Offspring Research Articles

Abstract P420: Changes In Cardiac Oxidative Stress Is Protected In Intrauterine Growth Restricted Females Vs Males Before The Development Of Hypertension And Cardiovascular Diseases

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy complication characterized by hypertension (HTN) typically during the third trimester. PE is the leading cause for intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) offspring (OFS). Women with PE and their OFS (IUGR) are at a higher risk for developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) later in life. Two major factors that contribute to the development of CVDs are HTN and oxidative stress (OS). Studies show that human and animals adult IUGR OFS have a higher risk of developing HTN and CVDs compared to females later in life. The rationale for these sex differences is unknown; and we hypothesize that male IUGR rats will have elevated cardiac oxidative stress, while female IUGR will have lower cardiac OS .To test, we will examine sex differences between 12 week IUGR and control (CON) OFS that are not hypertensive, to determine if there are any change in cardiac OS before the development of HTN and CVD. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: IUGR male, IUGR female, and control (CON) male and female. IUGR rats were derived from the OFS reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) PE rat model. CON OFS were from normal pregnant rats. At 12wk, BP was measured via carotid catheterization. Heart tissue was collected to assess oxidative stress, via examining reactive oxygen species (ROS) Heat shock protein 1 (HSP-1) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Antioxidants were measured via manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and antioxidant capacity (AC). There were no significant changes in HSP-1, CuZnSOD, and H2O2 between male and female OFS. However, female IUGR OFS had a 20% increase in antioxidant MnSOD (119.9 ± 6.133 vs 93.98 ± 5.197 %MnSOD U/protein/CON, p <0.05) compared to CON in the heart. Male OFS had no significant changes for MnSOD. IUGR female AC had a 2-fold increase in activity (22.13 ± 1.019 vs 14.15 ± 1.852 mM Trolox/mg protein, p <0.05) compared to its CON. Furthermore, IUGR male OFS had a slight decrease in AC compared to CON male (11.00 ± 1.420 vs 13.24 ± 0.4676 mM Trolox/mg protein, ns). The significant increase of AC and MnSOD in IUGR female OFS suggests that females may be more protected from OS, via mitochondria-specific antioxidants compared to males.

Abstract P202: Changes In Cerebral Mitochondrial Function In Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Offspring Before The Development Of Hypertension And Cerebrovascular Dysfunction

Background: Preeclampsia (PE), new-onset gestational hypertension (HTN) affects 3-8% of all births in the USA. PE is the leading cause for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR children have increased risks of HTN and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) later in life. Prior studies in our lab show adult male IUGR rat offspring (OS) to develop HTN, CVD, and cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction (mtDys) at 17 weeks while female IUGR OS exhibit CVD. The role of mtDys in HTN is unknown and is the focus of our study. We hypothesize that IUGR OS will have mtDys prior to HTN. Methods: Our surgical PE animal model utilized the reduced-uterine-perfusion pressure (RUPP) surgery at GD 14. OS from NP served as controls (CON) while OS from RUPP mothers were IUGR. At 12 weeks, OS BP was measured alongside cerebral mtDys through mitochondrial fusion and fission, electron-transport chain (ETC) proteins, and respiration. Results: BP did not change between sexes or among IUGR and CON offspring. Male IUGR OS showed elevated mtRes (State 2: 199 ± 1.08 v. 76 ± 1.13 pmol/mg, p < .05; State 3: 555 ± 3.02 v. 245 ± 1.77 pmol/mg, p < .05; State 4: 346 ± 1.66 v. 85 ± 1.12 pmol/mg, p < .05). Female IUGR and CON OS had no changes in BP or mtRes. Male IUGR OS had increased mito-fusion proteins MFN-1 (176 ± 1.68 v. 100 ± .57 IU/protein/CON %, p < .05), MFN-2 (155 ± 1.36 v. 100 ± .74 IU/protein/CON %, p < .05) and OPA-1 (166 ± 1.99 v. 100 ± .73 IU/protein/CON %, p < .05). DRP-1 had no changes in males; females had no changes in fusion or fission. Male IUGR OS had changes in ETC proteins (CI: 8 ± 9.34 v. 100 ± .82 IU/protein/CON %, p < .05; CII: 23 ± .53 v. 100 ± .52 IU/protein/CON %, p < .05; CIII: 26 ± .23 v. 100 ± .41 IU/protein/CON %, p < .05), as did female IUGR OS (CI: 12 ± .24 v. 100 ± .86 IU/protein/CON %, p < .05; CII: 29 ± .39 v. 100 ± .61 IU/protein/CON %, p < .05; CIII: 39 ± .56 v. 100 ± .62 IU/protein/CON %, p < .05; CIV: 76 ± .74 v. 100 ± .73 IU/protein/CON %, p < .05) vs. CON OS. Summary: Male IUGR OS have elevated mtRes, changed ETC proteins, and fusion proteins that may lead to mtDys and HTN development. This study is clinically relevant because specific cerebral therapy for mtDys for IUGR OS may prevent HTN and CVD development. Future studies will examine changes in mtDys causing male HTN and protection from HTN in females.

Abstract P210: Sex Specific Changes In Cerebral Proinflammatory Cytokines In Intrauterine Growth Restricted Offspring

Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) often times results from placental ischemia, which restricts the distribution of nutrients and oxygen to meet the metabolic demand of the growing fetus. IUGR offspring (OS) have an increased risk for developing cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) later in life. Factors for development of CVDs are HTN and inflammation. Our lab has shown 17 week IUGR male rats from preeclamptic pregnancies have HTN and elevated inflammation via systemic IL-17, while our females show no change. The role of inflammation to cause HTN in IUGR offspring in a sex specific manner is unknown and the major focus of this study which examines the changes in cerebral inflammation IUGR offspring at 12 weeks. We hypothesize that cerebral inflammation in IUGR males will be elevated, while no change in female IUGR offspring will be observed. Methods: IUGR offspring originate from preeclamptic Sprague Dawley dams. OS weaned for 3 weeks and were separated by sex and IUGR status. At 12 weeks, the rats underwent carotid catheterization to measure BP. Brains were collected to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-17 via ELISAs. Results: At 12 weeks, all OS were normotensive. Brain TNF-α increased in female IUGR (17,366± 1,500 vs 8,116± 1,341 pg/mL, p<0.05) and was elevated in male IUGR (20,845±7571 vs 8,516±1712 pg/mL, ns). Brain IL-17 increased in male IUGR (13,580± 945 vs 9,620± 945 pg/mL, p<0.05) and was elevated in female IUGR (13,143± 1613 vs 10,930± 696 pg/mL, ns). Systemic IL-17 was increased in IUGR male OS (112±16.8vs100±3.9 IU/Protein/CON %, ns). Conclusion: At 12 weeks, brain TNF-α and IL-17 were elevated in IUGR males and females. The differences in expression of each cytokine between the sexes suggest that IL-17 contributes to the increase in BP, especially in males. Understanding the timing of these developments could help to elucidate the role of inflammation in the development of CVD with or without HTN. This study is clinically relevant as it provides a sex specific inflammatory target for therapeutics, to help prevent hypertension and CVD in IUGR offspring. In the future, we will evaluate the role of inflammation in IUGR offspring in a sex specific manner.

Intrauterine Programming of Adult Disease: Identification of Cardinal Genes Associated with Hypertension, Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Intrauterine growth restriction is an abnormal fetal development characterized by a fetal growth rate lower than thepotential genetic growth for the gestational age. This condition represents a major burden for public health systems, as it increasesshort and long-term morbidity and mortality in the offspring, particularly because of its association with the development of cardiovascularand metabolic disease in adult life.Objectives: The aim of the present study was to identify possible cardinal genes involved in intrauterine growth restriction associatedwith the development of obesity, hypertension and metabolic syndrome using bioinformatics tools.Methods: A total of 343 genes involved in the phenotypes of interest were obtained and 20 genes were identified as significantlyrelevant in the interaction network analysis. Specifically, four of these identified genes encode for growth factors or their receptors,VEGFA, PDGFRB, IGF1R and EGFR. We also identified genes related to insulin and cardiovascular homeostasis as CTNNB1, APP,MYC and MDMD2. Cluster analysis provided the most significant gene ontology terms, including those related to the biologicalprocesses of proliferation and programmed cell death, intercellular communication, protein metabolism and development of thecardiovascular system.Conclusions: The genes found in this study could be useful as putative biomarkers for the presence of cardiovascular and metabolicdisorders associated with intrauterine growth restriction, or as potential therapeutic targets for treatment strategies directed to thepatient's genotype.

Gamma Ray Radiation Effects Emitted from Am-241 on Some Physiological Cases of Adult Rats

In this search we found the effect of 0.06.0.1 and 0.4 mGy / h gamma rays as radiation doses for 55 days at h /7 day irradiation in certain physiological cases as the sex ratio of adult rats. Major reductions in the total number of offspring were observed (p ˂0.05). female and male sex ratio when exposed to 0.06-0.4 mGy / h doses when compared to control group. Another argument, the effects of gamma radiation with the above dose levels and with the same mating showed substantial increases (p ˂0.05) in the number of female offspring and their sexual ratio. This rise is directly proportional to the increase in doses. This paper also revealed major differences in the sex ratio of male and female rats. The ratio of female offspring to gamma radiation was greater than the ratio of male offspring to control .The exposure of any source with frequency greater than GHz. and wave length in (10-10 meters) must therefore be avoided during gestations.

Activity budget of zoo-housed Dolichotis patagonum mates

Captive conditions differ widely from an animal’s natural environment and risk making them prone to reduced behavioural flexibility and sometimes impaired reproduction. The Patagonian mara Dolichotis patagonum, a near threatened species, is a large rodent endemic to Argentina with a singular social organisation that combines monogamy with communal breeding. The aim of this study was to learn more about the activity budget and behavioural synchrony between mates of zoo-housed D. patagonum and thus contribute to research and conservation programmes at modern zoos worldwide. The study implicated 28 animals housed at Cordoba Zoo (Argentina) under natural photoperiod and temperature conditions. Behaviour was recorded once a week every hour from 0800–1800 for a 28-day period and the total offspring at the end of the spring-summer season were counted. The recorded activity budget was: resting (43%), feeding (25%) and alert (13%), the remaining categories accounting for less than 10%. Resting, feeding and alert were the only categories associated with hourly changes. There was 48% behavioural synchrony between mates (both sexes engaging in the same behaviour at the same time) and a total of 23 offspring were counted, corresponding to one litter each reproducing female. The similarity between the behavioural response of these zoo-housed individuals and available data on the behaviour of D. patagonum in the wild indicates that zoo-housed D. patagonum behavioural activities can be considered positive responses, providing useful information for the future development of reintroduction programmes.

Neurodevelopmental Status of Offspring of Women Who Received Vitamin D Supplementation

In observational analyses, high maternal vitamin D levels have been associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. Danish

Strategies of Resilience: Cooperation in Irish Family Farming

Drawing from both historical ethnographic sociology and more recently collected narrative data, we trace changing resilience strategies employed by Irish family farms. We focus specifically on collective action within farm families and communities, a pathway to resilience that has traditionally depended on patriarchal relations and an accession of individual interests to the survival of the family farm. We find that new conditions for resilience have emerged, disrupting relationships on which historical forms of collective action depended. Threatened with the flight of women and youth towards off-farm opportunities, resilience strategies have come to accommodate better and respond to the needs of individuals in farm families. However, if the farm is to survive, family members remain collectively challenged with meeting its physical demands. One contemporary resilience strategy employs Joint Farming Ventures (JFVs), which involve formalised collaborative arrangements between husbands and wives, parents and offspring, non-immediate relatives, and farming neighbours. We find women and men at different stages in the lifecourse are employing JFVs to drive and resource renewed resilience strategies. Reconstituted relational arrangements within the farm family allow the farm to draw from an increased range of resources through an enhanced commitment of diverse farm family members. By prioritising the family farm, contemporary resilience strategies are consistent with historical ones but create greater capacity for family farm resilience by boosting reservoirs of social, cultural and economic capital available to the farm. This insight goes some way towards shedding light on the intricate puzzle that is the remarkable resilience of Irish family farms and those continuing to exist worldwide.

Consanguineous, Non-Consanguineous, Reproductive Events, Fertility and Mortality Differentials of Yerukula Tribe: an Endogamous Human Population, Andhra Pradesh India

The Yerukulas, a tribal population subsisting traditionally on agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts trade, inhabit largely in plains of Southern Indian states specifically, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The genetic demographic information regarding occupation, economic status, fertility and mortality, age of children etc were collected. The present genetic study on tribal population with moderately high fertility and mortality shows a picture of a growing population. Sex ratio was slightly deviated to the predominance of males. The inbreeding co-efficient for autosomes is 0.0381 and sex chromosomes is 0.0438 among the Yerukula tribe, and the overall inbreeding coefficient is 0.081 which is relatively high due to more number of uncle-niece marriages. Among postnatal deaths, neonatal deaths in non-consanguineous and infantile deaths in consanguineous couples are higher than their counterparts. The index of variability of fertility is higher in non-consanguineous couples and proportion of surviving offspring is higher in consanguineous couples. However, the percent offspring mortality is higher in non- consanguineous couples. Thus, improving socio-economic conditions and creating awareness on medical facilities so as to reduce the fertility and mortality is essential to keep the population growth under control.(76.34%), sensitivity (76.60), specificity (76.09) and 87% area under ROC curve.

Effect of maternal mental health during pregnancy on infant growth at six months of age in Suburban communities in South of Iran.

Background: Due to the controversial effects of mental health disorders during pregnancy on infant health, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of gestational depression, stress, and anxiety on the growth of offspring at six months of age in disadvantaged communities in South of Iran. Methods: The sample comprised of 470 pregnant women (response rate=98%) who are participated in the Bandar Abbas Pregnancy Cohort study. Maternal mental health was measured by the DASS-21 questionnaire during pregnancy. Data on infant growth was collected based on infant`s growth chart at six months of age. The relative risk of suboptimal infant growth was calculated by Modified Poisson regression models at 5% significant level. Results: The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 19.0%, 26.1% and 6.5%, respectively. At six months of age, the mean (SD) of infant`s weight (gram), height (cm) and head circumference (cm) were 7287.30 (1019.85), 63.23 (5.62) and 41.39 (2.70), respectively. Compared to normal mothers, the risk of suboptimal weight at six months of age significantly increased by 71% in mothers who were classified as having depression (Adjusted RR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.09). The presence of anxiety significantly increased the risk of suboptimal height at six months of age by 43% (ARR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.92). There were no statistically significant effects of either depression anxiety or stress on the suboptimal head circumference at six months of age. Conclusion: Our results showed that mental health disorders of pregnant women might adversely influence the weight and height growth of offspring within the first six months of age. Screening protocols to early diagnose of mental health disorders during pregnancy, and to strict follow up of diagnosed cases postpartum are proposed.

Identidade social de graduandos de Enfermagem numa Universidade pública do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Objetivo: Desvelar o perfil sociodemográfico dos estudantes de Enfermagem de uma Universidade Pública do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, relativamente às variáveis de Sexo, Cor/ etnia / raça, Idade, Estado civil, Presença de Prole, Coabitação e Responsável pela família. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratório-descritiva, de campo, sendo esta um recorte de tese de doutorado. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se estatística simples e não inferencial. A amostragem contou com 25 estudantes de Enfermagem do quinto período. Resultados: As variáveis sociodemográficas foram tabuladas em valores absolutos e relativos expressando o perfil dos estudantes. Conclusão: Os achados possibilitaram a exposição do perfil sociodemográfico da população estudada, demonstrando a estrutura do grupo, obtendo-se assim, uma fração da identidade social desses estudantes. Evidenciou-se que o conjunto amostral é composto por adultos jovens, sexo feminino, solteiras, sem filhos, pertencentes às classes D e E que buscam a Enfermagem por sua afinidade com a área de saúde.

Alcohol Use in Pregnancy, Redux

Although alcohol use during pregnancy has been associated with neurodevelopmental consequences in offspring, most studies have emphasized the dangers

Significance of Offspring Donors on Long-term Survival in Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Asian Experience.

Significance of Offspring Donors on Long-term Survival in Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Asian Experience.

Influence of farm conditions on sows’ morphological blood indicators

The article summarizes the influence of farm conditions on sows blood morphological parameters. Our research was carried out in the farms of Zolochiv and Starosambir districts of the Lviv region (Ukraine) and revealed strong violations of animals feeding, both in terms of nutrition, and on the macro- and microelement composition. In all the farms, there was practically no appropriate way to feeding sows from different physiological groups, which may further adversely affect the growth and development of the resulting offspring. The parameters of the microclimate in the premises were invested in the limits of permissible norms. The differences between farms were production process and pigs keeping. Animals of the Zolochiv region were not registered and had the opportunity to move freely, to nest before the farrowing, to satisfy their physiological needs for food search (to dig, to throw the bedding), without barriers to consume food and water. In the farm of the Starosambir district the sows were kept in individual fixing machines, they were restricted in movement, free choice of place for rest, manifestation of natural behavior, the ability to satisfy the instinct of nesting and show the instinct of caring for the offspring. Free holding of sows have a positive effect on the processes of hematopoiesis. The blood of these animals had more red blood cells and the hemoglobin concentration was higher. It was also proved that the most susceptible to the conditions of containment were farrowing sows from both farms, as evidenced by the morphological indices of blood. Thus, the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit magnitude and red blood indices in animals of this physiological group are recorded at the lower limit of the physiological norm.

Lady Beetle Oviposition Site Choices: Maternal Effects on Offspring Performance

Maternal effects can result in adaptive phenotypic responses of offspring that increase their fitness. Several recent studies report a positive relationship between maternal choices and offspring fitness. However, few studies have assessed the associations between aphidophagous lady beetle oviposition site selection, the adequacy of food resources for their offspring, and offspring performance. To clarify these issues, we explored whether aphidophagous lady beetle oviposition site selection can influence offspring performance, thereby reflecting adaptive maternal behavior. To assess the effect of food resources on offspring performance, we fed the larvae of 3 lady beetle species: Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), and Hippodamia convergens (Guerin-Meneville) (all Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), with different types of aphids (Uroleucon and Brevicoryne) (both Hemiptera: Aphididae) then measured development time, survival, adult body mass, brightness, and chromatic coloration of the adult beetles. We found that Ha. axyridis larvae fed Brevicoryne exhibited a higher survival rate than those fed Uroleucon. Also more adults emerged from C. sanguinea larvae fed Uroleucon aphids, and these adults were heavier, shinier, with more chroma, and developed faster than those fed on Brevicoryne. Overall, lady beetles performed better when fed aphids commonly found near their respective oviposition sites. We conclude that aphidophagous lady beetle oviposition site selection reflects adaptive maternal choices associated with an adequate food resource positively affecting offspring fitness. Elucidating the links between lady beetle oviposition site choice and optimal resource for their offspring enhances our understanding of habitat use and co-existence of aphidophagous lady beetle communities in Brazilian agroecosystems. Resumo Os efeitos maternos podem resultar em respostas fenotipicas adaptativas da prole que aumentam sua aptidao. Varios estudos recentes relatam uma relacao positiva entre escolhas maternas e aptidao dos filhos. No entanto, poucos estudos avaliaram as associacoes entre a selecao do local de oviposicao de besouros afidofagos, a adequacao dos recursos alimentares para a prole e o desempenho da prole. Para esclarecer essas questoes, avaliamos se a selecao do local de oviposicao de besouros afidofagos pode influenciar o desempenho da prole, refletindo assim o comportamento materno adaptativo. Para avaliar o efeito dos recursos alimentares no desempenho da prole, alimentamos as larvas de tres especies de besouros: Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), e Hippodamia convergens (Guerin-Meneville) (todos Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), com diferentes tipos de pulgoes (Uroleucon e Brevicoryne) (ambos Hemiptera: Aphididae), medimos o tempo de desenvolvimento, a sobrevivencia, a massa corporal adulta, o brilho e a coloracao cromatica dos besouros adultos. Foi observado que larvas de Ha. axyridis alimentadas com Brevicoryne exibiram uma taxa de sobrevivencia mais alta do que aquelas alimentadas com Uroleucon. Tambem emergiram mais adultos de larvas de C. sanguinea quando alimentadas com pulgoes Uroleucone e esses adultos eram mais pesados, mais brilhantes, com mais croma e se desenvolveram mais rapidamente do que aqueles alimentados com Brevicoryne. No geral, as joaninhas tiveram melhor desempenho quando alimentados com pulgoes comumente encontrados perto de suas respectivas posturas. Concluimos que a selecao do local de oviposicao de besouros afidofagos reflete escolhas maternas adaptativas associadas a um recurso alimentar adequado que afeta positivamente a aptidao da prole. A elucidacao dos vinculos entre a escolha do local de oviposicao do besouro e o recurso ideal para seus filhotes aprimora nossa compreensao do uso do habitat e a coexistencia de comunidades de besouros afidofagos nos agroecossistemas brasileiros. Key Words: Cycloneda sanguinea; Harmonia axyridis; Hippodamia convergens; Uroleucon; Brevicoryne; adaptative maternal behavior View this article in BioOne

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО САХАРНОГО ДИАБЕТА 1 ТИПА МАТЕРИ НА МОРФОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНУЮ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКУ СПЕРМАТОЗОИДОВ ПОТОМСТВА

Aims:analysis of the sperm viability of mature offspring of female rats with experimental type 1 diabetes.Materials and methods:The studies were conducted on white laboratory rats (Wistar), in which type 1 diabetes was simulated, and their mature offspring.A comparative analysis of the total sperm count in the epididymal suspension, as well as their subpopulation composition by viability, with the subsequent determination of the index of motor activity, the content of atypical forms of sperm is estimated.Results:It was found that the offspring of experimental animals has a decrease in the total sperm count in 1 ml of epididymal suspension.In this case, an increase in the number of atypical forms and inhibition of the viability of spermatozoa occurs, as evidenced by a decrease in their motor activity.Conclusions: The results obtained convincingly indicate that offspring of mothers with experimental diabetes mellitus are born with a violation of the morphofunctional formation of the male reproductive system.

The Genetics of Suicidal Behavior

Although studies consistently show higher risk for suicidal behavior among offspring of parents who display suicidal behavior, unpacking the genetic as

Effects of PM_(2. 5) exposure on synaptic plasticity and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in rat hippocampus

To investigate the effects of PM_(2. 5) exposure on the development of synaptic plasticity and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in hippocampus of offspring rats. Healthy 7-week-old SPF SD rats(n=36) mated with a male to female ratio of 2∶1. Pregnant rats were randomly divided into three groups, including control group, low PM_(2. 5) group, and high PM_(2. 5) group, with eight rats in each group. The low and high PM_(2. 5) concentrations in dynamic exposure cabinet were approximately two times and four times higher than the annual average PM_(2. 5) concentration in Tangshan city respectively. The exposure started from pregnant day 0, until postnatal day 21(PND21) of offspring rats. After weaning, the offspring rats continued to be exposed to PM_(2. 5) until PND42. PND21 and PND42 pups were subjected to Morris water maze and new object recognition experiments. Western blot was used to detect post synaptic density-95(PSD-95), synaptophysin(SYN), growth associated protein(GAP-43), glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK-3β), β-catenin protein levels and phosphorylation levels of GSK-3β and β-catenin in the hippocampus of offspring rats. Compared with the control group, the learning and memory abilities of the pups of each PM_(2. 5) group were significantly decreased with a dose dependent manner. Compared with the control group, the protein level of SYN, GAP-43 and PSD-95 in hippocampus of PND0 rats of each PM_(2. 5)groups were decreased(P<0. 05), and the protein level of SYN of each PM_(2. 5)group and PSD-95 of high PM_(2. 5) group in PND21 and PND42 were decreased(P<0. 05), and the level of GAP-43 of low PM_(2. 5) group in PND42 were decreased(P<0. 05). Compared with the low PM_(2. 5) group, the level of PSD-95 of high PM_(2. 5) group in PND0 and PND21, the level of PSD-95 of high PM_(2. 5) group in PND0 and PND42 were decreased(P<0. 05). Compared with the control group, the level of p-GSK-3β in hippocampus of each PM_(2. 5)group in PND0, PND21 and PND42 was decreased(P<0. 05), and with the increase of PM_(2. 5) exposure dose, the trend is more obvious. The protein level of p-β-catenin in hippocampus of high PM_(2. 5) group in PND0 and PND42 was significantly increased(P<0. 05). The level of p-β-catenin in high-dose PND21 pups compared with the control group was significantly reduced(P<0. 05). Exposure to PM_(2. 5) in early life can damage the synaptic plasticity and decrease the protein levels of β-catenin and p-GSK-3β in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway of hippocampus in offspring rats.

Kedi ve Köpeklerde Sezaryen ve Piyometra Operasyonlarında Anestezi Teknikleri

Veteriner doğum ve jinekolojide sıklıkla uygulanan sezaryen ve piyometra operasyonlarında hem hastanın ağrı ve acı hissini ortadan kaldırmak hem de hekim ve yardımcılarının güvenliğini sağlamak amacıyla anestezik maddeler kullanılmaktadır. Sezaryen ve piyometra operasyonlarında yapılan premedikasyon, preoperatif dönemde yapılacak intravenöz kateterizasyon ve oksijenizasyon sırasında annede oluşabilecek stres ve kaygıyı önler. Bununla birlikte dengeli ve etkili bir premedikasyon, indüksiyon için kullanılacak anestezik madde miktarının azalmasına neden olur. İndüksiyon için sedatif-hipnotik (tiyopental, propofol, alfaksalon, etomidat), dissosiyatif (Ketamin HCL) ve inhalasyon ajanlar (izofluran, sevofluran, desfluran) sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Gebe hayvanlarda kullanılacak anestezik ve analjezik maddeler fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri nedeniyle etkilerini kan-beyin bariyerini geçerek gösterir. Bu durum anestezik maddelerin, plasental bariyeri de kolayca geçerek fetüs üzerinde olumsuz etkiler görülmesine yol açar. Yavruları etkilemeden sadece anneyi anesteziye alabilecek bir protokol yoktur. Bu nedenle hem anneyi hem de yavruyu en az şekilde etkileyen bir anestezi protokol seçilmelidir. Piyometralı hayvanlarda ise başlıca; böbrek yetmezliği, kardiyak aritmi ve hepatik işlev bozukluğu gözlendiğinden, bu sorunlara karşı uygun anestezi protokolü seçilmelidir. Bu derleme sezaryen ve piyometra operasyonlarına alınacak hastalarda kullanılabilecek güvenli ve etkili anestezik maddeler ve anestezi protokolleri hakkında bilgi vermek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.

Hand-rearing protocol and comparison of growth rates in parent reared versus hand reared offspring: a case study in Callicebus cupreus

The European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for coppery titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) has a total population of 90 individuals within zoos that suffer from low reproduction rates and high neonatal mortality. Bristol Zoo Gardens (BZG) housed a breeding female from 2012 who first showed signs of pregnancy in 2017. During parturition, the female died from shock secondary to uterine prolapse. In order to ensure the survival of the infant it was hand-reared. This infant offered the opportunity to trial a hand-rearing protocol for Callicebus. The aim of this publication is to report the first detailed hand rearing protocol for the species and to compare the growth rates of two hand-reared infants against and seven parent-reared titi monkeys using information on growth rates gathered using ZIMS. Day had a significant effect on the weight of both hand-reared and parent-reared titi monkeys (F(1,57)=919.3, p<0.001, np2 =0.942). Parent-reared titi monkeys had significantly higher growth rates (457.9±9.3) compared to the hand-reared (390.7±11.1) titi monkeys (F(1,57)=19.804, p<0.001, np2 =0.258). Despite the differences in growth rates between the hand-reared and mother-reared infants the rearing protocol used was considered successful due to the infant being the first hand reared coppery titi monkey to survive to adulthood without any nutritional deficiencies. Further research is needed to develop this protocol to include more natural feeding and socialisation procedures to improve hand reared coppery titi monkey growth and development in captivity and other Callicebus species in the future.