Official Vocabulary Research Articles

Making Sense of Controlled Vocabulary When Finding Information for and About Marginalized Persons

ABSTRACT The controlled vocabularies of five major health-related databases are explored in order to present a partial listing of standardized subject headings for various concepts relating to groups of marginalized persons. Having easy access to these terms could make searching for health information about marginalized persons more efficient for the health information specialist. Persons doing such research can sometimes perceive official vocabulary as being demeaning, outdated, demoralizing, or misleading. Some examples of searching for information concerning marginalized person are shown as well as an Appendix of controlled vocabulary terms specific to the five biomedical databases studied.

Development and Impact of the Use of Slang on Instagram Social Media on Teenagers and Society: Case Study of Indonesian in the Digital Era

The use of slang in Instagram social media among teenagers has become a significant phenomenon. This article investigates the factors that influence the use of slang and its impact on adolescents. The results of the study show that the development of the times, the influence of the internet and electronic media have contributed to the spread of slang. The impact of using slang includes expression of positive identity and more intimate communication, but also includes the potential for decreased interest in good and correct Indonesian, ambiguity in official vocabulary, and negative use. In this digital era, it is important to understand the consequences of using slang on social media and how education and awareness about proper language can help young people overcome this challenge.

Thematic characteristics of the modern vocabulary of state correspondence in the Russian language

The official vocabulary of Russian state correspondence is characterized by a high level of saturation with diplomatic terminology and terminology of international law, as well as standardized speech turns. 
 Special vocabulary is the main core around which the whole document is built in lexical terms from the point of view of belonging to the style. It can include the names of diplomatic institutions, bodies, procedures, officials, diplomatic documents and their parts, etc. The proportion of each lexical layer is not the same. If the common vocabulary makes up the majority of the elements, then the special vocabulary is the "diplomatic background" of the document. 
 In order to investigate the composition of the official vocabulary of Russian state correspondence as a special fragment of diplomatic discourse, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the question of the thematic groups that are part of it. The formation and development of each lexical macro group is determined by a number of factors, which include the state of language in society and the level of development of the corresponding functional styles.

Some Remarks on Computer Terminology in Persian and Hindi on the Basis of the Localizations of the Kdelibs4 Package

Scientific and technological vocabulary, especially computer terminology, is a particularly interesting field in which to analyze/study the most recent trends in the development of vocabulary. The present article focuses on the Persian and Hindi translations of the Kdelibs4 software package. The author attempts to address a number of questions on the basis of the analyzed material, i.e., what are the origin and the proportion of loanwords within the analyzed vocabulary? Are the languages historically important as vocabulary donors (Arabic in the case of Persian and Persian in the case of Hindi) still prominent in this new sphere of vocabulary? What are the widespread syntactic and word-formational patterns among the discussed forms? The vocabulary in question is also juxtaposed with the official language policy in India and Iran, thus exhibiting various levels of deviations in both cases. The lexical items selected on the basis of objective criteria have been compared with the official vocabulary lists issued by the responsible/authoritative/ relevant governmental bodies. Additionally, in the case of Persian, an extensive Internet search has been performed to check their popularity among the users.

Incorporation of Korean Electronic Data Interchange Vocabulary into Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Vocabulary.

ObjectivesWe incorporated the Korean Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) vocabulary into Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) vocabulary using a semi-automated process. The goal of this study was to improve the Korean EDI as a standard medical ontology in Korea.MethodsWe incorporated the EDI vocabulary into OMOP vocabulary through four main steps. First, we improved the current classification of EDI domains and separated medical services into procedures and measurements. Second, each EDI concept was assigned a unique identifier and validity dates. Third, we built a vertical hierarchy between EDI concepts, fully describing child concepts through relationships and attributes and linking them to parent terms. Finally, we added an English definition for each EDI concept. We translated the Korean definitions of EDI concepts using Google.Cloud.Translation.V3, using a client library and manual translation. We evaluated the EDI using 11 auditing criteria for controlled vocabularies.ResultsWe incorporated 313,431 concepts from the EDI to the OMOP Standardized Vocabularies. For 10 of the 11 auditing criteria, EDI showed a better quality index within the OMOP vocabulary than in the original EDI vocabulary.ConclusionsThe incorporation of the EDI vocabulary into the OMOP Standardized Vocabularies allows better standardization to facilitate network research. Our research provides a promising model for mapping Korean medical information into a global standard terminology system, although a comprehensive mapping of official vocabulary remains to be done in the future.

‘Personal Effects’

Abstract Solmaz Sharif’s debut poetry collection, Look (2016), has been hailed by critics for its formal experimentation and as a searing indictment of war. Using various words from the 2007 Department of Defense (DOD) Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, Sharif highlights the sterility of the official vocabulary of the US military machine and the ‘war on terrorism’. The poet juxtaposes the DOD’s lexicon with reflections on personal relationships, family, love and loss along with traces of the multiple sites of home of an Istanbul-born, Iranian-American poet. In this essay, I argue that throughout the collection, the poet engages in a subversive, translative act; Sharif presents an intralingual mode of translation in which her poems destabilize the seeming neutrality and sanitizing effect of military vocabulary by consistently juxtaposing it with representations of the effects and consequences of violence, as well as images of intimacy, in order to articulate an anti-war stance.

‘Western Balkans’ as the New Balkans: Regional Names as Tools for Stigmatisation and Exclusion

The word ‘Balkans’ often functions as a stigma. Several authors have discussed the bloodbath during the wars in the former Yugoslavia with references to an alleged Balkan culture. Towards the end of the 1990s the term ‘Balkans’ entered the official vocabulary of the European Union, now with the prefix ‘Western’. ‘The Western Balkans’ became a common denominator for non-member states in south eastern Europe. A survey in 2011 in the ‘Western Balkans’ showed that those who live there to a large extent share this view: membership in Western organisations like the EU determines whether a country is ‘European’ or ‘Balkan’.

Continuous body and hand gesture recognition for natural human-computer interaction

Intelligent gesture recognition systems open a new era of natural human-computer interaction: Gesturing is instinctive and a skill we all have, so it requires little or no thought, leaving the focus on the task itself, as it should be, not on the interaction modality. We present a new approach to gesture recognition that attends to both body and hands, and interprets gestures continuously from an unsegmented and unbounded input stream. This article describes the whole procedure of continuous body and hand gesture recognition, from the signal acquisition to processing, to the interpretation of the processed signals. Our system takes a vision-based approach, tracking body and hands using a single stereo camera. Body postures are reconstructed in 3D space using a generative model-based approach with a particle filter, combining both static and dynamic attributes of motion as the input feature to make tracking robust to self-occlusion. The reconstructed body postures guide searching for hands. Hand shapes are classified into one of several canonical hand shapes using an appearance-based approach with a multiclass support vector machine. Finally, the extracted body and hand features are combined and used as the input feature for gesture recognition. We consider our task as an online sequence labeling and segmentation problem. A latent-dynamic conditional random field is used with a temporal sliding window to perform the task continuously. We augment this with a novel technique called multilayered filtering, which performs filtering both on the input layer and the prediction layer. Filtering on the input layer allows capturing long-range temporal dependencies and reducing input signal noise; filtering on the prediction layer allows taking weighted votes of multiple overlapping prediction results as well as reducing estimation noise. We tested our system in a scenario of real-world gestural interaction using the NATOPS dataset, an official vocabulary of aircraft handling gestures. Our experimental results show that: (1) the use of both static and dynamic attributes of motion in body tracking allows statistically significant improvement of the recognition performance over using static attributes of motion alone; and (2) the multilayered filtering statistically significantly improves recognition performance over the nonfiltering method. We also show that, on a set of twenty-four NATOPS gestures, our system achieves a recognition accuracy of 75.37%.

More Than Good Intentions: Advancing Adherence to Therapy Recommendations

More Than Good Intentions: Advancing Adherence to Therapy Recommendations

Caractères interdits et vocabulaire officiel sous les Qin : l’apport des documents administratifs de Liye

Qin taboo characters and official vocabulary New light from Qin documents from Liye. Qin documents from Liye represent the most important corpus of Qin written materials that has been excavated since the beginning of the 20th century. Before the forthcoming publication of the entire corpus, the author discusses here, on the basis of a number of documents that have already been published, certain problems related to the use of taboo characters and the standardization of vocabulary during the Qin dynasty. Many contemporary scholars consider it an established fact that the use of characters such as zheng 正 , zheng 政 and Chu 楚 was forbidden during the Qin dynasty because of the taboo on the personal names of the First Emperor and his father, the king Zhuangxiang. But the huge quantities of Qin documents that have already been excavated do not support such an assertion. Among the Liye documents, we find a wooden tablet that helps us understand the process of standardization concerning the vocabulary used by the Qin empire’s officials. The author considers that features which were interpreted as traces of the prohibition of certain characters in Qin texts should in fact be understood as part of the vocabulary used in Qin even before 221 B. C. He also stresses that many innovations that were for a long time attributed to the unification of the empire appear today as already extant at the end of the Warring States period.

Structured Terminology for Capsule Endoscopy: Results of Retrospective Testing and Validation in 766 Small-Bowel Investigations

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is an effective means of investigating the small bowel in patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Computerized reports are frequently used in endoscopy, and the Minimal Standard Terminology (MST) has been promoted by endoscopy societies as the official vocabulary for endoscopy. The aims of this study were to design a lexicon for CE reports based on the principles of the MST and to validate lists of terms for describing findings and reasons for performing a CE by cross-matching them with the results of CE procedures collected during ongoing clinical studies. A consensus-based Capsule Endoscopy Structured Terminology (CEST) was developed by experts involved in CE studies. Lists of terms suitable for CE were designed for the various sections of an endoscopic report. They were then correlated with the corresponding MST lists for duodenal and intestinal endoscopy. The results of 766 CE procedures, collected in an electronic case record form (eCRF), were analyzed to provide lists of reasons for performing the procedures and of the findings. The eCRF provided only a limited number of items for each data field, along with free-text facilities. Only descriptions pertaining to the small bowel were analyzed. Lists of terms were then reviewed by two experts to group obvious synonyms. The accuracy of the CEST was defined beforehand as the capability to describe 90 % of entries. A total of 766 CE procedures were analyzed. The eCRF included 824 entries as reasons for the examination in 655 CEs (1.3 per procedure). These represented 122 different expressions. After grouping of synonyms, 28 expressions remained. Among them, 10 were matched with terms from the list of reasons for performing CE offered in the CEST. These were the most frequently used, accounting for 768 entries in this field (93.2 %). All eCRFs contained at least one description of findings. A total of 109 CE procedures were classified as normal (14.3 %). A total of 2624 entries for abnormal findings were recorded for 657 procedures (4.0 per procedure). In all, 213 different expressions were used to describe abnormal findings. After grouping of synonyms, 52 expressions remained. Among these, 27 were matched with terms from the list of findings in the CEST, covering 2403 entries (91.6 %). In this study, CEST terms were capable of describing more than 90 % of the reasons for performance and of the findings in an unselected set of CE procedures. CEST is therefore suitable for use as the standard lexicon for CE reports. Adopted as a standard, it could significantly improve the quality of the data collected and reported in CE studies.

Terminology used in sensory evaluation of plum brandy sljivovica quality

Sensory evaluation of sljivovica quality is a demanding and responsible task To carry out the evaluation satisfactorily, certain specific conditions must be fulfilled. To clearly define all necessary sensory characteristics of sljivovica, an official vocabulary of professional terms and concepts should be established in both theory and practice. The development of an official vocabulary is becoming an imperative, especially when it is evident that subjectively uttered words and concepts and their use can lead to lack of understanding or misunderstanding. The motivation for initiating work on such vocabulary derives from the fact that all renowned world drinks like Cognac, Calvados, Whisky etc have had it for a long time, while Serbian sljivovica has never had it. Due to the lack of an official professional vocabulary, and for the needs of the present paper, the author has taken liberty to present to the research and professional public the vocabulary he has compiled for sensory description of basic parameters of plum brandy sljivovica quality. The vocabulary comes from personal experience and participation in numerous official commissions for evaluating the quality of alcoholic drinks and wines in Yugoslavia. The proposed terms for the plum brandy sljivovica vocabulary or dictionary should be taken as a pioneering attempt and initiative for compiling a more comprehensive Serbian plum brandy dictionary. The author strongly believes that a committee of experts would be able to fulfill the task in the best possible way.

Antioche de Pisidie capitale provinciale et l’œuvre de M. Valerius Diogenes

The inscriptions edited here demonstrate the extent of the urban renewal carried out in the district of the theater of Antioch just after the creation of the Province of Pisidia, under the direction of the governor M. Valerius Diogenes, shortly before 311 A. D., towards the end of the reign of Galerius. Previously known inscriptions are restudied, re-edited and, in some cases, recombined from fragments published separately. Several new documents are presented. All these texts indicate how numerous were the edifices concerned by this program of (re)construction. These inscriptions honor the emperors Galerius, Maximinus Daia, Constantine and Licinius, who are ranked in the order that prevailed during the first half of 311. A long text in praise of Galerius, which employs the official vocabulary characteristic of that epoch, ends the series. The activity of the governor M. Valerius Diogenes, famous for his persecution of the Christians under Maximinus Daia from 311 to 313, is displayed as he restores the city, just promoted to the status of capital of a province, and devotes particular attention to the public buildings used for celebrating the cult rendered to the pagan emperors. [Author]

Ethnic Cleansing - An Attempt at Methodology

The continuing war in Bosnia and Herzegovina has contributed a new term to the vocabulary of international relations with the expression 'ethnic cleansing'. This word describes a set of human rights and humanitarian law violations in both Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, The term was initially used by journalists and politicians who applied it later to other crisis situations, but it has also been adopted as part of the official vocabulary of UN Security Council documents and by other UN institutions and governmental and non-governmental international organizations. In fact, the reasoning behind this terminology and its relationship to the system of international law are not very clear.

Anti-Hegemony Formulas in Chinese Foreign Policy

IN FEBRUARY 1972 China and the U.S. agreed in the Shanghai Communique on several principles that should govern their future relations. One of these principles specifically refers to Asia, stating that should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region and each is opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony.' In this so-called hegemony clause two intentions are expressed: (1) the renunciation of hegemony by both signatories; and (2) the rejection, by third countries or a group of countries, to strive for hegemony. The Asia-Pacific region to which these principles refer is geographically defined neither in the Communique nor anywhere else. The Shanghai Communiqu6 is the first bilateral statement of political principles which includes a hegemony clause. The Chinese maintain that it was originally proposed by Kissinger and finally accepted after Mao Tse-tung had consented.2 It is remarkable indeed that no hegemony clause was included in any of the communiques signed by China and representatives of other Asian countries before President Nixon's visit to Peking.3 Since January 1971, however, Big-Nation Hegemony has definitely become part of the official vocabulary whenever China presents its view of the world.4 In these statements China attacks the doctrine of big-nation hegemony, maintaining that it will never seek a big-power position and that all nations are equal. Hegemony, according to the Chinese definition, means expansion