oh8dG In DNA Research Articles

Sensitive detection of 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine in DNA by 32P-postlabeling assay and the basal levels in rat tissues.

Oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species including free radicals has been considered to play a vital role in many degenerative diseases and measurement of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (Oh8dG) in tissue DNA has been used as a benchmark for oxidative DNA damage. We report here an ultrasensitive 32P-postlabeling method to detect and quantitate Oh8dG in DNA and have determined basal levels of Oh8dG in rat tissues. The method is comprised of DNA digestion to 3'-monophosphates, 5'-32P-labeling, conversion to 5'-monophosphates and separation by a 2-directional PEI-cellulose TLC (D1 = 1.5 M formic acid; and D2 = 0.6 M ammonium formate, pH 6.0). Under these conditions, all radioactive contaminants were either removed from the chromatogram (normal nucleotides and 32Pi) or remained at the origin (ATP and other contaminants), while Oh8dG migrated in the middle of the chromatogram. Calf thymus DNA incubated with ascorbic acid and H202 produced predominantly one spot under the chromatography conditions used; a chromatographically identical spot was also detected in untreated DNA, but at a much lower level (125 +/- 40 Oh8dG/10(6) nucleotides). A chromatographically identical spot was also found in dGp incubated with ascorbic acid and H202, but not with dAp, dCp or dTp. When applied to rat tissue DNA, the assay readily permitted detection of Oh8dG in the liver, lung, kidney, heart, brain, spleen, intestines and mammary epithelial cells of 3-month old female Sprague-Dawley rats. The tissue Oh8dG levels were found in the range of 87 +/- 29 to 133 +/- 49 per 10(6) nucleotides, with liver and heart being the highest and kidney and brain the lowest. These values are in the vicinity to those found by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry but 10-50 times higher than those reported by HPLC-electrochemical detection. Because of its high sensitivity (<1 Oh8dG per 10(5-6) nucleotides) to detect Oh8dG using nanogram quantity of DNA digest, the 32P-postlabeling method is likely to be valuable in quantitating Oh8dG in human tissue biopsies.

8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels in DNA of human breast cancer are not significantly different from those of non-cancerous breast tissues by the HPLC-ECD method.

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oh8dG) is a promutagenic DNA lesion produced by oxygen radicals, and a high level of 8-hydroxyguanine in breast cancers was previously demonstrated by the gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry method. To confirm the previous observation, the oh8dG levels of DNA of 22 breast cancers and corresponding adjacent non-cancerous breast tissues were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD) system, and the correlation of the oh8dG levels in breast cancer DNAs with clinical and immunohistochemical parameters was examined. However, the levels of oh8dG in DNA of breast cancers are not significantly different from those of corresponding non-cancerous breast tissues (P = 0.084) by the HPLC-ECD method. Furthermore, the oh8dG levels in breast cancers were not associated with p53 and erbB-2 immunoreactions, with expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors, and with clinical stage and histological grade. Thus, in contrast to the previous data, the present study using the HPLC-ECD method does not indicate an increase of oh8dG levels in breast cancers.

Inductions of oxidative DNA damage and mesothelioma by crocidolite, with special reference to the presence of iron inside and outside of asbestos fiber.

Inductions of oxidative DNA damage (oh8dG) in vitro and peritoneal mesothelioma in rats (F344, female) were compared between crocidolite (CR) and de-ironized crocidolite [DCR, washed by HCl and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)] to verify the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species contribute to carcinogenesis, focusing on the role of iron present inside or outside of the CR. The yield of oh8dG was 14.6 oh8dG/10(5)dG in CR and 30.2 in DCR under simple incubation with DNA. In the incubation systems added several chemicals and H2O2, DCR induced higher levels of oh8dG than CR. Especially, the addition of Fe2O3 and H2O2 to DCR increased oh8dG in DNA depending on the Fe2O3 concentration, however, this tendency was not observed in the same system of CR. Surprisingly, 7 out of 10 rats died within 2 days after the injection of 10 mg of Fe2O3 following the DCR injection (5 mg/rat), showing necroses of hepatocytes from the surface of each lobe where CR and Fe2O3 particles had been deposited together. There was no death in other groups of rats. One year after the i.p. injection of CR (5 mg/rat, single injection), mesotheliomas were found in all rats administered DCR and Fe2O3 (2 mg/rat, once a week, for 35 weeks), in 4 rats of DCR alone (n = 10), in 5 rats of CR alone (n = 10) and in none of the rats administered Fe2O3 alone (n = 10). Therefore, present results indicate that the induction of oxidative DNA damage changed even when the same type of asbestos was washed by chemical treatment, and Fe2O3 promoted the development of mesothelioma which was induced by DCR.

Elevated Level of 8‐Hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA of Liver, Kidneys, and Brain of Long‐Evans Cinnamon Rats

Long‐Evans Cinnamon (LEG) rats, a mutant strain originating from Long‐Evans rats, spontaneously develop hereditary hepatitis followed by hepatocellular carcinoma. The hepatic disorder in LEC rats is associated with their abnormal copper metabolism; metal‐catalyzed reactions often give rise to oxygen radicals, which may be related to the carcinogenesis. By means of high‐pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, cellular DNA damage caused by oxygen radicals can be assessed in terms of the amount of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oh8dG). We assayed the amount of oh8dG in DNA of liver, kidneys, and brain of LEC and Long‐Evans Agouti (LEA) control rats in seven groups (n=3 to 6) aged from 5 weeks to 24 months. Control rats, a healthy sibling line, were age‐matched. The amount of oh8dG was correlated with the severity of the age‐related clinical symptoms in LEC rats. The amount was higher in LEC rats than in the controls, especially in the liver at the acute stage of hepatitis. These findings suggest that oxygen radicals may be important in the carcinogenesis that occurs in LEC rats.

Photosensitized formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in cellular DNA by riboflavin

Photosensitized formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oh 8dG) in DNA by riboflavin has recently been shown in vitro. The present study describes the formation of oh 8dG in cellular DNA by photo-irradiation of cultured mammalian cells in the presence of riboflavin. Formation of oh 8dG was dependent on the concentration of riboflavin as well as the duration of photoirradiation. These results suggest that phtosensitized formation of oh 8dG in DNA by riboflavin may be involved in photocarcinogenesis.

Oxidative damage to DNA during aging: 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in rat organ DNA and urine.

Oxidative damage to DNA is shown to be extensive and could be a major cause of the physiological changes associated with aging and the degenerative diseases related to aging such as cancer. The oxidized nucleoside, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (oh8dG), one of the approximately 20 known oxidative DNA damage products, has been measured in DNA isolated from various organs of Fischer 344 rats of different ages. oh8dG was present in the DNA isolated from all the organs studied: liver, brain, kidney, intestine, and testes. Steady-state levels of oh8dG ranged from 8 to 73 residues per 10(6) deoxyguanosine residues or 0.2-2.0 x 10(5) residues per cell. Levels of oh8dG in DNA increased with age in liver, kidney, and intestine but remained unchanged in brain and testes. The urinary excretion of oh8dG, which presumably reflects its repair from DNA by nuclease activity, decreased with age from 481 to 165 pmol per kg of body weight per day for urine obtained from 2-month- and 25-month-old rats, respectively. 8-Hydroxyguanine, the proposed repair product of a glycosylase activity, was also assayed in the urine. We estimate approximately 9 x 10(4) oxidative hits to DNA per cell per day in the rat. The results suggest that the age-dependent accumulation of oh8dG residues observed in DNA from liver, kidney, and intestine is principally due to the slow loss of DNA nuclease activity; however, an increase in the rate of oxidative DNA damage cannot be ruled out.

Endogenous DNA damage as related to cancer and aging

The endogenous background level of oxidant-induced DNA damage in vivo has been assayed by measuring 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oh 8dG), thymine and thymidine glycol in urine and oh 8dG in DNA. The level of oxidative DNA damage as measured by oh 8dG in normal rat liver is shown to be extensive (1/130 000 bases in nuclear DNA and 1/8000 bases in mitochondrial DNA), especially in mtDNA. The methylatio adduct 7-methylguanine (m 7G) has also been found. m 7G is one of about 5 adducts found on methylating DNA, and oh 8dG is one of about 20 adducts found on oxidizing DNA, e.g., by radiation. We also discuss 3 hitherto unrecognized antioxidants in man.

Endogenous oxidative DNA damage, aging, and cancer.

Progress in identifying the important endogenous processes damaging DNA and developing methods to assay this damage in individuals is presented. This approach may aid studies on modulation of cancer and aging. The endogenous background level of oxidant-induced DNA damage in vivo has been assayed by measuring 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oh8dG), thymine glycol and thymidine glycol in urine and oh8dG in DNA. oh8dG is one of about 20 adducts found on oxidizing DNA, e.g., by radiation. The level of oxidative DNA damage as measured by oh8dG in normal rat liver is shown to be extensive, especially in mtDNA (1/130,000 bases in nuclear DNA and 1/8,000 bases in mitochondrial DNA). We also discuss three hitherto unrecognized antioxidants in man.