Official Statistical Observations Research Articles

Актуальные тенденции организации медицинской помощи в условиях пандемии COVID‑19 (на примере региона Дальнего Востока РФ).

In Russia, during the coronavirus pandemic (2020–2021), there was a sharp increase in mortality, a deterioration in medical and demographic indicators, and as a result, the burden on the medical care system increased, both at the federal and regional levels. T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y is to study current trends in the organization of medical care in the context of a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection at the level of the Far East region (Republic of Buryatia). M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . The study was conducted on the basis of official statistical observation data from Rosstat, the Russian Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Buryatia and the results of an expert survey. Methods of statistical, comparative analysis, study and generalization of experience, and sociological methods were used. Data processing was performed using SPSS22 and MS Excel 2007 software packages. R e s u l t s . In the course of the study, current trends in the organization of medical care in the context of the coronavirus infection COVID‑19 pandemic were examined using the example of the Far East region – the Republic of Buryatia, and an analytical comparison was made with all-Russian indicators. C o n c l u s i o n s . The results of the study can be used in strategic planning for the development of healthcare in other territories of the Russian Federation.

ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТЬ ЦЕРЕБРОВАСКУЛЯРНЫМИ БОЛЕЗНЯМИ ЛИЦ ТРУДОСПОСОБНОГО ВОЗРАСТА И ЕЁ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА НЕЛЕТАЛЬНЫЕ ПОТЕРИ ТРУДОВОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА

Significance. The incidence of cerebrovascular diseases among working-age population is of medical, social and economic importance, since active working population is a source of income, while the passive one is the public expenditure. The purpose of the study was to evaluate dynamics in indicators of cerebrovascular diseases among working age population and the impact of cerebrovascular diseases to non-fatal (temporary disability and disability) loss of labour potential. Material and methods. The study used data of the official statistical observation forms No 16 BH and 7-social security and evaluated the annual non-fatal loss. Results. The incidence rate of all cerebrovascular diseases among working-age population tends to increase. The stroke incidence rate has been relatively constant over time and equaled to 155.1±3.7 per 100,000 population. The increase in the incidence of hemorrhagic strokes and cerebral infarction is due to the reduced incidence of unspecified stroke; with a better genesis diagnosis of unspecified stroke, the incidence of cerebral infarction among working-age population will add up to 118.2 ± 3.0, hemorrhagic strokes – to 36.8 ± 1.2 with the ration of 3.3:1 (higher among population of the retirement age). There is an increase in the overall incidence of cerebrovascular diseases, which may be associated with accumulation of the contingents subject to examination. The incidence of cerebrovascular diseases with temporary disability during the pre-pandemic period has been declining with the share of patients over 59 in its structure increasing. Conclusion. The share of strokes in cerebrovascular diseases among working-age population is fairly constant adding up to 31.7% ± 0.5 in Russia as a whole. The incidence of stroke among working-age population doesn’t show any upward trend, despite the influence of potential confounding factors (such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the increased upper limit of the working age). Nevertheless, the threat of its growth remains as the upper limit of the working age rises, primarily associated with a higher incidence of cerebral infarctions. So far, the increase in the upper limit of the working age has not produced any significant impact on dynamics in the incidence of cerebrovascular diseases with temporary disability and its age structure, which continued to follow the same change pattern as before its increase. There is a decrease in primary disability due to cerebrovascular diseases among working-age population. The increase in recurrent disability due to cerebrovascular diseases over recent years is associated with a temporary change in the procedure for examination. The annual non-fatal loss of labour potential due to cerebrovascular diseases ranges from 61,860 to 118,436 person-years. Scope of application. The study results can be used by health executives

Cerebrovascular diseases epidemiology in the Stavropol region rural residents in the implementation context of the regional program «Fighting mediavascular diseases in the Stavropol region»

Relevance. During the implementation of the program for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the Stavropol Territory, measures were taken to prevent hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes, train medical personnel in methods of timely detection of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), recognition (including through training of the general population) and routing patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents; during a pandemic, opening specialized departments. This organizational experiment required an assessment of its impact on the most medically complex group of the population - rural residents. The aim was to study in dynamics the epidemic situation of CVD among the rural population in the Stavropol Territory in comparison with the Russian Federation. Materials and Methods. Information from official statistical observation forms on the incidence of CVD and mortality from them was studied. Results and Discussion. In the period from 2010 to 2022, there was an increase in the incidence of CVD in the rural population from 464.6 to 1045.1 per 100,000 rural population, which is partly due to the aging of the population, and partly due to improved diagnosis of CVD. The overall incidence of CVD increased from 1275.5 to 3416.1, which suggests an improvement in patient survival. The incidence of strokes of all types tended to decrease, which indicates the effectiveness of the impact on the risk factors for their development. The incidence of unspecified strokes decreased significantly, which led to an increase in the primary incidence of cerebral infarctions (which, however, grew more slowly in the Stavropol Territory than in the Russian Federation as a whole; the coefficients of the regression equations were 2.5 and 4.3, respectively). Between 2015 and 2022. the mortality rates (from 208.4 to 161.1) and mortality (from 5.8 to 2.8) from CVD decreased rapidly (relative to mortality from CVD in the Russian Federation). Conclusion. The proposed set of measures for the prevention and treatment of CVD, including preventive measures, a system of social mobilization, FAST-test, patient routing systems with the delivery of eligible persons to vascular centers within an hour, timely response to new risk factors for the development of CVD, was effective and can be recommended for implementation in similar areas with a high proportion of rural population.

Теоретическое обоснование организации выявления случаев туберкулёза и ВИЧ-инфекции в изоляторах временного содержания территорий с низкой плотностью населения.

Detection of cases of tuberculosis in temporary detention facilities (TDF) and police reception centers (PR) makes it possible to identify TB patients among socially vulnerable segments of the population with high efficiency; a similar result is expected for HIV infection. This is especially true for low-density entities where the population is exposed to specific risk factors. However, at present there are no calculations showing the potential effectiveness of implementing the method in them. T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y : to develop theoretical prerequisites for the introduction of a survey of detainees, suspects and accused in order to detect tuberculosis and HIV infection in PR and TDF. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . We used information from official statistical observation to analyze the detection rate of tuberculosis and HIV in pre-trial detention centers. Information about the number of offenders according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and estimates of the detection of tuberculosis patients according to statistical materials. 95% confidence limits (95% CI) were used as limits for the 95% uncertainty interval. R e s u l t s . From 2018 to 2022 2,512 newly arrested people passed through the pre-trial detention center in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, among whom 94 people living with HIV were identified for the first time (detection rate is 37,4 per 1,000 examined; for comparison, in public health care – 2,1 per 1,000 examined) and 54 patients tuberculosis (detection rate is 21,5 per 1000 examined; for comparison, in public health care – 0,29 per 1000 examined). During this time, the police detained 16,282 people who, one way or another, went through the PR and IVS. Their examination would make it possible to additionally identify from 80 to 108 PLHIV and from 34 to 71 TB patients annually. C o n c l u s i o n . Screening for the detection of tuberculosis and HIV infection in TDFs and PRs is a potentially extremely effective tool that can lead to a significant improvement in the detection of patients with socially significant infectious diseases with the potential to interrupt the infection chain among socially vulnerable part of the population.

МОНИТОРИНГ И ОЦЕНКА МИКРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ТУБЕРКУЛЁЗА: РЕСУРСЫ И ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ МИКРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЛАБОРАТОРИЙ

Significance. The system of microbiological diagnostics is of key importance for organizing microbiological diagnostics in accordance with the modern recommendations, and fulfilling political commitments of the Russian Federation within the framework of the End TB Strategy Purpose: to assess the availability, use and results of the modern methods of microbiological diagnostics of tuberculosis in Russia in 2021. Material and methods. The study has analyzed forms #7-TB, ВР-4БЛ, ВР-1Ф of official statistical observation, results of external quality assessment of laboratories (Interlaboratory comparison system “Federal System of External Quality Assessment of Clinical Laboratory Testing (FSEQA)”). Results. The share of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with a smear positive Ziehl-Nelsen, detected in medical organizations providing primary health care (PHC) decreased to 12.8%, while the share of new smear positive pulmonary TB patients increased to 37.4%; the share of newly diagnosed patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with a positive result of sputum bacterioscopy among patients with cavities increased to 60.6%.The share of laboratories with satisfactory results of the FSEQA participation regarding smear microscopy increased to 92.8%; the share of laboratories with the confirmed quality increased to 14.3%. The culture coverage of new pulmonary TB patients equaled to 98.0%. Culture-based confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in 55.3% of the patients; the share of smear positive new pulmonary TB patients with the negative culture result decreased to 3.8%. The share of laboratories participating in FSEQA increased to 44.5%; the share of laboratories that showed satisfactory results - up to 90.8%, the share of laboratories with the confirmed quality - up to 40.4%. The coverage with molecular genetic testing added up to 90.8%. The drug susceptibility testing (DST) coverage equaled to 97.7%. The patient coverage with rifampicin resistance DST to fluoroquinolones reached 93.2%; coverage with pre-XDR-TB DST to linezolid - 35.0%, bedaquiline - 12.4%. Conclusion. Microbiological diagnostics of tuberculosis in PHC by smear microscopy is ineffective in modern conditions; there are prospects for its use in new Russian regions. The COVID-19 pandemic failed to produce any significant negative impact on the patient coverage with microbiological examination methods. In 2020–2021, the quality of bacterioscopic and culture testing for tuberculosis increased. DST coverage for bedaquiline and linezolid is poor; this does not allow to meet the current clinical guideline requirements. The cost of consumables per patient increased 3.1 times between 2015 and 2021.In the structure of financial expenses on TB microbiological diagnostics, consumables that require import substitution prevail. Scope of application. The study results can be used by heads of health authorities, chief physicians of TB facilities, heads of microbiological laboratories in order to increase effectiveness of TB care, timely detection of people excreting bacteria and MBT drug susceptibility testing.

Indexation of pension payments: Finding a balance between inflation and wage changes in the economy

The objective of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of the principles of regular indexation of insurance pensions practiced in the Russian pension system, as well as their compliance with the existing similar practice in other countries with pension provision and insurance pension systems. In international practice, these principles correspond to the initial belonging of these systems to one of two basic pension models — continental and Danish (Anglo-Saxon). With an annual increase in pension payments, the governments of countries with pension systems of the first model are guided by changes in the average wage in the economy, the second model — by the consumer price index. The aim of the study is to determine the most optimal formula for indexing insurance pensions in the Russian Federation. The authors use general scientific methods: analysis, modeling and comparison. The article analyzes the practice of indexing pensions that has developed in the Russian Federation and provides a calculation of the results of the valorization of such payments in the early 2000s. It also provides a theoretical justification for the need for the transitions to the indexation of pensions in accordance with the wage index in the economy. The study gives a comparative retrospective analysis of the level of indexation of pensions based on the consumer price index and the index of wage changes. This analysis is based on data from official statistical observations of inflation between 2011 and 2021, as well as the growth of income of employees. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that the annual pension indexation scheme adopted in Russia does not correspond to the modality of the domestic pension system and does not allow ensuring the standard replacement rate. The authors propose their own methodology for calculating the indexation coefficient based on the principles of the functioning of the domestic pension system as a continental-type insurance pension system. In addition, the article provides a calculation of the sources of funding for pension indexation in accordance with changes in wages in the economy.

Features of the Epidemic Process of Viral Hepatitis A and E in the Russian Federation

Relevance. In the Russian Federation, in recent decades, there has been a decrease in the incidence of hepatitis A (HA), at the same time, not only sporadic morbidity is registered, but also an outbreak. A decrease in the circulation of the HA virus affected the increase in the number of people without antibodies to the virus, which led to a shift in the incidence to older age groups and an increase in more severe forms of the disease. Hepatitis E (HE) is quite widespread in the world, and its specific weight in the structure of acute viral hepatitis in some countries reaches 50.0%. HE has been registered in the Russian Federation only since 2013. only in certain territories, and the incidence rates are very low. In all likelihood, this indicates a hidden circulation of the HE virus in the Russian Federation. To understand the current epidemiological situation in the incidence of HA and HE, it is necessary to understand the current trends in the epidemic process of these infections. The purpose of this work was to compile an epidemiological characteristic of the incidence of hepatitis A and E in the population of the Russian Federation at the present stage for the formation of proposals for improving the system of preventive and anti-epidemic measures.Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of viral hepatitis A and E in the territory of the Russian Federation, including in federal districts, was carried out. The materials for the study were the forms of official statistical observation No. 2, 5, 6 and 23, as well as state reports «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being» in the Russian Federation region for 2011–2020.Results. The conducted research allows us to compare the epidemic process of hepatitis A and E in the Russian Federation with other regions of the world. The intensity of the epidemic process of HA has significantly decreased, at the same time, there is an uneven distribution of morbidity in various federal districts. In the age structure of patients with HA, the highest incidence rates are observed among the child population and adolescents. The frequency of HA infection and a decrease in the specific weight in the structure of acute viral hepatitis were revealed. Although the territory of the Russian Federation is not endemic for hepatitis E, this disease has taken root completely. The incidence of hepatitis E in the Russian Federation is at a sporadic level. The highest incidence of HE in the Russian Federation was observed among the adult population aged 18 years and older. The issue of carrying out preventive measures, including vaccination, remains relevant.Conclusion. On the territory of the Russian Federation, there is currently a steady trend of reducing the incidence of hepatitis A. However, children under the age of 14, adolescents, as well as nonimmune adults, among whom cases of diseases are registered, are still at risk. This requires adjusting the methods of preventing this infection, which is possible not only by improving sanitary and communal improvements, but also by vaccination within the national vaccination calendar, and not only for epidemic indications. The true incidence of HE today is obviously much higher than that recorded in official statistical forms, and this requires the introduction into clinical practice (especially at the polyclinic level) of modern available tests for detecting markers of the hepatitis E virus when examining patients with symptoms of liver damage, as well as the development of effective prevention methods.

Information Support for the Statistical Assessment of Labor Market Demand in Ukraine

The statistical assessment of labor market demand has to focus on qualitative rather than quantitative characteristics of jobs from the perspective of opportunities for choice and development of employed. Such assessment of jobs requires information and technical support. A review of the available information sources on the number and structure of jobs lays the ground for constructing a comprehensive assessment methodology on the basis of official statistical observations supplemented by administrative data on vacancies. It is shown that each source has its strong and weak sides. The strong sides of official sources are systemic professional approach and standardized techniques for data collection and processing, regularity, data quality control and accountability. But these sources still remain hardly accessible for research purposes, their data are compiled by the formal and sectoral approach and published in highly aggregated form. Alternative sources, including independent analytical and marketing studies, online databases of vacancies, are displayed in open access and contain detailed vacancy descriptions. But these data are unstructured, fragmented and need careful treatment due to a high probability of the system bias caused by broad applications of marketing strategies.
 The comprehensive assessment of labor market demand should be based on the results of Labor Force Survey, which enable for simultaneous structuring of indicators by social-demographic characteristics of respondents and organizational-economic characteristics of production units. Data from this survey have to be supplemented by data from enterprise surveys on labor statistics, labor conditions and business tendencies, anonymous data from the registers of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, and by data on vacancies available in the databases of the State Employment Service and private recruitment companies.

ОФІЦІЙНІ ДЖЕРЕЛА ОТРИМАННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ ЩОДО СТАТИСТИКИ ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ: ТРУДНОЩІ ОЦІНКИ ТА ГАРМОНІЗАЦІЯ З МІЖНАРОДНИМИ СТАНДАРТАМИ

The article investigates the sources of information of tourism state statistical observations. The main reporting forms of official statistical observations are described. The main problems related to obtaining statistics in tourism are analyzed. The differences in the calculating methods of the same indicators are emphasized. It is established that the difficulty of obtaining information on tourism in 2020 is due to quarantine restrictions, as well as changes and additions to the methodological provisions of tourism statistics. The analysis of the information concerning temporary accommodation and the food organization is made. Indicators of collective accommodation facilities in Ukraine and the number of accommodated visitors for 2011-2020 are given. Unfortunately, the presented structure does not coincide with the classification of temporary accommodation services recommended by UNWTO. The differences between tourism statistics and elements of the payment balance of Ukraine are analyzed. In particular, the balance of payments in the article "Travel" takes into account more people than visitors. The differences also apply to the list of items and services, the cost of which is reflected in the article "Travel" of the payment balance, as well as included in travel expenses. The article emphasizes that certain indicators of statistical observations of Ukraine should be integrated into a single world system, and data and procedures for their collection should be harmonized. countries are encouraged to develop their own tourism statistics systems based on the International Guidelines for Tourism Statistics (2008). Unified methods of data collection will avoid data distortions both in the country as a whole and in the regions. The Tourist Barometer of Ukraine offers a new approach for Ukrainian tourism statistics. It’s introduction will allow to process statistical data characterizing tourism and obtained during various state statistical observations. Large data sets on all economic entities, employment, volumes of implemented services, value added and costs, grouped according to the principle that set out in the International Guidelines for Tourism Statistics 2008. It allows to take a step towards understanding the place of tourism in the economy. Initiation of further systematic studies involves the analysis of tourist consumption abroad, the volume of cross-border provision of services, the study of the tourist satellite account.

A Statistical Study of the Forestry in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the analysis of the forestry in Ukraine as the reference point for further development of the framework for constructing the national forest account allowing for a description of interactions between economic activities and forests as a nature environment, and for consistent and comprehensive integration of environmental and economic problems in this field. The study covers the existing statistical definitions, classifications and the available statistical information about the forest, selected forestry indicators for Ukraine, the existing sources of data for the analysis of forestry, with proposing the necessary steps for further applications of forest accounting tools, in order to construct the forest account. 
 It is pointed out that the forestry is represented by two large groups of institutional units: physical persons or groups of physical persons in form of households; legal entities, established and operated in keeping with the law, irrespective of what persons or entities may be their owners or managers. The main categories of legal entities are corporations, non-commercial organizations, and public administration bodies. 
 It is determined that the main sources of data about the forest fund and forest resources of Ukraine are as follows: (i) statistical information based on the data from enterprises, obtained from official statistical observations of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine; (ii) administrative data based on the data from enterprises, obtained by public administration bodies (The State Service of Ukraine on Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre, the State Agency of Forest Resources of Ukraine, the State Custom Service, the State Taxation Service) as part of functional responsibilities; (iii) the data of the national inventory of forests, obtained by the authorized bodies. The latest official data of the national forest inventory for Ukraine are available as of January 01, 2011, but these data have not been published yet in a proper manner. 
 It is demonstrated that the official statistics cover a limited set of statistical data about the forestry due to the institutional constraints. A dynamic and structural analysis of the forest lands is explored, with outlining the main problems related with improving methodological approaches to the formation of the forestry statistics. The analysis allowed for determining the main areas of improvements in the forestry accounting and coming up with propositions of necessary steps to solve the problems of statistical studies of this industry.

Analysis and target priorities of system and structural transformation of the Ukrainian social sphere

The study is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of the social development of Ukraine and the determination of a system of target priorities designed to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of state social policy. The research methodology is based on World Bank tools and official statistical observations of the Ukrainian State Statistics Service, as well as the Methodology for Comprehensive Poverty Assessment and Living Wage Methodology officially adopted in Ukraine. The research results indicate a critically high growth rate of poverty, the growing dependence of citizens of Ukraine on social support from the state. An analysis of social development also indicates a high level of deprivation poverty and its destabilizing dynamics. It was revealed that the dominant drawbacks of state regulation of the social sphere are the unformed normative and methodological support for monitoring and adjusting the levels of social standards, the absence of reforms in the systems of pension provision, education and science, medicine, housing, and communal services, and regulation of employment. So, institutional regulation of the parameters of the development of the social sphere in Ukraine is insufficient and does not provide a solution to the critical problems of the demographic crisis, labour emigration, poverty alleviation, and, therefore, is not able to ensure sustainable social and economic development of the state. The strategic priorities of the system and structural transformation of the social sphere of Ukraine are the formation and establishment of the composition and structure of the elements of the social sphere system, the creation of a full-fledged social infrastructure and the institutional environment for its functioning, which will create conditions for the realization of citizens' constitutional rights to social protection.

The Official Statistical Observation by Form “Report on Issue, Offering and Circulation of Securities”: The Importance for Decision-Making at the Ukrainian Stock Market

Practical aspects of preparation and use of the Official Statistical Observation of Ukrainian enterprises by Form “Report on Issue, Offering and Circulation of Securities” is highlighted from the perspectives of equity formation and transfer of ownership for equity components (shares and other securities). Value characteristics of issue, offering and circulation of issuers’ securities are discussed. It is demonstrated that the above characteristics constitute the information base for the operation of securities market, with the core data being the overall nominal value of securities belonging to the owners. Emphasis is made on the importance of data obtained from the form No 2-Б about issue, offering and circulation of securities for the Ukrainian stock market; data on key transactions on the securities market in 2012–2016 are given. 
 The classification and terms of the official statistical observation and the peculiarities of preparing the report on issue, offering and circulation of securities by form No 2-Б are discussed. The essential observation parameters are selected as the classification criteria, namely: characteristics of its organization, preparation, subject, respondents, statistical methodology, statistical tools, statistical indicators, etc. 
 It is stressed that statistical information carriers, e. i. observation forms, were being changed along with transformations in the Ukrainian economy. The evolution of the form No 2-Б for the official statistical observation of Ukrainian enterprises on issue, offering and circulation of securities over 1997–2017 is traced. The change in recording of aspects like bond value, as well as observation status, title, respondents, periodicity, contents of the form sections, etc. are shown. 
 The information base for the official statistical observation by form No 2-Б is the data from accounting and financial statements of enterprises issuing equity securities. The legal base is provisions and regulations of normative acts on equity, fixed in the statutory documents of an issuer. The information from accounting and financial statements of a joint-stock company on equity transferred to ownership has considerable value, being used for effective company management and for filling and submission of the form No 2-Б. The latter is of great interest for investors engaged in taking investment decisions. Conclusions from the study are made and areas of further studies are outlined.

A Statistical Study of Emission and Generation of Wastes Containing Mercury, and Their Treatment in Ukraine

The situation with emission and management prospects for the wastes containing mercury and its compounds is analyzed, with identifying main sources generating these wastes and their recycling methods. The results of official statistical observations are used for estimating the data on generation and treatment of these wastes; there proposed principal measures aimed at comprehensive implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury and approaches to statistical studies on treatment of wastes containing mercury in Ukraine. 
 It is stressed that the problem of constructing the methodology for official statistical observations in the environmental field, first and foremost the one on emissions of pollutants by enterprises and generation, storage and recycling of wastes, mercury and its compounds in particular, still remains unsolved. Finding ways for its solution is an important step towards the improvement of the present-day official statistics in Ukraine, the development of statistical science and practice, because this is a significant determinant of the quality of administrative information at all the levels. 
 The objective of the study is to perform a statistical assessment of emissions and generation of wastes containing mercury and its compounds, and their treatment in Ukraine. An important part of the study is to elaborate the problems outlined in the Minamata Convention on Mercury, in order to ensure the comparability of information for taking decisions on priority setting and strategy making. 
 A statistical assessment of the dynamics and structure of generated emissions of mercury and its compounds, and generated and recycled wastes of these compounds is made. It is emphasized that mercury and its compounds is on the top positions in the nomenclature of substances polluting the environment. It is also emphasized that Ukraine now is one of the countries where issues related with treatment of mercury wastes are not completely regulated at the legislative level, as there are no legally established limitations or bans on use of the products containing mercury and its compounds. 
 The problems related with statistical recording in Ukraine cannot be settled unless a national strategy on treatment of mercury wastes is elaborated, based on the Minamata Convention provisions concerning implementation of the concept of the product life cycle. Besides that, it is necessary to solve the issues of elaborating methodological recommendations on measurement of the amount of mercury released into the environment and treatment of mercury wastes that have adverse effects for human health and environment.

The Satellite Account of Expenditures on Environmental Protection: Methodological Aspects of Its Introduction in Ukraine

The article is devoted to methodological aspects addressed in building up the framework for the satellite account of the expenditure on environmental protection in Ukraine. It is argued that any study of the environment need computations and analyses of quantitative indicators based on the statistics data. Problems of statistical accounting are, therefore, the central ones in investigating the expenditure on environmental protection. One of the most urgent tasks is to ensure comparability of data, to enable comparisons of data at all the levels in order to find output key tendencies and patterns in the expenditure on environmental protection, comparisons of figures relating to environmental protection and macroeconomic situation. 
 The article contains an analysis of the phases of creating the European standard of the system for environmental-economic accounting on the whole and the environmental protection expenditures account in particular. The sources of data for creating the satellite account for the expenditure on environmental protection in Ukraine, and the indicators included in the EU questionnaire designed to collect data on national expenditures on environmental protection are highlighted.
 It is demonstrated that data from many sources are used to build the satellite account for the expenditure on environmental protection. It is mentioned that by now Ukraine has not introduced ad hoc surveys of households on the expenditures on environmental protection.
 Results of the study show that the main sources of data for computations of the expenditures on environmental protection in Ukraine can be the official statistical observation by type of expenditure, collected by form 1 – environmental expenditure (annual) “Expenditures on environmental protection and environmental payments”, where the expenditure are recorded according to the Classification of Environmental Protection Activities.
 The sources of secondary information, i. e. the data from regular official statistical observations and administrative data that are collected with other purposes and reflect selected aspects of expenditure on EP, are recommended for use when developing the methodology.

THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE INTENSITY OF THE COUNTRY’S ECONOMIC SYSTEM

The relevance of studying the issues of the knowledge intensity of economic systems has led to the conduct of these studies and determines their scientific and practical significance. The purpose of the study is a multidimensional analysis of the knowledge intensity of the domestic economic system, in particular, its creative potential, the activity of technological modernization of industry, and the creative initiative of economic actors. In the process of research, the EBRD methodology is used to evaluate the development of the knowledge economy, taking into account the specifics of the national organization of official statistical observations. In 2017, more than 1.8 thousand domestic enterprises (in the industrial sector – 1159 enterprises) created and used the latest technologies, innovation proposals, and other objects of intellectual property rights. The highest rates of creative activity were observed steadily among enterprises of information and communication sphere, financial and insurance directions, and also in the field of engineering. The leaders in the production and implementation of technological research and development (R&D) were processing industry, energy, engineering, professional scientific and advertising activities, non-technological – financial, insurance, information, telecommunication, processing enterprises. By types of economic activity, pharmaceutical companies, manufacturers of precise and extremely-precise equipment, chemical industry enterprises steadily occupied the leading positions in the field of creative activity. The analysis of regional dynamics shows the general tendency of reduction in the number of industrial enterprises that created, used or distributed creative developments. In general, during the period of research, the creative activity of enterprises decreased by almost a third, and downward processes are characteristic for almost all regions of Ukraine. In 2017, 2387 product innovations were introduced by the objects of industry, including innovative devices, equipment, machines, most of which were new for the relevant market. Today, there is a sufficient scientific and practical foundation for the development of creative clusters in hightech sectors. However, these processes are hampered over the lack of budget allocations. There is a tendency of increasing R&D financing by leading industrial enterprises, establishing the practice of their acquisition of hightech equipment and related technologies. In 2016–2017, there was a restructuring of investment flows, which manifested in reducing the costs of R&D intellectual components and reorientation of financial flows towards the acquisition of modern production equipment. In order to implement their own creative and innovative programs, in 2017, enterprises acquired 832 new technologies, most of which were completed with the corresponding equipment. By industrial enterprises, 59 creative technological developments were created and transferred to other entities. Total investments in updating domestic industrial enterprises amounted to more than 9.1 billion hryvnias in 2017. By types of economic activity, the leaders were the machinery and equipment industry and the food industry. Conclusions. Therefore, the significant creative potential of the domestic industry, further enhanced by active cooperation with scientific institutions, can become the basis for structural transformation and a source of scientific and technological “breakthrough” of our state.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF A NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE EPIDEMIC PROCESS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF PREVENTION OF PARASITARY DISEASES

Aim. Evaluate the effectiveness of the developed new approach to the analysis of the activity of the epidemic process and the effectiveness of the prevention of parasitic diseases, based on a multi-level monitoring system. Materials and methods. The data of official statistical observation for 2010-2016 are analyzed for all subjects of the Russian Federation. To search for the regularities in large volumes of data, Data Mining is used. Results. The analysis made it possible to characterize the activity of the epidemic process of parasitic diseases in the territory of Russia. Application of methods of mathematical modeling allowed to form a prognosis of morbidity/affection by the results of sanitary-parasitological studies. The regions in which the inadequate quality of sanitary-parasitological studies led to discrepancies between actual and predicted lesions were identified. Conclusion. The conducted study made it possible to establish that the developed approach is effective for assessing the activity of the epidemic process and the effectiveness of preventing parasitic diseases, structuring statistical information by regions and nosologies, identifying trends in morbidity, and developing regional prevention programs.

MODELING THE VOLUME OF PRODUCTION IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN THE REGIONS OF RUSSIA

The object of the study is the consideration of all small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that are located in each of the regions of Russia. The purpose of the research is the evaluation of two-factor production functions that describe the dependence of the production volume of SMEs from the wage of employees and the fixed assets. The data for this reaseach was obtained from the official statistical observation of activities of all Russian SMEs in the 82 regions of Russia for 2015. The study allowed to determine the factors influencing turnover of SMEs located in all regions, to prove the high quality of approximation of the initial data by the two-factor production functions. The functions which were determined show that the economy of the regions of the country have not yet reached a saturation point with the goods and services of SMEs, and that they have increasing returns of scale in production in addition to considerable reserves for further development. Because sum of the degree values in the coefficients of the production functions is more than 1 and with the increase of both factors production growth is faster than the factors growth. The results of the study, namely new knowledge and tools for assessing production activities of small and medium enterprises in the regions, are of scientific and practical importance. They can be used by government and regional authorities to monitor the efficiency of investment in fixed assets and work resources, as well as the implementation of the Federal strategy for SMEs development for the period up to 2030. The methodology that were used in the research process can be applied to similar researches in countries with a significant amount of territorial (administrative) units.

INVESTMENTS IN MEDIUM, SMALL AND MICRO ENTERPRISES IN RUSSIAN REGIONS

The paper aim is an assessment of the investments into the fixed capital of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the influence on them by factors such as size categories and territorial placement. The object of the study is the consideration of all (SMEs) that are located in each of the regions of Russia. The used data is from the official statistical observation of investment data of all Russian SMEs for 2015 in 82 regions. The comparative analysis of investments in the fixed capital of SMEs is based on relative indicators: investments which are calculated per one enterprise and per employee. Modeling was based on the functions of a normal distribution. We defined the values investments in SMEs which located in all Russian regions and related to three size categories and six types of activity; revealed regularities of distribution of investments calculated per enterprise and per worker; identified the regions with low investments in SMEs. New knowledge of the investment in the fixed capital in the Russian SMEs was achieved. The results of the study, namely new knowledge and tools for assessing production activities of small and medium enterprises in the regions, are of scientific and practical importance. The methodical approach can be used in the future studies and in the education potential entrepreneurs and students. The research results can be used by government and regional authorities to monitor the efficiency of investment in fixed assets, as well as the implementation of a Federal strategy for SMEs development for the period up to 2030.

SMEs in Regions of Russia: Workers Salary

This paper aims to explore the impact of factors socioeconomic position of Russian regions on the average wage of employees in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The present study uses empirical data to obtain new knowledge and estimate the current wages of employees of SMEs in the regions of Russia. It was the data from the official statistical observation of activities of all Russian SMEs for 2015 year. Authors estimated multiple nonlinear regression model on the spatial data. The ratios between wage of employees in SMEs and the subsistence minimum were measured with the use of the function of normal distribution. Studies showed great differentiation of wages of SMEs employees in the regions of Russia. Elaborated instruments for measurement and analysis wages can ensure the development of SMEs in perspective. In order to increase wages, it is necessary to take steps to develop regions and reduce unemployment. Such activities must be carried out by the authorities at the federal and regional levels and included into the development plans of the Russian economy.

ТУБЕРКУЛЁЗ С МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ И ШИРОКОЙ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬЮ МИКОБАКТЕРИЙ ТУБЕРКУЛЁЗА В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Objective: To assess the epidemic situation in the Russian Federation on tuberculosis with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant (MDR, XDR) of the pathogen and the effectiveness of its treatment. Methods: The information on forms of official statistical observation of the Russian Federation for 2009-2017 was studied. The calculated indicators describing the reservoir of tuberculosis with MDR and XDR of the pathogen are calculated and analyzed the results of treatment. Results: In 2009-2017 in the civil healthcare, the proportion of tuberculosis patients tested for drug sensitivity increased from 70.9% to 92.6%. The share of tuberculosis patients with MDR increased from 37.3% to 58.4%. The number of patients and prevalence of tuberculosis with MDR stabilized at the level of 24.2-25.9 per 100 thousand of the population. Primary MDR increased from 16.0% to 28.2%. The share of tuberculosis cases with XDR among cases of tuberculosis with MDR is from 11% to 13%. The number of registered cases of tuberculosis with established or presumed resistance, at least to rifampicin, increased from 15,896 in 2011 to 24,367 in 2015, and the frequency of their successful treatment increased from 37.1% to 53.5%. The number of cases registered for treatment of tuberculosis with XDR has increased from 1318 in 2012 to 2614 in 2015, and the frequency of successful treatment has increased from 26.1% to 34.2%. In 2009-2017 an increase in the rate of abacillation of patients with tuberculosis with MDR from 12.9 to 26.2 per 100 average annual bacterial excreta. Conclusion: In the Russian Federation, there is a stabilization of the epidemic situation in tuberculosis with MDR, but the process of replacing sensitive strains of the pathogen with drug-resistant strains continues. The indicator of the frequency of detection of cases of tuberculosis with MDR of the pathogen in the Russian Federation is 91.5% in relation to the data of WHO experts. The increase in the proportion of successful treatment of patients with MDR and XDR tuberculosis is associated with providing patients with access to anti-tuberculosis drugs of the reserve series, improving the clinical management of patients, introducing new anti-tuberculosis drugs and treatment protocols, and improving the patient's motivation for treatment. Keywords: Tuberculosis, multiple drug resistance, extensively drug resistance, treatment outcomes