Official Rules Research Articles

What's that stuff?

In 1998, Rawlings manufactured more than 600,000 baseballs for Major League Baseball (MLB). Incredibly, one of them sold at auction for more than $3 million-about what MLB paid for half of its year's supply. There wasn't anything special about that one ball until St. Louis Cardinal Mark McGwire smacked it for his 70th-and last-home run of the season, setting a new record. In fact, there hasn't been anything new or different about the baseballs used by MLB since 1974, when the league changed the outside cover to cowhide; it had been horsehide, which was becoming in short supply MLB leaves no room for creativity in the manufacture of the balls it uses. Its official rules state: The ball should be a sphere formed by yarn wound around a small sphere of cork, or rubber, or similar material covered with two stripes of white horsehide or cowhide, tightly stitched together. It shall weigh not less than ...

模擬汚染土壌からの全アンチモンの溶出挙動

Antimony was designated as one of the Requiring Surveillance Items in the Japanese Environmental Quality Standards for Water which was renewed in 1993. Total amounts of antimony {antimony(III) + antimony(V)} solubilizcd from the polluted soils added antimony compounds were determined under the various conditions of pH, temperatures and extracting times by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry. The total amounts of antimony solubilized from the polluted soils increased with rising pH, temperature and extracting time of samples. The order of largeness of solubilization from the polluted soils was sulfide < oxide < salt of antimony. Also, the total amounts of antimony solubilized from polluted soils with distilled water were 0.27% of total antimony in the soil containing oxide antimony (S-2), 0.19% of that in the soil containing antimony sulfide (S-3) and 0.40% of that in the soil containing soluable salt of antimony (S-4), respectively. From the results of comparing the analytical data using one tenth of official sample amounts with the data based on the official rule, it was proved that the solubilization experiment could be done with one tenth of official sample amounts of soils.

Use of Digital Analysis of Radicle Extension of Marigold Seedlings as an Early Indicator of Seed Vigor

Several seed vigor tests were conducted on Marigold `Little Devil Flame' and correlated with digital analysis of radicle extension. Seed from a single lot was deteriorated by the accelerated aging (AA) method at 41 °C for 24 and 72 h. Seed moisture content of unaged seed was 15.23%, mildly aged seed (24-h AA) was 40.77%, and moderately aged seed (72-h AA) was 52.85%. After AA treatment, all seeds were dried to near 15% moisture. Vigor level was assessed 7 days after AA treatment by standard germination and soilless-mix plug emergence tests according to the Association of Official Seed Analysts Rules for Testing Seed. The standard germination test revealed an 84.5% germination for unaged seed, 49.5% germination for mildly aged seed, and 28.5% germination for moderately aged seed. The plug emergence test showed an 88.9% normal emergence for unaged seed, 65.28% germination for mildly aged seed, and 9.72% germination for moderately aged seed. Additionally, the radicle of seedlings established under standard germination conditions was digitally analyzed after 4 days. According to digital analysis, average radicle length for unaged seed was 2.10 cm, 1.91 cm, for mildly aged seed, and 1.27 cm for moderately aged seed. Radicle length after 4 days showed an R2 of 0.81 when regressed against standard germination and an R2 of 0.99 with seedling emergence tests. These results suggest that digital analysis of radicle extension could provide a sensitive, reproducible test for seed vigor.

RoboCup

RoboCup is an attempt to foster intelligent robotics research by providing a standard problem where a wide range of technologies can be integrated and examined. The First Robot World Cup Soccer Games and Conferences (RoboCup-97) was held during IJCAI-97, Nagoya, with over 40 teams participating from throughout the world. RoboCup soccer is a task for a team of fast-moving robots in a dynamic, noisy environment. In order for a robot team to actually perform a soccer game, various technologies must be incorporated including: design principles of autonomous agents, multi-agent collaboration, strategy acquisition, real-time reasoning, robotics, and sensor-fusion. This article describes technical challenges involved in RoboCup, its official rules, a report of RoboCup-97, and future perspectives.

Learning ethics the hard way: facing the ethics committee.

This article describes an approach to enhancing the value of case study material in teaching professional ethics in psychology. The mock committee approach involves a series of hearings convened by students who rotate membership on a class ethics committee. Members of the class participate randomly as psychologists accused of various ethical violations. While the class observes, formal complaint hearings occur that result in official rulings and the setting of appropriate penalties and remedial requirements. The larger class then joins in active feedback and exchange with the committee to highlight and discuss salient ethical issues. We present and discuss student evaluation data for this technique and comment on the potential advantages of this teaching approach.

RoboCup: robot world cup

RoboCup is an attempt to foster intelligent robotics research by providing a standard problem where a wide range of technologies can be integrated and examined. The First Robot World Cup Soccer Games and Conferences (RoboCup-97) was held during IJCAI-97, Nagoya, with over 40 teams participating from throughout the world. RoboCup soccer is a task for a team of fast-moving robots in a dynamic, noisy environment. In order for a robot team to actually perform a soccer game, various technologies must be incorporated including: design principles of autonomous agents, multi-agent collaboration, strategy acquisition, real-time reasoning, robotics, and sensor-fusion. This article describes technical challenges involved in RoboCup, its official rules, a report of RoboCup-97, and future perspectives.

Technical trends in the future

On the day that Raytheon bought Hughes Electronics, A.N. Chester described how aerospace executives evaluate options for research programs. Their objective is to develop products that have value after the planned work is completed. Big changes are taking place in the environment in which a new commercial product must succeed. By "environment" means the official and unofficial rules created by social pressures, government decisions, industrial activity, and financial activity.

Business Ethics in the Former Soviet Union: A Report

Transition from a planned command economy to a market economy means tearing down a socio-economic setting where everybody follows orders and nobody bears individual responsibility for anything. The absence of personal responsibility does not promote ethical behavior in any walk of life. Today, the malnourished business ethics in the former Soviet Union creates a critical obstacle to economic development. The paucity of new official rules governing the conduct of business makes the transition process painful and difficult to people habituated to numberless rules and regulations. The first part of this paper surveys the most visible unethical business practices that have been reported by the Western media and those that are causing the largest number of complaints by the local governments and businessmen. The second part of the paper looks at ethical problems that have been under-reported.

The Great American Game-Reply

In Reply. —I thank Dr Simpson for his interesting letter but point out that rule regarding placement of home base is not mandatory. According to 1995 edition of Official Baseball Rules , 1 It is desirable that line from home base through pitcher's plate to second base shall run east-northeast. [emphasis added] In response to Dr Ray, in my Cover Story I wrote that baseball is mythologized as great social equalizer and that this notion is naive and romanticized. I state that the idea of a level playing field must have been appealing to Friedman and that he was struck by thought of one place where no one was an outsider (italics added). I did not intend to imply that baseball is one place where everyone is equal, but rather that this is how baseball is idealized. Indeed, major league baseball was

Exigences de qualité et nouvelles formes d'aliénation

Quality standards and new forms of alienation. In response to new product quality standards, agri-business has begun to promote behavioral and organizational policies intended to reduce the contamination of food during production. In practice, industrialists have found it difficult to obtain durable change on the part of employees regarding hygiene and quality, and special training has failed to produce the hoped-for results. In their desire to analyse these difficulties, several of these firms called in sociologists. The present article is a reflection on this research and in particular an a posteriori analysis of the presuppositions behind the request. The findings show that discrepancies are better explained in terms of organization than of behavior. While policies, operative concepts and official rules can be controlled by organization, real behavioral practices die hard. The only framework capable of producing durable change would be one in which objective structures coincicle with habitus.

A public contracting evolutionary game with corruption

In this paper, firms are randomly matched from a continuous population to play a public contracting game (say, building a bridge). Price is given, so firms compete in quality; the higher the quality offer, the less the profit. According to the official rules of the contest, the firm bidding the highest quality wins; however, we consider the possibility that firms attempt to corrupt the public officer in charge in order to be sure to win even if bidding a lower quality (quality bids are not publicly observable). Whether or not firms attempt to corrupt depends on how rewarding corruption is w. r. t. being honest. Within a dynamic evolutionary framewark, we investigate how “social conventions” with or without corruption are established under various assumptions concerning the corruptability of the public officer and the possibility of an external monitoring of the officer's decisions by a “super partes” authority.

La place des races bovines Abondance et Tarentaise dans une politique d’aménagement du territoire des Alpes du Nord. II - Une dynamique nouvelle en cours

The part of cattle breeds abondance and tarentaise in environmental management policy in the Northern French Alps. II. A new policy in progress. To stop the rural depopulation as well as to preserve the landscape, a new policy has been introduced in the Northern French Alps. It includes development of infrastucture for modern mountain pasture systems and incitement to increase the quality of products. In particular, the development of production of quality cheese which have an “Appelation d’Origine Contrôlée” (AOC) has increased the profitability of milk production. In that respect, local breeds play an important role because of their hardiness and the high quality of their milk. As a result, the use fo the two local breeds was recently indroduced in the official rules for producing the AOC cheeses from Northern Alps. Therefore, local breeds may constitute an essential tool for environmental management and balanced economical development of areas with difficult natural conditions.

Histoire et Géographie : des savoirs scolaires en question entre les définitions officielles et les constructions scolaires

Taking into account the autonomy of academic culture and knowledge, we are setting up a model about history and geography as school subjects. A specific combination of aims, contents, teaching and learning practices, this model developed at the end of the last century. These foundations are questioned, as much by the considerable multiplication of available knowledge about the world and its history, as by the diversification of our societies and our references. An analysis of the official rules and guidelines points out the consequences of these questions particulary the move towards an instrumental type of logic and the throwing back of the meaning of school knowledge into the individual sphere. An analysis of interviews of secondary school students reconstructs their representations of these subjects between bodies of knowledge that are exclusively centered on themselves as seen in their relationship with man’s experiences and what the «métier d’élève» implies. of secondary school students reconstructs their representations of these subjects between bodies of knowledge that are exclusively centered on themselves as seen in their relationship with man’s experiences and what the «métier d’élève » implies.

Recent Development of Education for Gifted Students in Taiwan

This article describes the historical development of special education for gifted students in Taiwan over the past twenty years. By reviewing the related literature, this study first presents background information, and then provides an overview of three stages of programming for gifted students. By analyzing laws, official rules and guidelines for special education, a variety of opportunities for gifted students are described and problems are discussed. Finally, some recommendations for further program development are proposed.

Colonial Conversions: Difference, Hierarchy, and History in Early Twentieth-Century Evangelical Propaganda

Colonial discourse, sometimes referred to in the singular, seems unmanageably vast and heterogeneous, for it must encompass not only the broad field of colonialism's relations and representations which constitutes or arises from the business of official rule, including administrative reports and censuses, but also the works of metropolitan literature and other forms of high culture which deploy images of the exotic or the primitive, paintings of unfamiliar landscapes, tourist guides, anthropological studies, and Oriental fabric designs. Colonial discourse includes chinoiserie, Kim, the Victoria and Albert Museum, Camus' Algerian stories, Frans Post, and Indiana Jones, as well as the Vital Statistics of the Native Population for the Year 1887 and the annual reports from wherever.

Article 7.15 and the lectotypification of Linnaean specific names

TAXONVolume 40, Issue 1 p. 94-95 Nomenclature Article 7.15 and the lectotypification of Linnaean specific names Dan H. Nicolson, Dan H. Nicolson EditedDepartment of Botany, NHB-166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. [Concerning the Nomenclature Column Editor: “When small men begin to cast large shadows, it is a sure sign that the sun is setting.” - In a Warner Swayze ad, excerpted from P. Dickinson (The New Official Rules. Washington 25(2): 134. 1988). (DHN)]Search for more papers by this authorP. V. Heath, P. V. Heath 9 Hazeldene Meads, Brighton, BN1 5LR United KingdomSearch for more papers by this author Dan H. Nicolson, Dan H. Nicolson EditedDepartment of Botany, NHB-166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. [Concerning the Nomenclature Column Editor: “When small men begin to cast large shadows, it is a sure sign that the sun is setting.” - In a Warner Swayze ad, excerpted from P. Dickinson (The New Official Rules. Washington 25(2): 134. 1988). (DHN)]Search for more papers by this authorP. V. Heath, P. V. Heath 9 Hazeldene Meads, Brighton, BN1 5LR United KingdomSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1991 https://doi.org/10.2307/1222927Citations: 5 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume40, Issue1February 1991Pages 94-95 RelatedInformation

Sports rules encyclopedia

This book includes the official rules to 52 sports. With this revised second edition, one can look up most sports and find the official rules of play as approved by the governing body, playing area specifications, necessary equipment, governing body or bodies with their name, address, and function, and two journals in each field.

Recruiting in Ignorance

I read somewhere that if you drop a ball out of a moving auto, it will bounce back into your hand even as the auto keeps moving. I believe this, but I have no idea how it can be so. The president of the University of Michigan, an engineer with an advanced degree in physics, could give me the answer and would probably take some delight in doing so. But my question might only deepen his conviction that the chair of his English department is an idiot. We are friends, whereby I have scope on such occasions when I betray my scientific illiteracy to remind him that my knowledge of physics and engineering and his knowledge of language and literature are of a kind. Votaries of different, sometimes opposing, religions, we nonetheless can worship together in the temple of institu tional opportunism. My point is that we cannot recruit in ignorance unless we are given scope to do so. Perhaps the most frequent topic of conversation at any conference of department chairs concerns the brutal dean, provost, or president who just doesn't understand our discipline and our needs. But bless these administrators for their understandable igno rance, and save us, Lord, from the deans, provosts, and presidents who think they know our business better than we do. Our job is to inform them, and here I am not wholly inexperienced, though I certainly was once. In my first year as chair, playing by the official rules, I confidently requested six positions and was granted two. In the last two years, by contrast, my department has made sixteen appointments, with another seven on tap for next year. I learned by failure to do everything out of season?to start proposing positions in February, say, or to lobby for salary increases in October. I also learned to discuss everything during all seasons?that is, to involve the administration in the ongoing life of the department. This approach means publicizing achievements, of course, but it also means total frankness about the prob lems. Communicating about problems is a real difficulty because administrators, ourselves included, would far rather hear of exciting opportunities than of intractable troubles. In other words, some translating must occur, and in the process we may even discover a new idea or two and cheer ourselves up. Much as we speak of reac tionary administrations, they are less conservative than ill

Vers une typologie des régimes monétaires

In a monetary economy, where the unit of account is unique, a monetary regime may be defined as a set of coordinated official rules of account and payment, which private agents must observe in their relations. When applied to a metallic monetary regime, this definition allows to recognize the influence of foreign exchange on domestic monetary relations. As early as the XVIth century in Europe, metallic and bank mintages are articulated through specific institutional arrangements ; including public rules, banking behaviors and organized market procedures, they determine the stability or instability of domestic and international relations. This fact invites to a comparison with our modern European Monetary System.

Contextualizing the Court: Comments on the Cultural Study of Litigation

This comment argues that to understand the role of trial courts in maintaining a particular order of differences in society, attention must be directed beyond official legal arenas and official rules to the actions of ordinary citizens and of “marginal” legal officials who make law and shape the court through practices that are excluded from official accounts. This move provides an account of the meaning of courts, of cases, and of law that is relational, and that attends to the agency of everyday people in producing and resisting forms of domination.