

The deposition of spray droplets is a hot topic in the field of plant protection. The air-induction nozzle, which is commonly used in agricultural spray, can produce droplets containing bubbles. However, few studies have addressed the deposition of hollow droplets. In the present study, we used experimental and numerical methods to investigate the deposition of hollow droplets. Three kinds of liquid—water, oil-based emulsion and organosilicon—were used to produce hollow droplets, and the diameter of droplets varied from 3 to 4.5 mm. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces were selected as deposition targets. The results show that the deposition of hollow droplets can generate a central jet, which is similar to the Wortington jet. High deposition velocity and the large bubble volume were responsible for the large attainable height of the central jet. On the hydrophilic surface, for water hollow droplets with Weber number (We) ranging from 350 to 391, the central jet began to break up as the bubble fraction of the hollow droplet reached 0.15. Based on the numerical results, it was found that the internal pressure difference between the bottom liquid and the air cavity leads to the formation of the central jet. The bubble volume and impact velocity were both positively correlated with the internal pressure difference. The oil-based emulsion promoted the adherence of the hollow droplet by lubricating the hydrophobic surface. The oil-based emulsion hollow droplets shifted from rebounding to adhering on the hydrophobic surface as the emulsion concentration reached 0.4%.

A Novel Polyfunctional Polyurethane Acrylate Derived from Castor Oil-Based Polyols for Waterborne UV-Curable Coating Application.

Because of its unique molecular structure and renewable properties, vegetable oil has gradually become the focus of researchers. In this work, castor oil was first transformed into a castor oil-based triacrylate structure (MACOG) using two steps of chemical modification, then it was prepared into castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane acrylate emulsion, and finally, a series of coating materials were prepared under UV curing. The results showed that with the increase in MACOG content, the glass transition temperature of the sample was increased from 20.3 °C to 46.6 °C, and the water contact angle of its surface was increased from 73.85 °C to 90.57 °C. In addition, the thermal decomposition temperature, mechanical strength, and water resistance of the samples were also greatly improved. This study not only provides a new idea for the preparation of waterborne polyurethane coatings with excellent comprehensive properties but also expands the application of biomass material castor oil in the field of coating.

Carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils based on banana rachis as additive in oil-based emulsion coolant for effective flank wear reduction in lathe operation

Nitro-oxidized carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils (NOCNFs) from the banana rachis are employed in oil-emulsion coolant as an additive. The concentrations of NOCNF were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 wt. %. The cutting parameters include the spindle speeds and depth of cut. The temperature and wear reduction were significant. The temperature at the tool flank decreased from 119°C to 76°C, corresponding to an 11% reduction in wear at the depth of cut co. 2 mm and spindle speed of 1330 rpm. The viscosity of the nanofluid and the corrosion of the low-carbon mild steel specimen are discussed. Arguably, a stable NOCNF nanofluid suspension is good against wear even at elevated temperatures. Interestingly, these results occurred at a lower NOCNF concentration co. 0.3% wt. compared to 1–2 wt. % from Al2O3 nanoparticles in literature. In this paper, banana rachis nanofibrils are attractive for developing of effective and environmentally friendly additives from biomass.

Ultrastable Iodinated Oil-Based Pickering Emulsion Enables Locoregional Sustained Codelivery of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Inhibitor and Anticancer Drugs for Tumor Combination Chemotherapy.

Tumor hypoxia-associated drug resistance presents a major challenge for cancer chemotherapy. However, sustained delivery systems with a high loading capability of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) inhibitors are still limited. Here, we developed an ultrastable iodinated oil-based Pickering emulsion (PE) to achieve locally sustained codelivery of a HIF-1 inhibitor of acriflavine and an anticancer drug of doxorubicin for tumor synergistic chemotherapy. The PE exhibited facile injectability for intratumoral administration, great radiopacity for in vivo examination, excellent physical stability (>1 mo), and long-term sustained release capability of both hydrophilic drugs (i.e., acriflavine and doxorubicin). We found that the codelivery of acriflavine and doxorubicin from the PE promoted the local accumulation and retention of both drugs using an acellular liver organ model and demonstrated significant inhibition of tumor growth in a 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model, improving the chemotherapeutic efficacy through the synergistic effects of direct cytotoxicity with the functional suppression of HIF-1 pathways of tumor cells. Such an iodinated oil-based PE provides a great injectable sustained delivery platform of hydrophilic drugs for locoregional chemotherapy.

Ultrasonically intensified extraction and emulsification of Azadirachtin and its bioactivity analysis for fenugreek crop growth

Azadirachtin and neem oil, renowned for medicinal and insecticidal properties, were studied for extraction and nanoemulsion synthesis, aiming to address inefficiencies of current extraction and emulsification techniques that impede the utilization of Azadirachtin. The novel aspects include an optimized ultrasonic extraction method for azadirachtin, utilizing a binary solvent system. Additionally, the emulsification of azadirachtin neem oil and its direct application as a bioinsecticide on fenugreek crops demonstrate unique advancements in the study. Response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design optimized extraction parameters such as 35 min time, 0.4 g/mL solid-to-solvent ratio, 40% amplitude, and binary-solvent ratio of 75:25 (v/v) (ethanol:n-hexane). Ultrasound demonstrated superior efficiency with process effectiveness 22 times greater than stirred extraction. The extracted azadirachtin neem oil, superior in yield and potency, underwent concentration and nanoemulsion synthesis via ultrasonication. Stable dispersions over 30 days affirmed nanoemulsion sustainability. Emulsification parameters optimized included stabilizer (acacia gum), stabilizer ratio (2:5:100, solid:oil:water, g:mL:mL), amplitude (40%), and time (40 min). Direct application of emulsion as a bioinsecticide on seasonal fenugreek crops exhibited significant efficacy, enhancing growth and nutritional values (60–100%). Ultrasonication emerged as a superior extraction and emulsification tool, yielding potent azadirachtin neem oil-based emulsions applicable across diverse sectors, including agriculture, food, and cosmetics industries.

Development of stable castor oil-based isocyanate emulsion via Hw-Ho-NCO structural model: Towards crosslinking agent for waterborne wood adhesive

Water-based materials are important to mitigate the concern on solvent-based products. Incorporation of reactive isocyanate-based crosslinking agents is key to improve material performance, while intense, nonhomogeneous reaction causes short operation duration and uncontrollable product quality. Herein, this study proposes a Hw-Ho-NCO (hydrophilic part-hydrophobic segment-NCO group) structural model to overcome such issue by forming water-compatible isocyanate emulsions via self-emulsification of castor oil-modified water-dispersible isocyanate (WDI). The properties of WDI and obtained emulsions were analyzed through visual appearance, titration of -NCO content, droplet size determination, microstructure, etc. Aggregation and sedimentation of the isocyanate emulsions upon storage occur owing to lack of hydrophilic groups on droplet surface, while sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-assisted secondary emulsification improves the emulsion stability. The emulsions are used as crosslinking agents to formulate composite waterborne adhesives with the white latex (EVA-102), reaching maximal pot life of 8 h. The plywood specimens manufactured using the composite adhesive show enhanced adhesion performances, particularly for wet strength I and II, exceeding the Chinese national standard (GB/T 9846–2015). This study confirms the capability of using the structural model to create stable isocyanate emulsions that can target to formulate high-performance waterborne adhesives for clean and green production in wood industry.

Chitosan/Virgin Coconut Oil-Based Emulsions Doped with Photosensitive Curcumin Loaded Capsules: A Functional Carrier to Topical Treatment.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing smart drug delivery systems based on natural resources combined with stimulus-sensitive elements. This trend aims to formulate innovative and sustainable delivery platforms tailored for topical applications. This work proposed the use of layer-by-layer (LbL) methodology to fabricate biocompatible photo-responsive multilayer systems. These systems are composed of a polyoxometalate inorganic salt (POM) ([NaP5W30O110]14-) and a natural origin polymer, chitosan (CHT). Curcumin (CUR), a natural bioactive compound, was incorporated to enhance the functionality of these systems during the formation of hollow capsules. The capsules produced, with sizes between 2-5µm (SEM), were further dispersed into CHT/VCO (virgin coconut oil) emulsion solutions that were casted into molds and dried at 37 °C for 48 h. The system presented a higher water uptake in PBS than in acidic conditions, still significantly lower than that earlier reported to other CHT/VCO-based systems. The drug release profile is not significantly influenced by the medium pH reaching a maximum of 37% ± 1% after 48 h. The antioxidant performance of the designed structures was further studied, suggesting a synergistic beneficial effect resulting from CUR, POM, and VCO individual bioactivities. The increased amount of those excipients released to the media over time promoted an increase in the antioxidant activity of the system, reaching a maximum of 38.1% ± 0.1% after 48 h. This work represents a promising step towards developing advanced, sustainable drug delivery systems for topical applications.

Table-top numbering-up 3D-printed miniaturized hydrocyclone for high-efficiency and high-throughput separation of oil-in-water emulsions

Oily wastewater from home and industrial effluents, as well as marine oil spills, poses significant environmental problems, such as water and soil contamination and ecosystem devastation. We here developed a parallelized miniaturized hydrocyclone (mHC) system consisting of multiple mHCs and a flow distributor for high-efficiency and high-throughput separation of oil-in-water emulsions. From a manufacturing perspective, our system can be easily and rapidly created using 3D printing technology. It was also specifically designed to provide simple and durable connections between tubes and components, eliminating the need for a time-consuming bonding process. Direct visualization of primary and secondary vortex flows generated within the mHC device was achieved, allowing the variation of the vortex flows as a function of the feed flow rates to be analyzed. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a single mHC was capable of separating six types of oil-in-water emulsions with different oil phases and a separation efficiency greater than 90 %, with olive oil-based emulsions achieving a remarkable separation efficiency of 98.3 % at the optimal feed rate of 200 mL/min. By numbering-up a single mHC and incorporating a 3D-printed flow distributor to ensure a uniform flow distribution into each individual mHC, we can construct a parallelized mHC system. The separation system can process an estimated 3,168 L (837 US gallons) of mineral oil-based emulsion per day with a separation efficiency of approximately 97 %. The results of this study can be further enhanced by modifying the flow distributor, increasing the number of single mHCs, and introducing high-performance pumps.

Use of encapsulated pomegranate seed oil in novel coarse and nanosized materials for improving the storage life of strawberry

Different-sized pomegranate seed oil-based emulsions (coarse (CsP) and nanoemulsions (NsP): 1246 and 325 nm) were successfully prepared. Strawberries treated with NsP and CsP showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in yeast-mold counts (TMY) by 1.80 log CFU g−1, and mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts (TMAB) decreased (p < 0.05) by 0.91 log CFU g−1, respectively. CsP- and NsP-treated strawberries had a TPC of 74.45 and 82.35 mg GAE kg−1, respectively, while control samples had a TPC of 44.24 mg GAE kg−1. The strawberries treated with NsP exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity with 179.44 mol TEAC g−1. After treatment with a coarse emulsion, severity levels of A. niger and B. cinerea were 60 and 73 % while the nanoemulsion treatment significantly reduced severity levels to 55.3 and 56 %. The coarse and nanoemulsions may have potential use within the food industry owing to their antioxidant and antifungal properties as well as their ability to enhance strawberry quality and function.

Genicular artery embolization for knee osteoarthritis: Results of the LipioJoint-1 trial

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transient genicular artery embolization (GAE) using an ethiodized oil-based emulsion for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Materials and methodsThis prospective, single-arm, open-label, multicenter, first-in-human cohort trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04733092). The main inclusion criterion was diagnosis of KOA according to a visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score ≥ 40 mm (score range: 0–100 mm), despite conservative treatment for at least three months. Treatment efficacy was assessed using changes in VAS pain score, Mean Western Ontario & McMaster Universities osteoarthritis (WOMAC) function score (normalized to 100; score ranging from 0 to100) and outcome measures in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials (OMERACT)-Osteoarthritis Research Society (OARSI) set of responder criteria. ResultsTwenty-two consecutive participants (13 women; mean age, 66 ± 9 [standard deviation (SD)]) were included and underwent GAE. Emulsion consisted in a mixture of ioversol and ethiodized oil (ratio 1:3, respectively) prepared extemporaneously. The rate of serious adverse events attributed to GAE within one month was 5% (1/22), corresponding to reversible worsening of renal function. Immediate technical success rate was 100%. Mean VAS pain score dropped from 74.4 ± 16.5 (SD) mm at baseline to 37.2 ± 26.7 (SD) mm at three months (P < 0.001). Mean WOMAC function score (normalized to 100: score ranging from 0 to 100) decreased from 57.3 ± 17.1 (SD) at baseline to 33.5 ± 25.9 (SD) at three months (P < 0.001). At three months, 16 out of 22 participants (73%) were considered responders according to the OMERACT-OARSI set of responder criteria, including high improvement in either pain or WOMAC function, or improvement in both pain and WOMAC function. ConclusionGAE using an ethiodized oil-based emulsion is safe and improves pain and function in participants with KOA for at least three months.

The effect of oil-in-water emulsion pesticide on the evolution of liquid sheet rim disintegration and the spraying distribution

Oil-based emulsions often used as agricultural chemical formulations to control pests and weeds. The instability of emulsion spray is an important challenge. In this work, the effects of liquid sheet rim disintegration on spray angle and spraying distribution were studied by visualization method. The results show that the addition of emulsion change the way of rim disintegration and this change may be responsible for the improvement of spray angle and spraying distribution uniformity compared with water spray. In emulsion spray, the typical feature of rim disintegration is the asymmetric “half-moon” shaped holes, which leads to earlier disintegration at the edge of the liquid sheet. The hole coalescence at the rim of liquid sheet may be the reason for the increase of spray angle, because it divides the liquid sheet into small liquid masses and breaks the inward contraction trend of the cohesive attraction of liquid mass. Only 0.02% addition of emulsion, the spray angle could be increased by 8°, the typical liquid sheet breakup length (typical length) and the liquid sheet rim breakup length (rim length) from 23.297 mm to 18.609 mm reduce to 16.3 mm and 9.099 mm, and the spraying distribution curve become more uniform. In addition, the effects of spray structure on spraying distribution characteristics under different concentrations and spray pressures are also discussed. This study could provide a reference for the optimal use of pesticide formulations in the field, the reduction of pesticide waste and environmental pollution, and the establishment of atomization and fragmentation models.

Linear and nonlinear viscoelasticity of edible o/w emulsions used as saturated fat replacers

A recent strategy for controlling saturated fat intake consists on the design of vegetable oil-based emulsions. The aim was to characterize the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic properties of o/w emulsions formulated with two types of cellulose: MX (methylcellulose, MC) and F4M (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC). The emulsions were characterized by steady flow curves and frequency sweeps in SAOS (Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear) regime. In order to evaluate linear and non-linear response, strain sweeps were performed from 0.01 to 1000% strain amplitude at different frequencies (0.1, 1 and 5 Hz). Fourier Transform rheology and orthogonal stress decomposition were applied and LAOS (Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear) parameters (G’M, G’L, ηM’, ηL’, S and T) were analysed. The type of cellulose ether significantly affected both flow behaviour and internal structure of the samples. MX emulsion presented greater consistency at rest and higher gel strength in SAOS regime with a lower frequency dependence than F4M emulsion. However, both emulsions presented similar properties at large deformations, showing shear thinning and strain stiffening behaviour. Nonlinear viscoelastic analysis allows to improve the textural characterization of emulsions, providing complementary useful information for establishing the most suitable formulation in experimental conditions closer to real applications and processes.

Effect of enzymatically produced tuna oil acylglycerol on the characteristics of gelatin O/W emulsion during microencapsulation using complex coacervation

Complex coacervation is an effective process to deliver ingredients for functional food applications. A stable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion with desired characteristics significantly affects the complex coacervation and the quality of final microcapsules. In this study, tuna oil was partially hydrolyzed using TL100 and ADL lipases to produce acylglycerols TL100-AC and ADL-AC, respectively. These lipids were subsequently stabilized by gelatin in the O/W emulsion, followed by the complex coacervation with sodium hexametaphosphate. The effect of lipids on emulsion properties, such as interfacial properties, rheological properties, protein conformation and microcapsule formation during complex coacervation, was investigated. Compared with tuna oil-based emulsion, acylglycerol-based ones exhibited reduced droplet size (<600 nm), zeta-potential, interfacial tension (<8 mN/m) and interfacial protein concentration (about 80%). The gelatin in the acylglycerol-based emulsions had reduced β-sheet and slightly increased random coil contents. Compared with the one containing tuna oil, the ones containing acylglycerol possessed higher complex coacervation yields (>75%). These changes were beneficial to the formation of coagulant and flocculant so that gelatin-stabilized acylglycerol-based O/W emulsion resulted in improved complex coacervation between gelatin and sodium hexametaphosphate. This study provides a scientific basis for designing specific gelatin O/W emulsions and microencapsulation for the stabilization and delivery of omega-3 fatty acids.

Extraction of cellulose nanocrystalline from Camellia oleifera Abel waste shell: Study of critical processes, properties and enhanced emulsion performance

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from the waste shell of Camellia oleifera Abel (C. oleifera) are gaining attention as valuable materials. In this study, CNCs were extracted from the agricultural waste shell of C. oleifera through phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid hydrolysis, respectively. Firstly, we optimized the alkaline treatment process for cellulose isolation by using response surface methodology. Furthermore, the properties of CNCs were investigated by neutralizing them with NaOH and NH3·H2O, and by dialysis in water. In addition, the characterization methods including FT-IR, TGA, AFM and TEM were used to analysis the properties of the synthesized CNCs. Finally, CNCs were studied for their application in essential oil-based Pickering emulsions. CNCs obtained from sulfuric acid showed the smallest particle size and good dispersibility. Moreover, the release profiles of essential oils in the emulsions were followed by Peppa's kinetic release model. The antibacterial activity of the emulsions against E. coli and S. aureus showed that CNCs-stabilized emulsions enhanced the antibacterial activity of essential oils. Therefore, neutralization treatments may enhance the properties of CNCs, and CNCs stabilized Pickering emulsions can enhance antibacterial activity of essential oil. This study provides insight into the potential application of CNCs derived from C. oleifera waste shells.

Encapsulation of Camphor in Nanocellulose based Pickering Emulsion and Study of its Antibacterial Activity

Abstract: Camphor is a natural and renewable antimicrobial agent. However, it is highly sublime, which limits its practical application as an effective antibacterial agent. To improve camphor's stability and retention properties, we have microencapsulated camphor into an almond essential oil-based Pickering emulsion (AO-PE), stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). The CNC was synthesized from corn husk using an eco-friendly homogenization approach to stabilize the AO-PE. Various factors affecting the formation and stability of Pickering emulsions (PE) were studied, such as the source of cellulose (corn husk and mung hull), oil type (sesame oil and almond oil), oil in water concentration, and stability with time and shear. Camphor-loaded CNC-stabilized AO-PE exhibited a small droplet size and had long-term stability at 6.67% by volume oil concentration, owing to the presence of 0.2 g of CNC at droplet interfaces. The results showed that the PE exhibited better antibacterial performance against Staphylococcus aureus than the equivalent concentrations of camphor, almond oil, CNC, and camphor dissolved in almond oil, individually. This research shall provide fresh insights into the significant enhancement of the antimicrobial properties of medicinal natural products by incorporating them into PEs. Graphical abstract

Isopropyl myristate oil-based pickering emulsions stabilized by N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine-modified biosilica nanoparticles from rice husk

Isopropyl myristate oil-based pickering emulsions stabilized by N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine-modified biosilica nanoparticles from rice husk