Oil Adjuvant Research Articles

The effects of oil adjuvant on the degradation of spirotetramat and its metabolites in apple cultivation

Spirotetramat is a frequently used insecticide in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies against rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) and woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) in apple cultivation. It is known that paraffin oil adjuvants increase the effect of spirotetramat against aphids. In contrast, there is a knowledge gap regarding the effects of co-applied paraffin (mineral or petroleum) oil on the degradation of spirotetramat and its metabolites (B-enol, B-keto, B-mono, and B-glu), which has not been previously investigated. Spirotetramat combined with formulated paraffin oil was tested against two aphid species and the residues of spirotetramat and its metabolites on leaves and apples were quantified using Liquid Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that spirotetramat is highly effective against D. plantaginea, decreasing infestation by almost 100%. Furthermore, spirotetramat was shown to be effective against E. lanigerum, the reduction in infestation ranged between 67.9 and 97.7% during the last validation date. The addition of paraffin oil increased the effect of spirotetramat and affected its degradation, indicating that its efficacy could be connected to its metabolites. B-mono and B-glu were the most persistent metabolites in apple fruit overall when paraffin oil was applied.

Evaluation of virulence of Aeromonas veronii strain GZ21-2 and development of a highly effective vaccine for grass carp with the potential for industrial application

Bacterial septicemia represents a significant disease affecting cultured grass carp culture, with the primary etiological agent identified as the Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas veronii. In response to an outbreak of septicemia in Guangzhou, we developed a formaldehyde-inactivated vaccine against an A. veronii strain designated AV-GZ21-2. This strain exhibited high pathogenicity in experimental infections across at all developmental stages of grass carp. Mortality rates for grass carp weighing 15 ± 5 g ranged from 16 % to 92 % at exposure temperatures of 19 °C–34 °C, respectively. The median lethal dose (LD50) for grass carp groups weighing 15 ± 5 g, 60 ± 10 g, 150 ± 30 g and 500 ± 50 g were determined to be 1.43, 2.52, 4.65 and 7.12 × 107(CFU/mL), respectively. We investigated the inactivated vaccine in conbination with aluminum hydroxide gel (AV-AHG), Montanide ISA201VG (AV-201VG), and white oil (AV-WO) adjuvants. This study aimed to optimize inactivation conditions and identify the adjuvant that elicits the most robust immune response. The AV-GZ21-2 inactivated bacterial solution (AV),when combined with various adjuvants, was capable of inducing a strong specific immune response in grass carp. The relative percent survival (RPS) following a lethal challenge with AV-GZ21-2 were 94 % for AV-AHG, 88 % for AV-201VG, 84 % for AV-WO and 78 % for AV alone. The minimum immunization dose of the AV-AHG vaccine was determined to be 6.0 × 107 CFU per fish, providing immunity for a duration of six months with an immune protection level exceeding 75 %. Furthermore, the AV-AHG vaccine demonstrated significant protective efficacy against various epidemic isolates of A. veronii. Consequently, we developed an inactivated vaccine targeting a highly pathogenic strain of A. veronii, incorporating an aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant, which resulted in high immune protection and a duration of immunity exceeding six months. These findings suggest that the AV-AHG vaccine holds substantial potential for industrial application.

Pain-suppressed consumption of highly palatable liquid in rats.

This study determined whether consumption of a highly palatable liquid is a reliable measure of inflammatory pain and antinociception in male and female rats. After a 10-day acquisition period, the impact of intraplantar oil vs. complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) on consumption of vanilla-flavored Ensure was assessed, with a sipper tube height 12 or 19 cm above the floor. CFA significantly decreased Ensure consumption, which completely recovered within 4-7 days to levels in oil-treated controls; neither sex nor sipper tube height significantly influenced Ensure consumption. CFA also significantly suppressed Ensure consumption in rats not exposed to the 10-day acquisition period, but only in males. To test the predictive validity of Ensure consumption as a measure of pain, separate rats were pretreated with a vehicle, an opioid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or a cannabinoid the day after CFA treatment. Morphine and ibuprofen significantly attenuated CFA-suppressed drinking in at least one sex, and tetrahydrocannabinol did not. Neither ibuprofen nor tetrahydrocannabinol significantly altered drinking in oil-injected, 'pain-free' controls, but morphine increased drinking. These results demonstrate that CFA decreases consumption of a highly palatable liquid regardless of previous exposure (training) to the consumption procedure, but only in males. Although standard analgesics attenuate CFA-suppressed drinking, nonspecific hyperphagic effects can confound the interpretation of results. Thus, consumption of a highly palatable liquid is not an optimal measure for candidate analgesic screening.

Tank-Mix Adjuvants Enhance Pesticide Efficacy by Improving Physicochemical Properties and Spraying Characteristics for Application to Cotton with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.

Tank-mix adjuvants have been used to reduce spray drift and facilitate the efficacy of pesticides applied with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, the effects of specific adjuvants on pesticide characteristics and the mechanism of action remain unclear. Herein, we analyzed the effects of three different types of tank-mix adjuvants (plant oil; mineral oil; and mixture of alcohol and ester) on the surface tension (ST), contact angle, wetting, permeation, evaporation, spray performance, and aphid-control effects of two types of pesticides. The mineral oil adjuvant Weichi (WCH) was highly effective in reducing the pesticide solution ST, improving the wetting and penetration ability, increasing droplet size, and promoting droplet deposition. The mixed alcohol and ester adjuvant Quanrun (QR) showed excellent wetting and antievaporation properties and promoted droplet deposition. A plant oil adjuvant (Beidatong) moderately improved wetting and penetration ability and reduced droplet drift. Field tests showed that the control efficiencies (CEs) of two pesticides were increased after the addition of adjuvants, even with 20% reductions in pesticide application. When the UAV was operated at 1.5 m, the CEs of two pesticides were increased from 65.39 and 66.63% to 73.11-76.52% and 77.91-88.31%, respectively. When operated at 2.5 m, the CEs were increased from 51.24 and 68.60% to 65.06-75.70% and 77.57-92.59%, respectively. Especially, the CEs of pesticides with WCH and QR increased obviously. Importantly, neither WCH nor QR inhibited hatching of the critical insect natural enemy ladybird beetle at concentrations used in the field. This study provides a framework for assessment of tank-mix adjuvants in aerial sprays and directly demonstrates the value of specific adjuvants in improving pesticide bioavailability and minimizing associated environmental pollution.

Active immunization with recombinant GnRH6-CRM197 inhibits reproductive function of male rats

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccines have been successfully used for the inhibition of gonadal development and function, but current GnRH-based vaccines often present variability in the response. Cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197) has been used as carrier molecules to enhance an immune response to associated antigens. So, the synthetic mammalian tandem-repeated GnRH hexamer (GnRH6) gene was integrated into the expression plasmid pET-21a. Recombinant GnRH6-CRM197 protein was subsequently overexpressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 and purified through Nickel column affinity chromatography and the antigenicity and biological effects of GnRH6-CRM197 were evaluated in rats. Sixteen 4-month-old adult male rats were randomly divided into two groups: the GnRH6-CRM197 group (n = 8) and the control group (n = 8). The GnRH6-CRM197 group rats were subcutaneously immunized with 100 μg of GnRH6-CRM197, administered thrice at 2-week intervals with GnRH6-CRM197.The control group received only a white oil adjuvant. Following the initial immunization, the weights of animals were recorded, and blood samples were collected from the orbital sinus at 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, and 7 months. Serum antibody titers and testosterone concentrations were quantified using ELISA and CLIA, respectively. Additionally, testicular tissues were collected for morphological examination. The results revealed a significant increase in serum GnRH antibody titers (p < 0.05), but a significant decrease in serum testosterone concentrations (p < 0.05), and the weight, length, width, and girth of the testis, and the number of spermatogonia cells, spermatocytes, and sperm cells in the immunized rats. Furthermore, seminiferous tubules revealed significant atrophy and no sperm were observed in the immunized animals. Thus, GnRH6-CRM197 may be an effective antigen and a potential immunocastration vaccine.

Multifunctional Adjuvants Affect Sulfonylureas with Synthetic Auxin Mixture in Weed and Maize Grain Yield.

A field study in the years 2017-2019 was carried out to evaluate the impact of novel adjuvant formulations on the efficacy of sulfonylurea and synthetic auxin herbicides. Treatments included nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron + dicamba (N+R+D) at full and reduced rates with three multicomponent (TEST-1, TEST-2, TEST-3) as well as standard (MSO, S) adjuvants. In this greenhouse study, Echinochloa crus-galli seeds were planted and treated with N+R+D at 2-3 leaf stages. The water with the desired pH (4, 7, and 9) for the preparation of the spray liquid was prepared by incorporating citric acid or K3PO4 to either lower or raise the pH of the water. Adjuvant TEST-1 added to the spray liquid at pH 4 increased the effectiveness to 68%, TEST-2 to 81%, and TEST-3 to 80%, compared to 73% and 66% with the MSO and S. The efficacy of N+R+D at pH 7 with TEST-1 increased to 83%, TEST-2 to 82%, and TEST-3 to 77%, but with MSO, it increased to 81%, and 71% with S. Adjuvants TEST-1, TEST-2, and TEST-3 in the liquid at pH 9 increased efficacy to 76 and 80%, compared to 79 and 63% with MSO or S adjuvants. N+R+D applied with TEST-1, TEST-2, and TEST-3 provided greater weed control than herbicides with surfactant (S) and similar or even better than with standard methylated seed oil (MSO) adjuvants. Maize grain yield after herbicide-with-tested-adjuvant application was higher than from an untreated check, and comparable to yield from herbicide-with-MSO treatment, but higher than from S treatment.

Assessing the efficiency of UAV for pesticide application in disease management of peanut crop.

Effective utilization of plant protection UAVs in peanut cultivation management necessitates a comprehensive grasp of how application volume rates and pesticides influence peanut leaf spot and rust control. This study aimed to compare the effects of application volume rates and pesticides on droplet deposition, disease, leaf retention rate and peanut yield. A T20 plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer was used to apply four various pesticide doses. In comparison, a knapsack sprayer was used to spray with an application volume rate of 450 L ha-1. The results showed a significant difference in droplet deposition between the plant protection UAVs and the electric knapsack sprayer. In the pesticide treatment with an application volume rate of 15.0 L ha-1, there was no significant difference in the deposition on the peanut canopy of each pesticide treatment, but there was a significant difference in the deposition on the ground in the treatment with adding vegetable oil adjuvant. The treatment with added vegetable oil additives showed the worst performance. The treatment with an application volume rate of 22.5 L ha-1 showed the best performance, with the leaf spot control effect being only 0.3% lower than that of the electric knapsack sprayer. Plant protection UAV spraying is feasible to control peanut diseases. Considering the operational effectiveness of the plant protection UAV and application volume rate, it is recommended to use an application volume rate of 22.5 L ha-1 without adding vegetable oil adjuvants for field operations. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Development of a Novel Fiber-2 Subunit Vaccine against Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 Formulated with Oil Adjuvants.

Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), has been widely spread across China, resulting in great financial losses in the poultry industry. Therefore, efficient vaccines against this disease urgently need to be developed. In our study, the fiber-2 and penton base proteins derived from the FAdV-4 JS strain were expressed in a prokaryotic system (E. coli) in a soluble form. Then, the efficacy of the two recombinant proteins formulated with cheap and widely used adjuvants (Marcol™ 52 white oil) were respectively tested, and the minimum immune doses and safety of the above proteins were also determined. It was indicated that the fiber-2 (20 µg/bird, 200 µg/bird) and penton base (200 µg/bird) could provide complete protection against the highly pathogenic FAdV-4 and suppress its replication and shedding. Unfortunately, only the fiber-2 protein could induce complete protection (10/10) at a low dose (10 µg/bird). In addition, we confirmed that the fiber-2 subunit vaccine formulated with oil adjuvants was safe for vaccinated chickens. Conclusively, all of our results suggest that we successfully prepared an efficient and cheap fiber-2 subunit vaccine with few side effects.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ СОДЕРЖАЩЕГО СКВАЛЕН МАСЛЯНОГО АДЪЮВАНТА ДЛЯ ИНАКТИВИРОВАННЫХ ВАКЦИН ПРОТИВ ВИРУСНЫХ ИНФЕКЦИЙ ПТИЦ

Antigenic activity has been studied for two experimental samples of inactivated emulcified vaccines against Newcastle disease and the egg production reducing syndrome-76 that have been made at the base of oil adjuvant with squalene in comparison with corresponding standard vaccines. The experimental samples with squalen in composition have been proved to induce higher immune response in comparison with reference-vaccines.

Virus-like Particle Vaccines of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Expressed in Escherichia coli Are Highly Immunogenic and Protect against Virulent Strain.

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a highly contagious, acutely infectious agent that causes immunosuppression in chickens. We expressed IBDV VP2 proteins in Escherichia coli (E. coli) to develop an effective virus-like-particles (VLPs) vaccine and evaluated its immunogenicity. The VLPs produced in E. coli were used as an immunogen mixed with a water-in-mineral-oil adjuvant (MontanideTM ISA 71 VG, ISA 71 RVG) or a white oil (7#) adjuvant. VLPs without an adjuvant, commercial subunit vaccine, inactivated vaccine, and attenuated vaccine were used as controls. These test vaccines were intramuscularly injected into 19-day-old SPF chickens, which were challenged with the IBDV virulent strain at 30 days after vaccination. The adjuvants boosted antibody production, and the adjuvant groups (except white oil) produced higher antibody levels than the non-adjuvanted controls and the commercial vaccine groups. In terms of cellular immunity, the VLPs plus adjuvant combinations produced higher levels of cytokines, IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ than the controls. IBDV VLPs plus the ISA 71 RVG adjuvant can be used as an optimal vaccine combination for improving the immune efficacy of IBD subunit vaccines, which can protect against the virulent strain.

Coordination of distinctive pesticide adjuvants and atomization nozzles on droplet spectrum evolution for spatial drift reduction

Coordination of distinctive pesticide adjuvants and atomization nozzles on droplet spectrum evolution for spatial drift reduction

Efficacy of a formalin-inactivated vaccine against Lactococcus garvieae infection in golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus

Lactococcus garvieae is one of the primary pathogens causing the severe disease to golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Vaccination is the most effective measure of preventing the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases. However, no commercially available vaccine protects T. ovatus against L. garvieae infection. In the present study, the formalin-inactivated L. garvieae vaccines, consisting of bacterin alone (aqueous vaccine) and combined with oil adjuvant Montanide™ ISA 763 A VG (vaccine+763A), were prepared and administered to T. ovatus by intraperitoneal injection. The protective efficacy was evaluated by testing the relative percent survival (RPS), serum enzyme activity, and expression levels of immune-related genes in the tissues of T. ovatus after immunization. The results indicated that the relative percentage survival (RPS) values of aqueous vaccine and vaccine+763A were 80% and 90.8% at 8 weeks post-vaccination. The level of antibody titer, lysozyme activities, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the two vaccinated fish groups increased significantly compared to that in the control group. Moreover, the expression levels of immune-related genes IgM, TNF-α, IL-8, MHCI-α, MHCII, CD4, CD8α, and IL-1β in all the tested tissues from T. ovatus were significantly enhanced after inoculation with aqueous vaccine and vaccine+763A. These findings demonstrated that the developed vaccine combined with oil adjuvant ISA 763 A VG improved immune responses and provided good protective efficacy against L. garvieae infection in the golden pompano culture.

The efficacy of FMD vaccine prepared from recently isolated FMD virus using Ictyolane 18 oil adjuvant

The efficacy of FMD vaccine prepared from recently isolated FMD virus using Ictyolane 18 oil adjuvant

Effect of Multifunctional Adjuvants on Physical and Chemical Features of Spray Liquid and Efficacy in Sugar Beet

In the period 2017–2019, field experiments were conducted at the Research and Education Center Gorzyń, unit Złotniki (52°486′ N; 16°819′ E), Poznan University of Life Sciences, at the Luvisols, under natural weather conditions, to evaluate the effect of multifunctional methylated seed oil (EXP 1, 2, and 3) and standard adjuvants (AtB and S) on the efficacy of mixtures phenmedipham + ethofumesate and metamitron applied in full (PEM 1) and reduced rates (PEM 2) in sugar beet. Field studies were carried out and three applications of herbicides were administrated subsequent to the emergence of weeds (BBCH 11–12). PEM applied at reduced rates with EXP was more effective than after AtB and S adjuvants. They enabled the attainment of high and consistent efficacy of herbicides (with EXP—96–97%, AtB—97%, S—95%, compared to PEM 1—93%, and PEM 2—82%), irrespective of varying weather conditions during, and subsequent to, their application. The sugar beet root yield from herbicide treatments after tested adjuvants was higher than from the untreated control and after application of reduced rates of herbicides without adjuvants.

The protective effect of inactivated Flavobacterium columnare vaccine in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus).

Flavobacterium columnare, which causes columnaris disease, is responsible for significant mortality in grass carp. Vaccination is a safe and effective measure to combat this disease, and this study aimed to investigate the immune protective effects of different treatments using an inactivated F. columnare vaccine. The vaccine was prepared by inactivating the bacteria with 0.05% formaldehyde at 4°C for 24 hours. The experiments involving grass carp were divided into two parts. In Experiment 1, the immune effects of two isolates, JX-01 (genomovar I) and MU-04 (genomovar II), were compared, along with the impact of white oil adjuvant and the number of immunizations. The results showed that when the white oil adjuvant was used as a booster, the relative percent survival (RPS) of the JW2 group and MW2 group after 8 weeks of the first immunization was 34% and 61%, respectively. In Experiment 2, only the MU-04 (genomovar II) isolate was used as an antigen, with the white oil adjuvant as a booster. The effects of different doses (CFU=108, 107, and 106 bacteria/mL) on immune responses were compared, and the RPS values in the MW6, MW7, and MW8 groups after 4 weeks of the first immunization were found to be 38%, 57%, and 71%, respectively. Furthermore, in the cross-antigen protection experiment, the MW2 group exhibited an RPS of 55% against the JX-01 isolate, which was significantly higher than the control group (33%). These findings suggest that an inactivated vaccine comprising an appropriate antigen isolate when administered with a white oil adjuvant as a booster, can provide effective protection in grass carp.

Synergistic Effect of Orange Oil Adjuvant on Acetamiprid in the Control of Edentatipsylla shanghaiensis

We explore the effects of orange oil adjuvant (a kind of spray adjuvant) on the physicochemical properties of acetamiprid (pesticide) when foliage-applied to the surface of pittosporum tobira leaves. The leaf surface was characterized by the OCG (Van Oss–Chaudhury–Good) method, and the relationship between the wetting behavior of various pesticide droplets, including the change in surface free energy (SFE), adhesion force, and adhesion work, is explored to offer insight into the control of the pittosporum tobira psyllid, Edentatipsylla shanghaiensis Li et Chen. Results showed that SFE values for the adaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces were 40.13 mJ/m2 and 37.06 mJ/m2, respectively, while acetamiprid liquids had SFE values of 67.43 mJ/m2 and 63.26 mJ/m2. SFE values of the acetamiprid liquids are greater than that of the leaf surface, and the droplets on the leaves with a smaller adhesion force and lager adhesion work exhibited moderate-to-poor wettability estimated by contact angles. When the concentration of the orange oil adjuvant was between 0.10% and 1.00% above CMC (critical micellar concentration, 0.09%), the SFE values of the acetamiprid liquids were less than that of the leaf surface. The adhesion tension was greatly increased, and the adhesion work decreased by 14.46–28.13%. Meanwhile, droplets on the leaves exhibited good wettability. Field experiments showed that the synergistic effect of acetamiprid against E. shanghaiensis was significantly improved after spraying with orange oil adjuvant at the concentrations 0.10% and 1.0% above CMC. This study demonstrated the use of an orange oil adjuvant with a concentration above CMC to improve the synergistic effect of the insecticide directly through improved leaf wetting, which can provide reference for reducing pesticide dosage and increasing efficiency during the chemical control of pests.

Secreted Extracellular Products of Flavobacterium covae as Potential Immunogenic Factors for Protection against Columnaris Disease in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Columnaris disease caused by Flavobacterium covae leads to substantial economic losses in commercially important fish species worldwide. The US channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) industry is particularly vulnerable to this disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a vaccine to reduce the economic losses caused by this disease. Secreted extracellular products (SEPs) are considered to be essential bacterial virulence factors that often provide immunogenicity and protection. The current study sought to identify the main SEPs of F. covae and to evaluate their potential to provide protection in channel catfish against columnaris disease. SDS-PAGE analysis of SEPs revealed five protein bands with molecular weights ranging from 13 to 99 kDa. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that these SEPs were hypothetical protein (AWN65_11950), zinc-dependent metalloprotease (AWN65_10205), DNA/RNA endonuclease G (AWN65_02330), outer membrane protein beta-barrel domain (AWN65_12620), and chondroitin-sulfate-ABC endolyase/exolyase (AWN65_08505). Catfish fingerlings were vaccinated with SEPs, SEPs emulsified with mineral oil adjuvant, or heat-inactivated SEPs, or they were sham-immunized through intraperitoneal (IP) injection. After 21 days, an F. covae challenge showed 58.77% and 46.17% survival in the catfish vaccinated with the SEPs and the SEPs emulsified with adjuvant compared to the sham-vaccinated control (100% mortality within 120 h post-infection). However, the heat-inactivated SEPs failed to provide significant protection (23.15% survival). In conclusion, although SEPs contain potentially important immunogenic proteins, further work is needed to optimize their use for long-lasting protection against columnaris disease in fish. These results are significant given the economic impact of columnaris disease on fish farming worldwide.

Advancing usability of an influenza hemagglutinin virus-like particle vaccine expressing a chimeric cytokine

Vaccine efficacy of conventional influenza vaccines depend on the antigenic similarity between the selected vaccine strain and annual epidemic strain. Since the influenza virus evolves yearly, a vaccine which is independent from viral antigenic mutation is desired. We have developed chimeric cytokine (CC) and hemagglutinin (HA) incorporated virus-like particle (CCHA-VLP) as a universal influenza vaccine candidate. Using mouse models, it was shown that the vaccine provided broad-based protective activity against several types of human and avian influenza A viruses. In this report, nasal immunization and mixture form (CC- and HA-VLP) were tested to improve usability of this vaccine. Immunogenicity was evaluated by induction of IgG, IgA, and IFN-γ secreting cells. Protective activity was measured as mouse survival rate against lethal challenge with H1N1 and H5N1 viruses and against H3N2 virus by lung viral titer. Nasal immunization showed low immunogenicity and low protective efficacy, but the addition of a sesame oil adjuvant improved vaccine efficacy. Mixture form of CC- and HA-VLP showed comparable or higher vaccine efficacy when compared to the incorporated form, CCHA-VLP. These results contribute to improved usability, such as needle-less administration and easy HA subtypes alteration.

Uptake, Translocation, and Terminal Residue of Chlorantraniliprole and Difenoconazole in Rice: Effect of the Mixed-Application with Adjuvant

Plant oil adjuvants are widely used to improve the utilization rate of pesticides. In this study, the uptake, translocation, and terminal residue of chlorantraniliprole and difenoconazole spraying with plant oil adjuvant in rice (Oryza sativa L.) were evaluated. After being mixed with the tank-mixed plant oil adjuvant, the cuticular wax of rice leaf was destroyed, which decreased the hydrophobicity of the rice leaf and facilitated the wetting, spreading, and penetration of pesticides onto the rice leaf. Additionally, the adjuvant promoted the translocation of difenoconazole from leaves to stems, but had little effect on the translocation of difenoconazole from leaves to roots, while inhibiting chlorantraniliprole translocation. Although adjuvant increased the initial deposition of chlorantraniliprole and difenoconazole on rice, the terminal residue was not significantly affected. The findings can promote the safe use of chlorantraniliprole and difenoconazole in rice production, especially when used with plant oil adjuvants. In the future, studies on more rice cultivars will be necessary to determine the generality of the conclusions.

Comparative Assessment of Serum Biochemical Markers from Cattle and Buffaloes Vaccinated with Three Different Oil Adjuvant Vaccines of Hemorrhagic Septicemia from Punjab, Pakistan

Haemorrahgic Septiceamia (H.S) is a deadly, sub-acute livestock disease of cattle and buffalo in Southeast Asia including Pakistan. A whopping 98% case fatality rate renders vaccination a mandatory prophylactic control measure to counter HS. Very little information is available on serum biochemical profile of the HS vaccinated animals. This study was conducted to investigate the serum biochemistry of the vaccinated cattle and buffalo calves and adults alike. Three different experimental oil adjuvant vaccines were produced for Pasturella multocida serotype B:2 (locally prevalent). N=80 healthy cattle and buffalo (calves and adults) were divided into four groups. Each group consisted of 20 animals (10 calves and 10 adults). Group A was injected with vaccine prepared with Montanide ISA-50; Group B with vaccine prepared from Montanide ISA-206 while Group C with a vaccine produced from Liquid paraffin and Lanolin. Group D animals served as non-immunized control. Blood samples were collected from each animal at zero-day, after booster at 90 days, and then every quarter for one year. Twelve biochemical parameters were assessed by ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis Test. Post hoc multiple comparisons were done for glucose levels. It was concluded that vaccinating both cattle and buffalo calves and adults with H.S. vaccine formulated with three different adjuvants did not have a statistically significant effect on serum biochemistry of vaccinated animals compared to controls.