Oil Absorption Value Research Articles

A green and efficient method to prepare oleic acid–modified CaCO3/reHDPE composites

Industrial recycling of waste plastics frequently utilizes mechanical recovery and recycling. However, plastics recycled through mechanical recovery tend to have reduced properties, limiting their applications. In this study, modified calcium carbonate (OA-CaCO3) was prepared using different amounts of oleic acid (OA) (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt%). Infrared spectroscopic characterization showed OA was successfully adsorbed on the CaCO3 surface. Particle size, micromorphology, oil absorption value, and activation tests indicated that CaCO3 modified with 1.0 wt% OA yielded optimal results. Melt blending 1.0 wt% OA-modified CaCO3 with recycled high-density polyethylene (reHDPE) produced composites. Scanning electron microscopy results showed OA modification enhanced interfacial compatibility between the two phases. Mechanical property tests revealed at high filling levels, the impact strength of OA-modified composites increased considerably, reaching 42.6 kJ/m2 with 40 wt% OA-CaCO3 filling. Melt flow rate test results showed that OA-modified composites had increased melt flow and modified processing properties. Filling OA-CaCO3 to compensate for reHDPE properties caused by mechanical recycling is essential to expand mechanical recycling applications in plastics recycling.

Physical Quality of Tomato Powder (Lycopersicum Esculentum Mill.) Produced by Foam-Mat Drying Method Using Convection Oven

Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentumMill.) have a fairly low shelf life, therefore further processing is needed to increase the shelf life and economic value of tomatoes, one of which is by processing it into tomato powder. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical quality of tomato powder produced from foam drying in a convection oven at different temperature variations and concentrations of Tween 80. This research method used a completely randomized design with two treatment variables, namely temperature and concentration of foaming agent Tween 80. The temperatures used were 60, 70, and 80°C while the concentration of Tween 80 used was 0.4; 0.7; and 1.0%. Data analysis used a two-way ANOVA test followed by the Duncan test and correlation test. The physical quality parameters of tomato powder showed values of the fineness modulus ranging from 1.19 – 1.77; the grain size value ranges from 0.0094 – 0.0141 mm; powder moisture content values range from 5.36 – 6.48%bb; L values range from 76.20 – 79.01; a value ranges from 12.51 – 14.81; b values range from 18.21 – 21.73; bulk density values range from 0.56 – 0.63 g/cm3; oil absorption value ranges from 0.85 – 0.89 ml/g; angle of repose values range from 33.65 – 36.09°. The temperature difference affects the fineness modulus, grain size, and moisture content. While the difference in the concentration of Tween 80 affects the color parameters (L, a, b), bulk density, and angle of repose. Keywords: Drying, Foaming agent, Physical Quality, Temperature, Tomatoes.

Determination of the oil absorption value of inorganic powder by tracer-assisted headspace gas chromatography

This paper reports a method for determining the oil absorption value of inorganic powder based on tracer-assisted headspace gas chromatographic (HS-GC) technique. The method was carried out by adding 25 μL droplet of toluene-Dioctyl Phthalate solution onto the surface of 1.0 g inorganic powder, then sealing the headspace vial and shaking it to make the powder spherical. The amount of toluene that not been adsorbed by inorganic powder was quantified using HS-GC with the optimal equilibrium temperature and time conditions of 100 °C and 7 min, respectively. A new mathematical model shows that the oil absorption value can be determined from the signal of toluene. The results show that the employed method has good precision (the relative standard deviation < 3.6 %) and accuracy (R2 = 0.993). This method is simple and accurate, and can be an reliable tool for testing the oil absorption value of inorganic powder sample.

Investigation on chemically modified carbon black in enhancing asphalt performance

Asphalt is still regarded as the most common raw material for road paving. In the pursuit of more long-term sustainability and the creation of durable and resilient pavements, researchers are diligently exploring high-quality asphalt. The objective of this study was to delve into the behavior of carbon black (CB)-modified asphalt, through conducting the conventional tests. The determination of the optimal pyrolysis temperature for CB involved assessing productivity, ash content, oil absorption value, iodine absorption value, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The modification was undertaken to generate modified carbon black (MCB), involving nitric acid oxidation and hydroxymethylation. The MCB was confirmed through total acidity (T), carboxyl and lactone groups (P), and hydroxyl groups (Q), complemented by SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) characterization. The optimal MCB dosage determination of 15 % was accomplished by employing three index tests. Fluorescence microscopy was employed to illustrate the dispersion compatibility between MCB and asphalt. To assess the high-temperature performance and resistance to aging of CB and MCB modified asphalt, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) temperature scanning was employed. The findings revealed that MCB significantly enhanced the temperature sensitivity, viscosity, rheological properties, and high-temperature characteristics of the modified asphalt. Moreover, the incorporation of CB and MCB exhibited improved anti-aging behavior in the asphalt.

A study on the modification of nano-barium sulfate using a grafting method

In this paper, the wet modification method is compared with the grafting method to modify nano-barium sulfate. The effects of the modification method, the modification time, the modifier dosage, the modification temperature, and other factors on the degree of activation of modified nano-barium sulfate are investigated to solve the nano-barium sulfate agglomeration problems and to make it a suitable process for industrial production. Thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy are used to characterize the morphology and encapsulation of modified nano-barium sulfate. The grafting method is used to modify nano-barium sulfate with a modification time of 120 min, a modifier dosage of 27%, and a modification temperature of 80 °C. From the experimental results, a hydrophobic nano-barium sulfate in powder form with 76.86% activation degree and 77.41% oil absorption value is obtained.

Surface Modification of CaCO3 by Ultrasound-Assisted Titanate and Silane Coupling Agents.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a widely used inorganic powder, but its industrial applications are limited by its hydrophilicity and oleophobicity. Surface modification of CaCO3 can improve its dispersion and stability in organic materials and further improve its potential value. In this study, CaCO3 particles were modified with silane coupling agent (KH550) and titanate coupling agent (HY311) combined with ultrasonication. The oil absorption value (OAV), activation degree (AG), and sedimentation volume (SV) were employed to evaluate the modification performance. The results showed that the modification effect of HY311 on CaCO3 was better than that of KH550, and ultrasonic treatment played an auxiliary role. Based on response surface analysis, the optimal modification conditions were determined as follows: the HY311 dosage was 0.7%, the KH550 dosage was 0.7%, and ultrasonic time was 10 min. The OAV, AG, and SV of modified CaCO3 under these conditions were 16.65 g DOP/100 g, 99.27%, and 0.65 mL/g, respectively. The SEM, FTIR, XRD and thermal gravimetric analyses indicated successful coating of HY311 and KH550 coupling agents on the surface of CaCO3. The optimization of the dosages of two coupling agents and ultrasonic time improved the modification performance significantly.

Activation of waste tire pyrolysis carbon black by simulated fuel gas

Waste tires are also known as “black pollution”, and pose significant risks to human health and ecosystems. The pyrolysis process can recover valuable products such as natural gas, oil, and pyrolysis carbon black (CBp), with CBp being the most important one. However, CBp from waste tires has a high degree of particle aggregation and low oil absorption value, making it difficult to further utilize. In this work, we propose a novel method to activate CBp by simulated fuel gas, which fully utilizes exhaust gas resources and enables the reuse of resources. The simulated fuel gas, composed of a mixture of N2 and CO2, was used to investigate the effects of activation temperature (700–1000 °C), activation time (2–5 h), flow rates (30–50 mL·min−1), and the content of CO2 in the simulated fuel gas (10%-90% (volume)) on increasing the specific surface area. The samples were analyzed using XRD, SEM, N2 adsorption/desorption, and Raman shift. The results indicate that the hybrid atoms and carbon atoms in CBp can absorb enough energy to open the closed pores, allowing the activator to fully react with CBp. This work demonstrates a feasible approach to improve the high value-added utilization of cracked carbon black.

Surface modification of alumina nanoparticles and its application in tape casting of micro-nano green tape

Nanoparticles are widely used for the fabrication of advanced ceramics. Unfortunately, nanoparticles tend to agglomerate when added to ceramic slurries for tape casting. In this study, the surface modification process of alumina nanoparticles was studied. Coupling agents were introduced to modify the surface of alumina nanoparticles to prevent their agglomeration in ceramic slurry during tape casting. The effects of variation in the modifier dosage, modification temperature, and modification time on the activation index and oil absorption value of modified alumina nanoparticles were investigated. The influence of the modification process on microstructure and properties of the micro-nano green tapes was also investigated. Experimental results showed that the best modification effect was achieved via modification of the alumina nanoparticles with 2.5 wt% of titanate coupling agent at 60 °C for 20 min. The activation index increased from 2% for the raw alumina nanoparticles to 94.9% for the modified alumina nanoparticles, while the oil absorption value decreased from 75.2 mL/100 g to 55.8 mL/100 g. The sedimentation rate of the slurry decreased from 26% to 4% after modification of the nanoparticles, and the volume of nanoparticles increased appreciably from 35 vol% to 45 vol%. The surfaces of the green tapes prepared using slurries with modified alumina nanoparticles were smooth without visible defects.

ANALYSIS OF OIL ABSORPTION AND FRICTION COEFFICIENT OF BAMBOO POWDER, COCONUT POWDER, GLASS POWDER, AND COPPER POWDER COMPOSITES FOR CLUTCH PADS

This study aims to determine the characteristics of the absorption test with SAE 10W-30 and the friction coefficient test with the ASTM D 3702-94 test standard on composite clutch pads made from bamboo powder, coconut powder, glass powder, and copper powder. It is based on the considerations that there are abundance of natural resources of bamboo and coconut with that is still not optimally utilized as well as the discovery of several hazardous clutch lining (asbestos) basic material properties. In each test, each composition variation was tested 3 times and from the data, the average value of the composition variation was taken. Based on this research, the specimen with the highest oil absorption value is specimen combination 3 (BB20KL20CU0KC20) with an absorption value of 17.98% and the specimen with the lowest absorption value is specimen combination 2 (BB20KL20CU5KC15) with an absorption value of 4.88%, and the specimen with the highest percentage change in volume is specimen combination 1 (BB20KL20CU10KC10) with a percentage of 3.30%, and the specimen with the lowest percentage change in volume is specimen combination 2 (BB20KL20CU5KC15) with a percentage of 1.01%. From the results of the combined friction coefficient test, specimen 3 (BB20KL20CU0KC20) has the highest friction coefficient value of 0.54526 and specimen 2 (BB20KL20CU5KC15) has the lowest friction coefficient value of 0.16923.

Reinforcing styrene‐butadiene rubber by silica/carbon black by‐product composite through an in‐situ polymerization process

AbstractAcetylene (C2H2) production generates a large amount of carbon black by‐product (CBP). It increases production costs and environmental concerns. However, the poor surface structure of this carbon black by‐product limits its application. This paper prepared SiO2/CBP composite materials through in‐situ polymerization to be used for styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforcement. The results of FTIR, water contact Angle, and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the CBP was successfully coated by silica and demonstrated a regular shape, higher oil absorption value, larger specific surface area, and enhanced hydrophilicity. Furthermore, compared with CBP‐filled SBR, the SiO2/CBP composite‐filled SBR revealed an 18% improvement in Shore A hardness, 103% enhancement in the tensile strength, 23% increase of the elongation at break, and the tensile modulus of 300‐percentile and 500‐percentile increased by 9% and 8%, respectively. The development of this composite material could expand the scope of CBP resource utilization and leads to the design of a new development of greener and more sustainable application of CBP.

Fabrication of Textile Waste Fibers Aerogels with Excellent Oil/Organic Solvent Adsorption and Thermal Properties.

In recent years, the treatment of textile waste has attracted more and more attention around the world. The reuse of textile waste can contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions and the sustainable development of the economy. Herein, we proposed a facile and cost-effective approach to fabricating aerogel by using textile waste fibers as the matrix and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) as crosslinking agents. After being modified with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) via chemical vapor deposition, both the interior and exterior of the textile waste aerogels exhibit a hydrophobic property with a water contact angle of up to 136.9° ± 2.3°. A comprehensive investigation of the structure, thermal properties, mechanical properties and oil absorption capacity of this aerogel shows its potential for building insulation and oil spill cleanup. The textile waste fibers aerogels have low density and high porosity, good thermal stability and outstanding heat insulation properties (Kavg. = 0.049–0.061 W/m·K). With a maximum oil absorption value of 26.9 ± 0.6 g/g and rapid and effective oil/water mixture separation, the aerogel exhibits competitive commercial application value.

KARAKTERISTIK FISIK BUBUK KUNYIT (Curcuma domestica Val.) HASIL PENGERINGAN OVEN KONVEKSI

The water content in fresh turmeric is quite high so it is easily damaged. For this reason, this research is necessary as an effort to handle post-harvest which will increase the shelf life of turmeric. The purposes of this study were to determine the physical properties of turmeric and to determine the effect of differences in drying temperature and duration of flouring on the physical characteristics of turmeric powder. The procedure was started with cleaning and size reduction, drying at temperatures of 60, 70, and 80°C, flouring for 1, 3, and 5 minutes, sifting with no. mesh 60, and measurement of physical properties. Results showed that the lowest water content of turmeric flour dried on 80°C and the 1-minute flouring time was 8.11%. Based on the color analysis test, the drying temperature of 60°C and the time of flouring is 5 minutes with an L (lightness) value of 64.53, a value of 12.47, and b of 51.46. The highest bulk density value was 0,42 g/cm³, obtained from the treatment with a temperature of 60°C and a flouring duration of 3 minutes. The smallest angle of repose value was obtained from a drying temperature of 80°C with a flouring time of 1 minute, namely 42.96°. The highest oil absorption value was obtained from the 80°C temperature treatment and 1-minute flouring time, which was 1.74 mL/g. The most significant water absorption was obtained from the 80°C temperature treatment with 3 minutes of flouring, which was 4.82 mL/g. Based on the analysis of the ANOVA test in this study, the physical characteristics of turmeric powder that affected by drying temperature were only water content and in the correlation test it was found that the observed variables that correlated with temperature were moisture content, bulk density, angle of repose, oil absorption.&#x0D; Keywords: drying, physical characteristics, turmeric powder

Modified phosphogypsum used as reinforcing material in composites

High-density polyethylene (HDPE)/phosphogypsum (PG) or polypropylene (PP)/PG composites were produced using mass-produced PG powders and a twin screw extruder. The modification effect of calcium stearate was studied by oil absorption value, contact angle, and FTIR. XRD analysis indicated that the PG phase was affected by different calcination temperatures. The mechanical properties of the composite materials were evaluated by tensile and impact tests. The dispersion of PG in the matrix was showed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Within the weight fraction range studied (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt%), the Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the PG/HDPE composites increased significantly, but the impact strength and elongation at break decreased remarkably. Young’s modulus and impact strength of PG/PP composites increase prominently, but tensile strength and elongation at break are significantly reduced. Thermodynamic analysis showed that PG can improve the thermal stability of composite materials. The apparent density indicated that the composite material filled with PG has the property of being lighter in weight. In these experiments, the mechanical properties of compounding PG powder with HDPE or PP were significantly improved, but the toughness of composites decreased.

Surface modification of phosphogypsum and application in polyolefin composites.

Phosphogypsum (PG) is one of solid wastes with large amount of yield and serious pollution, which has attracted wide attention. The aim of this study is to investigate filling performance of PG on polypropylene (PP) or high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix. In this work, PG was calcined initially to improve whiteness and fix impurities. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that after calcined at 500°C, the PG phase changed from CaSO4·2H2O to CaSO4. The modification effects of the three modifiers were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), oil absorption value, water floatability, and contact angle analysis. The effects of weight fraction of PG in PP and HDPE matrix on mechanics and morphology were observed by tensile test, impact test, and scanning electron microscope. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that modified PG can be dispersed uniformly in the matrix at low filling content. With the increase of PG filling content, the analysis of mechanical properties showed that the tensile strength of HDPE matrix increased, while the tensile strength of PP matrix decreased gradually. The impact strength of HDPE matrix would decrease, but the impact strength of PP matrix increased first and then decreased. Compared with calcium carbonate (CC), the mechanical properties of HDPE filled with PG performed better. The apparent density showed that polymer composites filled with PG have the characteristics of light weight.

Effect of microbubbles on preparation of precipitated silica by carbonization: physical-chemical structure, kinetic parameters and mass transfer characteristics

Silica is widely applied in industrial fields due to its good properties, while preparation of high-quality SiO2 by carbonization is an important way to utilize CO2. The experiment was carried out in a microbubble/bubbling experimental device, with its mass transfer kinetics of carbonization analyzed according to the pH-t curves. Under microbubble conditions, with the increasing temperature of 20∼60°C, the specific surface area, oil absorption value and particle size of silica varies at 336.80∼231.29 m2/g, 1.12∼1.81 ml/g and 16.49∼14.60 μm, respectively, which is similar as that with bubble. Aging at 20∼90 °C, they involve in the range of 35.82∼128.76 m2/g, 1.59∼2.44 ml/g and 23.15∼14.46 μm. With total concentration of solution >0.5 M, the concentration increases, the specific surface area and particle size of microbubbles are larger than those of the bubbling silica, and oil absorption value increases at 1.81∼2.44 ml/g. The kinetic analysis shows that it is more consistent with theoretical value, which can be judged as the secondary-reaction process. The microbubbles increase the CO2 utilization rate and volumetric mass transfer coefficient of carbonization by 2-4 times, while the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient decreases. It indicates that microbubble mass transfer is achieved by significantly increasing the specific surface area.

The Study of Rice Shell Ash Precipitation Legal System for Silica

Using rice husk ash as raw material, low modulus sodium silicate was prepared and high dispersion white carbon black was prepared by chemical precipitation method. The effects of sulfuric acid concentration, reaction temperature and aging time on the oil absorption value (DBP). The high dispersion white carbon black was characterized by laser particle size analyzer, X-ray diffractometer, DBP and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that when the sulfuric acid concentration is 5%, the temperature is 85°C, and the aging time is 60min, the silica morphology is spherical, and the average particle size is about 5 micron, the oil absorption value is 2.82.

Preparation and properties of nylon 11/ethylene‐vinyl alcohol/montmorillonite ternary composites

AbstractIt is known that polyamide 11 (PA11) is widely used in aviation, automobile, oil pipeline, gas engineering and other fields because of its excellent performance. However, pure PA11 as a carrier material of gas or liquid, its mechanical properties and barrier performance can not fully meet the application requirements in some circumstances, such as in narrow confined space or transporting flammable liquids. In this work, ternary blends were prepared by twin‐screw extruder with PA11, ethylene‐vinyl alcohol (EVOH) and modifier montmorillonite (MMT). The mechanical property, barrier functions, flame retardant performance and rheology of composites were studied. In comparison with those of the pure PA11, the impact properties, barrier properties and combustion intensity of ternary composites were significantly improved. Among them, the impact strength of the ternary composites (PA11/EVOH/MMT = 67.5/22.5/10 wt%) was increased by 58% and the oil absorption value and peak heat release rate (PHRR) at this ratio were 0.190 and 164.124 w•g−1, which were 23% and 43% of pure PA11, respectively. The addition of MMT had no obvious effect on ignition performance. All ternary composites were pseudo‐plastic fluids and exhibited shear‐thinning. SEM observation confirmed that composite materials changed from exfoliated composites to intercalated composites with an increase of the MMT content. The work offered the possibility of exploiting a high barrier performance low‐cost polymer.

Effects of pulsed electric field treatment on the preparation and physicochemical properties of porous corn starch derived from enzymolysis

Porous corn starch preparation by enzymolysis and pulsed electric field treatment (PEF) and its physicochemical characterizations were investigated in this study. The best processing parameters of enzymolysis and PEF treatment designed by response surface methodology were 3.9 hr, 11.5 kV/cm applied for 18 ms, respectively, resulting in the highest oil absorption value of 130%. The solubility and transparency of native corn starch were increased after enzymolysis or PEF treatment, and the values were the highest when starch was treated with the combined method. Pasting temperature and gelatinization enthalpy of porous starch were higher than that of native starch, but then decreased significantly after PEF treatments. Scanning electron microscope images, specific surface area as well as X-Ray Diffraction directly reflected the reinforcement effect of PEF treatment on the micropores formation of porous starch. These results indicate that PEF is expected to be used to assist the production of porous starch. Practical applications Starch materials are able to dehydrate water from ethanol due to the existence of numerous hydroxyl groups on the surface, porous starch granules possesses larger specific surface area, which increases the total number of hydroxyl groups on starch particles’ surface. Increased surface area provides more reactive sites at which functionalized groups can be grafted to improve starch properties as well. In addition, numerous small pores enable porous starch to encapsulate compounds of several times its weight by the absorption and capillary flow of micropores, especially heat-liable compounds like flavor molecules, plant essential oils, biologically functional compounds, for example, liquid flavors are unstable under heat processing, mixtures of which could be spry-dried with porous starch to obtain flavor powder, prolonging the storage time of flavor compounds. And the combination of enzymolysis and PEF treatment is good for the micropores formation of porous starch, which could be used to produce porous starch for industrial application.

Preparation of modified magnesium hydroxide and its application in PA66

In the present study,the modified magnesium hydroxide was prepared by precipitation method using Mg(NO3), NaOH, and silane coupling 702 modifier as raw materials. The optimal reaction conditions were obtained as follows: sodium hydroxide was added to magnesium nitrate solution by dropping, the dropping speed of sodium hydroxide was 2ml/min, the reaction temperature was 60℃, and the ratio of modifier dosage to total solution volume was 7/100(g/ml). The oil absorption value and XRD were used to characterize the modified Mg(OH)2. In the application, the modified magnesium hydroxide was mixed with pentaerythritol octahydrogen tetraphosphate(PEPA) and applied to nylon 66(PA66).The flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the nylon 66(PA66)composite were studied.

Dry surface modification of heavy calcium carbonate powder with two modifiers

In this work, The modification of heavy calcium carbonate powder was studied by dry surface modification with stearic acid and anhydrous citric acid. we have developed a facile and inexpensive dry surface method to fabricate a lower oil absorption value of calcium carbonate surface. The modification process was analyzed by modifying temperature, modifying time, modifiers percentage. Infrared spectral and TG showed that stearic acid modifier was mainly reducing oil absorption value of CaCO3 powder from 33.9 ml/100 g to 19.0 ml/100 g.