Ofthe Mean Research Articles

Examination Anxiety among Male and Female School Students: A Comparative Study

Background: A Comparative study was conducted to assess the level of Examination anxiety (Test anxiety) amongmale and female senior secondary school students in selected schools, Kollam, Kerala. The objectives of the studywere to assess the level of Examination anxiety among male and female senior secondary students and to comparethe level of Examination anxiety among male and female senior secondary students. The final objective was to findout the association between level of Examination anxiety and selected demographic variables.Materials and Methods: The present study adopted a Descriptive-Comparative design. 120 senior secondarystudents (60 Male and 60 Female) from 11th and 12th Standard were enrolled using Non-probability, Conveniencesampling technique. The conceptual framework of the study was based on the Transactional model of Test anxiety(Zeidner, 1998). Tools used for data collection were Demographic Performa and Modified Westside test anxietyscale.Results: Findings of the study revealed that the mean Examination anxiety score among male students was 2.53±0.69and among female students was 3.16±0.67. The ‘student t value’ computed at 5.11**, df = 118 by comparison ofthe mean examination anxiety scores of male and female senior secondary students was statistically significant atP<0.01 level. No association was observed between the level of Examination anxiety and selected demographicvariables (p>0.05). Conclusion: The findings of the study confirmed that the level of Examination anxiety amongthe female senior secondary school students were significantly higher than the male senior secondary students.

The role of wind, mesoscale dynamics, and coastal circulation in the interannual variability of the South Vietnam Upwelling, South China Sea – answers from a high-resolution ocean model

Abstract. The South Vietnam Upwelling (SVU) develops in the South China Sea (SCS) under the influence of southwest monsoon winds. To study the role of small spatiotemporal scales on the SVU functioning and variability, a simulation was performed over 2009–2018 with a high-resolution configuration (1 km at the coast) of the SYMPHONIE model implemented over the western region of the SCS. Its capability to represent ocean dynamics and water masses from daily to interannual scales and from coastal to regional areas is quantitatively demonstrated by comparison with available satellite data and four in situ datasets. The SVU interannual variability is examined for the three development areas already known: the southern (SCU) and northern (NCU) coastal upwelling areas and the offshore upwelling area (OFU). Our high-resolution model, together with in situ observations and high-resolution satellite data, moreover shows for the first time that upwelling develops over the Sunda Shelf off the Mekong Delta (MKU). Our results confirm for the SCU and OFU and show for the MKU the role of the mean summer intensity of wind and cyclonic circulation over the offshore area in driving the interannual variability of the upwelling intensity. They further reveal that other factors contribute to SCU and OFU variability. First, the intraseasonal wind chronology strengthens (in the case of regular wind peaks occurring throughout the summer for SCU or of stronger winds in July–August for OFU) or weakens (in the case of intermittent wind peaks for SCU) the summer average upwelling intensity. Second, the mesoscale circulation influences this intensity (multiple dipole eddies and associated eastward jets developing along the coast enhance the SCU intensity). The NCU interannual variability is less driven by the regional-scale wind (with weaker monsoon favoring stronger NCU) and more by the mesoscale circulation in the NCU area: the NCU is prevented (favored) when alongshore (offshore) currents prevail.

VERBA GERAKAN AGENTIF DALAM BAHASA DAYAK MALI

AbstractErsa, Liana Natasia. 2021. The Agentive Movement Verbs in Dayak Mali Language.Thesis. Language and Art Department, Indonesian Language Education StudyProgram, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Universitas TanjungpuraPontianak. The First Supervisor is Drs. Hotma Simanjuntak, M.Hum., Ph.D. and TheSecond Supervisor is Agus Syahrani, S.Pd. M.M.S.Ling. The title of this research isThe Agentive Movement Verbs in Dayak Mali Language. The general problem in thisstudy was divided into four sub-problems, the first was an inventory of agentivemovement verbs in the Dayak Mali language, the second was the word form of theagentive movement verbs in the Dayak Mali language, the third was a description ofthe meaning of the agentive movement verbs in the Dayak Mali language, and thefourth was the implementation of the learning implementation plan in Senior HighSchool. This study aimed to make an inventory of the agentive movement verb data, todiscover the word form, to discover the lexical meaning of agentive movement verbs,to discover the grammatical meaning of agentive movement verbs, and to implementa lesson plan in Senior High School class XI 2013 curriculum odd semester. Thisresearch used the descriptive method with qualitative study. The source of data wasDayak Mali language spoken by the native speakers in Cowet Village, BalaiSubdistrict, Sanggau Regency, which was represented by three informants. Thetechniques of data collection were one-on-one interview, note-taking, recording, andhooking techniques. The research instruments were voice recorder, questionnaire,notebook, pen. This research discovered 33 agentive movement verbs in Dayak Malilanguage. The word form used in Dayak Mali language was a single word/monofermicwith 22 lexemes, polymofernic consisting of affixation with 2 lexemes, reduplicationwith 2 lexemes, phrases with 7 lexemes, and compounding not found in this study.Based on the agentive movement verbs meaning description, there were 22 lexemesfor the lexical meaning and there were 11 lexemes for the grammatical meaning.Keywords: Agentive Movement Verbs, Dayak Mali Language, Word Form.

Trends in oxygen therapy in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 admitted to the ICU

The most concerning complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARSCoV-2) pneumonia is acute hypoxemic failure. Though various antivirals, steroids, immunomodulators have been tried, oxygen therapy remains the mainstay of treatment. After obtaining institutional ethical clearance, a prospective observational study was conducted on 102 COVID-19 positive patients aged 20 years and above, admitted in the ICU with moderate to severe disease. COVID-19 infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen test. Data of two demographically comparable groups i.e., patients on HFNO and NIV was analysed outcome was defined as discharge from ICU, shift to other non-invasive modes of oxygen therapy, endotracheal intubation or death, and comfort level for each mode. The data was analysed using SPSS-16.0, Chi-square test and “t” value test were applied.Comparison ofthe mean number of invasive ventilator free days of HFNO and NIV was insignificant(p>0.05). Among the patients on HFNO (high flow nasal oxygen) 49.09% were stepped down to NRB (non-rebreathing mask) whereas 7.27% went for intubation which is significant compared to NIV mask (non-invasive ventilation), where 13.64% were stepped down to HFNO and 34.09% were intubated (p=0.000).Oxygen therapy with HFNO is associated with better outcome and less mortality when compared with NIV.

Dynamics of the Tippe Top on a Vibrating Base

This paper studies the conditions under which the tippe top inverts in the presence of vibrations of the base along the vertical. A vibrational potential is constructed by averaging and it is shown that, when this potential is added to the system, the Jellett integral is preserved. This makes it possible to apply the modified Routh method and to find the effective potential to whose critical points permanent rotations or regular precessions of the tippe top correspond. Tippe top inversion is possible for a sufficiently large initial angular velocity under the condition that spinning with the lowest position of the center of gravity is unstable, spinning with the highest position of the center of gravity is stable, and that there are no precessions. Cases are found in which there is no inversion in the absence of vibrations, but it can be brought about by a suitable choice of the mean value of the squared velocity of the base. In particular, this type includes a ball with a spherical cavity filled with a denser substance.

The Impact of Educational Infographic on Students’ Interaction and Perception in Jordanian Higher Education: Experimental Study

This study aims to evaluate the effect of employing infographics in higher education, specifically with regard to students’ interactions and their perception of the meaning of transferred information. This evaluation was presented through lectures at Applied Sciences Private University in Jordan and two other selected colleges (one scientific and the other humanistic) to compare the two variables applied in this study. To achieve this object infographic materials were developed by researcher and guided by (ASSURE) instructional model to present the lectures to the two experimental groups by infographic method through two selected courses from Information Technology College and Business College. Meanwhile, two control groups were taking the same courses in deferent class by conventional method. In addition, the total of participants was (138 students) and that includes all students of the experimental and control groups. Furthermore, a post-test questionnaire was involved to experimental groups to measure their interaction and perception after presenting lectures by infographic materials. The findings of this study show that infographics have a positive and strong impact on students’ interaction and perception. Furthermore, a comparison shows that the students of the scientific and humanistic colleges had different effect of interaction. However, infographics have a similar effect on perception in both colleges.

The Involvement of Hormones in Fish: Basic and Applied Aspects of Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii)

Fish are a very large group, containing a huge variety of over 33,000 species.Scientific knowledge about the interaction between hormones of the somatic axis (SA) and the gonadotropic axis (GA), both of which function in the brain, and the pituitary gonad axis (BPG) that controls growth and reproduction, is vital for the domestication of fish in aquaculture.The Acipenserida family comprises 27 species, some of which have a very high economic value, among them Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) that adapted to growth in aquaculture conditions. Many aspects aimed at improving the adaptation and production of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) have been studied for quite a long time. Models based on the results of our and others’ studies describing the interaction between GA and SA during oogenesis in Russian sturgeon have been suggested. The mRNA relative level of FSH during vitellogenesis (VTL) was higher in females than in males, affecting VTL secretion of vitellogenin (Vg); however, it was lower in the pre-vitellogenic stage than in VTL. No difference was found in mRNA levels of the luteinizing hormone (LH) in Russian sturgeon during the first four years of growth. During its first five years of growth, the level of GH mRNA was higher in females than in males, but due to the high standard deviation of the mean, the difference was not significant. IGF-I mRNA expression differed between the various tissues.

Cooling phonon modes of a Bose condensate with uniform few body losses

We present a general analysis of the cooling produced by losses on condensates or quasi-condensates. We study how the occupations of the collective phonon modes evolve in time, assuming that the loss process is slow enough so that each mode adiabatically follows the decrease of the mean density. The theory is valid for any loss process whose rate is proportional to the jjth power of the density, but otherwise spatially uniform. We cover both homogeneous gases and systems confined in a smooth potential. For a low-dimensional gas, we can take into account the modified equation of state due to the broadening of the cloud width along the tightly confined directions, which occurs for large interactions. We find that at large times, the temperature decreases proportionally to the energy scale mc^2mc2, where mm is the mass of the particles and cc the sound velocity. We compute the asymptotic ratio of these two quantities for different limiting cases: a homogeneous gas in any dimension and a one-dimensional gas in a harmonic trap.

Lagrangian process attribution of isotopic variations in near-surface water vapour in a 30-year regional climate simulation over Europe

Abstract. Stable water isotopes are naturally available tracers of moisture in the atmosphere. Due to isotopic fractionation, they record information about condensation and evaporation processes during the transport of air parcels, and therefore present a valuable means for studying the global water cycle. However, the meteorological processes driving isotopic variations are complex and not very well understood so far, in particular on short (hourly to daily) timescales. This study presents a Lagrangian method for attributing the isotopic composition of air parcels to meteorological processes, which provides new insight into the isotopic history of air parcels. It is based on the temporal evolution of the isotope ratios, the humidity, the temperature, and the location of the air parcels. Here these values are extracted along 7-day backward trajectories started every 6 hours from near the surface in a 30-year regional climate simulation over Europe with the isotope-enabled version of the model of the Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling (COSMOiso). The COSMOiso simulation has a horizontal resolution of 0.25∘ and is driven at the lateral boundaries by a T106 global climate simulation with the isotope-enabled version of the European Centre Hamburg model (ECHAMwiso). Both simulations are validated against measurements from the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP), which shows that nesting COSMOiso within ECHAMwiso improves the representation of δ2H and deuterium excess in monthly accumulated precipitation. The method considers all isotopic changes that occur inside the COSMOiso model domain, which, on average, correspond to more than half of the mean and variability in both δ2H and deuterium excess at the air parcels' arrival points. Along every trajectory, the variations in the isotope values are quantitatively decomposed into eight process categories (evaporation from the ocean, evapotranspiration from land, mixing with moister air, mixing with drier air, liquid cloud formation, mixed phase cloud formation, ice cloud formation, and no process). The results show that for air parcels arriving over the ocean, evaporation from the ocean is the primary factor controlling δ2H and deuterium excess. Over land, evapotranspiration from land and mixing with moister air are similarly important. Liquid and mixed phase cloud formation contribute to the variability of δ2H and deuterium excess, especially over continental Europe. In summary, the presented method helps to better understand the linkage between the meteorological history of air parcels and their isotopic composition, and may support the interpretation of stable water isotope measurements in future.

0046 - Quantifying the “Law of Diminishing Returns” in Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods

Aims Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) allow non-invasive correction of the spinal deformity in the treatment of early-onset scoliosis. Conventional growing rod systems (CGRS) need repeated surgical distractions: these are associated with the effect of the ‘law of diminishing returns’. The primary aim of this study was to quantify this effect in MCGRs over sequential distractions. Patients and Methods A total of 35 patients with a maximum follow-up of 57 months were included in the study. There were 17 boys and 18 girls with a mean age of 7.4 years (2 to 14). True Distraction (TD) was determined by measuring the expansion gap on fluoroscopy. This was compared with Intended Distraction (ID) and expressed as the ‘T/I’ ratio. The T/I ratio and the Cobb angle were calculated at several time points during follow-up. Results The mean follow-up was 30 months (6 to 57). There was a significant decrease in the mean T/I ratio over time (convex rod at 3 months 0.81, sd 0.58 vs 51 months 0.17, sd 0.16, p = 0.0001; concave rod at 3 months 0.93, sd 0.67 vs 51 months 0.18, sd 0.15, p = 0.0001). A linear decline of the mean T/I ratios was noted for both convex rods (r 2 = 0.90, p = 0.004) and concave rods (r 2 = 0.81, p = 0.015) over 51 months. At the 24-month follow-up stage, there was a significant negative correlation between the mean T/I ratio of the concave rod with weight (r = -0.59, p = 0.01), age (r = -0.59, p = 0.01), and BMI of the child (r = -0.54, p = 0.01). Conclusions The ‘law of diminishing returns’ is also seen after serial distraction using MCGR. Compared to previously published data for CGRS, there is a gradual linear decline rather than a rapid initial decline in lengthening. In older, heavier children a reduced distraction ratio in the concave rod of the MCGR device is noted over time. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1658–64.

Symmetries in some extremal problems between two parallel hyperplanes

Let M be a compact hypersurface with boundary ?M = ?D1(?D2, ?D1 ( ?1, ?D2 ( ?2, ?1 and ?2 two parallel hyperplanes in Rn+1 (n ? 2). Suppose that M is contained in the slab determined by these hyperplanes and that the mean curvature H of M depends only on the distance u to ?i,i = 1,2 and on (u. We prove that these hypersurfaces are symmetric to a perpendicular orthogonal to ?i,i = 1, 2, under different conditions imposed on the boundary of hypersurfaces on the parallel planes: (i) when the angle of contact between M and ?i,i = 1,2 is constant; (ii) when ?u/?? is a non-increasing function of the mean curvature of the boundary, ?? the inward normal; (iii) when ?u/?? has a linear dependency on the distance to a fixed point inside the body that hypersurface englobes; (iv) when ?Di are symmetric to a perpendicular orthogonal to ?i,i=1,2.

MAKNA HIDUP DI BAUK TRADISI MUDIK LEBARAN (STUDI FENOMENOLOGI ATAS PENGALAMAN PEMUDIK DALAM MERAYAKAN IDUL FITRI DI KAMPUNG HALAMAN)

Mudik lebaran(visiting hometown on Idul Fitri Days) is an annual tradition which is never left by most urban people who are originallyfrom smalleror othertown. Some days before Idul Fitri day, we can see how crowded the traffic is. It is a unique phenomenon of Idul Fitri which is especially found in Indonesia. Lebaran/ Idul fitri is a specific example about how Islamic idioms are creatively intrepreted in Indonesian culture. This unique and specific example of lebaran in Indonesia can be seen not only on the phenomenon of mudik but also on the situation and idioms such as takbiran, shaking hands, sungkeman, halal bi halal, ziarah kubur (visit cemetery) before lebaran and before the month of Ramadhan (nyadran), lebaran banquet, giving some moneytochildren, etc. Besidesthe explanation ofthe meaning of lebaran from normative sides, it is necessary to reveal the subjective meaning of lebaran tradition. This research revealed those meanings through phenomenological perspedive and analyzed them with psychoanalysis. Using the logotherapytheory of Viktor Frankl, it was found thatthe values ofthe tradition to go hometown during Idul Fitri days helped them to find the meaning of life. The values or meanings which could be found are: the meaning of family relatives and its education valueforthe family, existence meaning, primordial meaning, and transformative meaning. Those meanings indeed are very beneficial forthem as a therapyto revitalizetheir individual and social lives. Mudik can improvetheir mental health and bring happiness.

Retraction note: Effect of platelet-rich plasma on the healing of cutaneous defects exposed to acute to chronic wounds: a clinico-histopathologic study in rabbits.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains numerous growth factors to promote wound healing and angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to gain further information about the benefits of platelet-rich-plasma for healing cutaneous acute to chronic wounds. A total of 30 New Zealand albino rabbits (n = 15/group) were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: control group, and PRP group. Bilateral resection defects measuring 3 cm were surgically created on the dorsolateral of the cutaneous in animals and the defects were randomly divided into two mentioned groups. Wound area, neovascularization, size and epithelialization were compared on days 7, 14 and 21 post-wounding. Histopathological analyses were conducted on 15 specimens from each group after sacrifice by the cellular aspects of the regeneration of the tissue. Our results were indicated that the wound area of PRP was smaller than that in the non-treated group on days 7, 14 and 21. Furthermore, a significant decrease of the wound size was observed in PRP groups that were significantly greater than that in the control group. A significant increase of the mean vascular density was noted in the PRP treated groups compared to the control groups at day 14 and especially day 21. This results indicated that PRP treated group’ enhanced angiogenesis at the wound beds as compared to no treatment group. These results could be useful for researchers in the growing fields of tissue repair and experimental wound healing. Further studies will be essential to determine the role of PRP in clinical practice.

Correlation between the season, temperature and atmospheric pressure with incidence and pathogenesis of acute appendicitis

There is very little literature data on the correlation between the seasons, temperature and atmospheric pressure, and pathogenesis of acute appendicitis (AA). The aim of this research is to investigate the association between the seasons, changes in atmospheric temperature and pressure, and patients’ age and severity of the clinical form of AA in the city of Niš This study included 395 patients diagnosed with AA, who, during the two-year period, from July 1st 2011 to June 30th 2013, were hospitalized and operated on at the Department of General Surgery, Clinical Center in Niš, Serbia. The increased average daily values of barometric pressure by 1 millibar on the day when the event took place was associated (p < 0.05) with the decrease of total risk of the occurrence of appendicitis by 2.2% (0.2–4.1%). In all observed patients, each increase of the mean daily temperature by 1°C three days before the event took place (Lag 3) was associated (p < 0.05) with the increase of total risk of the occurrence of appendicitis by 1.3% (0.1–2.5%). According to the results of this research, we can conclude that patients’ sex, age and severity of the clinical form of AA are not in connection with the seasons, while there are certain connections between appendicitis occurrence and atmospheric temperature and pressure.

The application of C.K. Ogden’s semiotics in Basic English

Although a relatively minor project in terms of its impact on the broader international language movement, Basic English is interesting for the elaborate semiotic theory that underlies it. The creator of Basic English, Charles Kay Ogden (1889–1957), is today remembered chiefly as co-author ofThe Meaning of Meaning, a book widely regarded as a classic of early twentieth-century semiotics. In this article, I will engage in a critical examination of the design of Basic English and demonstrate how it essentially represents an implementation of the key doctrines set out in that book, tempered by the practical exigencies of language construction. I will focus on Ogden’s method of ‘panoptic conjugation’, which he used to select the Basic English core vocabulary of 850 words, as well as his conception of the grammar of Basic English as an outgrowth of its vocabulary. We observe additionally how Ogden’s approach does not result in a self-contained, independent international language, but rather a language that is subservient to Standard English idiom.

Non invasive trans-cutaneous bilirubin as a screening test to identify the need for serum bilirubin assessment in healthy term neonates

INTRODUCTION: Hyperbilirubinemia is a common problem in the neonates. It can progress to develop kernicterus unless intervention is initiated. Severity of jaundice and decision for management are usually based on total serum bilirubin (TsB) estimation which technique and results closely correlates with total serum bilirubin levels. OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy of visual assessment of jaundice by single trained observer based on Kramer's index with total serum bilirubin levels in healthy term neonates. To compare accuracy of non invasive bilirubin assessment with serum bilirubin levels, to compare trans-cutaneous bilirubin assessment on different sites (forehead and sternum) and to develop a cutoff point oftrans-cutaneous bilirubin level for serum bilirubin assessment. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted in the Neonatal unit of the department of Paediatrics at Kasturba Hospital ,Manipal. Study period was from October 2007 to June 2008. Clinical assessment of jaundice was done in healthy term neonates by observer (Trained Paediatric Post Graduate Resident) based on Kramer's index. Transcutaneous bilirubin assessment was done on the forhead and sternum of each baby using JM-103 Minolta. Air shields bilirubino meter. Serum bilirubin level was measured within 30 minutes of the clinical assessment for each baby. RESULTS: This study included 187 healthy term neonates. The mean birth weight was 2856.83gm ± 493.89gm and mean gestation was 38.25+ 1.030 SD. Clinical assessment and Transcutaneous bilirubin(TcB) significantly correlated with total serum bilirubin (TsB), with correlation co-efficient of 0.757 and 0.801 respectively (p 0.0001). Transcutaneous bilirubin assessment over forehead showed a tendency to under estimate total serum bilirubin, with mean difference of-0.31 mg/dl, SD 1.75 mg/dl with 95% confidence interval ofthe mean -0.60 and -0.02 mg/dl (p value 0.05).Transcutaneous bilirubin assessments between 10 mg/dl to 15 mg/dl correlated accurately with total serum bilirubin levels avoiding blood sampling. CONCLUSION: Trained observer clinical assessment of jaundice can be used for screening neonatal jaundice. Non invasive transcutaneous bilirubin assessment has demonstrated significant accuracy with serum bilirubin level estimates between 48 hours to 7 days on two different sites forehead and sternum. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v1i4.9567 Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2013) Vol.1 No.04: 17-21

Dores do parto, dores do mundo: notas sobre a oposição de Nietzsche a Schopenhauer

The following text deals with the classic question concerning theopposition between the philosophies of Nietzsche and Schopenhauer,trying to discuss the current interpretation that conceives it as basedon the contrast between affirmation and negation of existence’s value.Nietzsche indeed denies explicitly the very possibility of a philosophicalappreciation of life’s value. Therefore, he could not put himself in directopposition to Schopenhauer’s verdict about existence, which could onlybe taken by him, not as a refutable thesis, but rather as a symptom of adeterminate state of life. Such constatations leads to an investigation ofthe meaning of Nietzsche’s diagnosis of Schopenhauer’s philosophy asa symptom of a weak or decadent life, as well as of the sense assignedby him to the idea of affirmation of life

The effect of laparoscopic greater curvature plication on peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CDS+ T cells) in morbidly obese patients

Background: Bariatric surgery is the only and effective treatment for morbid obesity and it can also improve the obesity-related comorbidities. However, the effect ofbariatric surgery on immune status is still unclear. In our study we investigated the relationship between surgical weight loss and peripheral blood lymphocyte percentages. Methods: Morbidly obese patients (n=20, age range 25-50 years, body mass index [BMIJ range (37-45kgfm2) who had undergone laparoscopic greater curvature plication LGCP (were enrolled in a prospective study to determine the percentages of their peripheral blood T cells (CD4+, and CD8+ T cells) before and (4 months) postoperatively using flow cytometry. The data were expressed as the percentage oftotallymphocytes±the standard error ofthe mean. Results: A decrease in the BMI occurred at 4months postoperatively with loss of weight of (31.20±1.2%). PreoperativeBMJwas 44.71±4.3 (range 37-45kg fm2)and postoperative EM!was 31.80±1.1(range 24-33kg fm2).The mean percentage ofCD4+ T lymphocytes preoperatively was 38.2±1.5 and postoperatively was 29.3±2.6 p <0.05 (which is statistically significant) so there is postoperative decrease in the percentage ofCD4+T lymphocytes, the mean percentage ofCD8+ T lymphocytes preoperatively was 17.3±1.8 and postoperatively was 9.5±1.7p < 0.05 (which is statistically significant) so there is postoperative decrease in the percentage ofCD8+ T lymphocytes. Conclusion: This study found that weight loss after LGCP in morbidly obese patients showed attenuated activation of circulating immune cells (decrease in CD4+ T helper cells percentage and decrease in CD8+ killer T cells percentage) and more regulation of chronic inflammation in morbidly obese patients.

Mean (Standard Deviation) or Mean (Standard Error of Mean): Time to Ponder

We read the article titled Antibiotics as First-line Therapyfor Acute Appendicitis: Evidence for a Change in ClinicalPractice by Hansson et al. [1] with great interest. Theauthors presented the quantitative data as mean ± standarderror of mean (SEM) in Table 1, and not as mean ± stan-dard deviation (SD). The misconception about the use ofSEM in descriptive statistics continues to prevail, even inleading medical journals. We wish to clarify these twoterms. Normally distributed quantitative data should besummarized as mean (SD). Here, the SD refers to the var-iation in the values of the variable within the sample. Thelarger the SD, the greater the variability within the sample.When we report a sample mean, say weight, we wish toknow the mean weight of the population from which wehave taken the sample. The sample mean will vary everytime we take a new sample from a given population. Con-fidence interval (CI) gives a range to show how much thissample mean weight would vary if we keep on takingsamples. The SEM is used to derive the confidence interval[2]. Therefore; the SEM gives us an idea of the accuracy ofthe mean. As SEM is always smaller than SD (SEM = SD/(square root of sample size), many authors use SEM to hidea large SD and thus imply that their observations are moreaccurate [3]. One may also say that showing the SEM withthe mean will help them to indicate the accuracy of thesample mean; however, CI is the right statistical tool toaccomplish this. We believe that if authors adhere to basicstatistical principals, the problem of misuse of SEM caneasily be avoided.References

한국 여자 창던지기 선수들의 기록과 릴리즈 요인과의 관계

ABSTRACT This study was to investigate the relationship between the distance and projection factors, angle factors of javelin in women'sjavelin throwing. The data were collected in the 2011 National Sports Festivals for 11 players. Three-Dimensional motion analysisusing a system of 4 video cameras at a sampling frequency of 60 fields/s was performed for this study. The factors of releaseconditions calculated using Matlab 2009a program. The statical analysis on the records(n=42) included mean and standard deviation ofthe mean(SD), Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient(SPSS Version 16.0 for Windows). There was a statistically significantpositive relationship between the records and release velocity(r=.866, p<.01), height(r=.433, p<.01) and height rate(r=.340, p<.05). Theattitude angle, release angle, and attack angle showed not a statistically significant relationship between the records. The medial-lateraltilt angle of javelin showed not a statistically significant relationship between the records, but the yaw angle of javelin(r=.549, p<.01)showed a statistically significant positive relationship between the records.Keywords : Javelin, Attitude, Release, Attack, Yaw