Office Open Research Articles

Generation of Revision Identifier (rsid) Numbers in MS Word

The 2007 implementation of the Office Open XML standard for Microsoft Word introduced the assignation of individual revision save identifiers (Rsid) to document editing sessions that end in a save action. The relevant standards ECMA (2016) and ISO/ IEC 29500-1:2016 (2016) stipulate that these Rsid should be allocated randomised but with increasing numerical value, thereby documenting the progress of the editing. As MS Word is the most ubiquitous word processing software, Rsid appear to be a useful tool to examine and provide evidence for a wide range of common document generation editing and modification processes and file management operations, with implications for document analysis including, but not limited to academic integrity issues in student assignment submissions (e.g. contract cheating). This paper presents the results of a series of experiments conducted to assess whether and how well MS Word implements the ECMA and ISO/ IEC standards. The results show that the number of allocated Rsid indeed increases with each edit and save action, with the previous Rsids carried over and retained. The newly allocated Rsid, however, do not conform to the standard as the numerical value of a Rsid associated with a save action may be larger or smaller than any or all of those allocated during that of the previous save actions. The allocation of a new Rsid is not necessarily caused by an edit event but that a new Rsid can also be generated if a file is saved as rtf or if it is sent as an e-mail from within MS Word, although the file was not edited in any way. Rsid numbers are not generated if a person opens a MS Word document, reads it and closes the file without saving, making this action impossible to detect. MS Word template files on a given machine contain document (root) Rsid numbers that are generated when a newly installed application is launched for the first time. As these will be embedded as legacy Rsid into every new file generated from that template file, they act as signatures for all MS Word documents that are created. The experiments have shown that user behaviour has a direct influence on the number of Rsid represented in a given file. Although the implementation of Office Open XML chosen by Microsoft is not compliant with the relevant standards, and thus Rsid cannot be used determine the exact chronological order of all editing sequences within a given document, the Rsid retain their value for document forensics as they are associated with specific edit events, and illuminate the document writing and editing process.

Determinants of satisfaction with community-based health insurance schemes among beneficiaries with chronic diseases in selected public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: A multicenter study.

Community-based health insurance is a voluntary scheme where community members pool resources to cover healthcare costs. Assessing beneficiary satisfaction with chronic disease management is crucial for the program's long-term viability. Therefore, this study aimed to assess determinants of satisfaction with community-based health insurance among beneficiaries with chronic diseases in selected public hospitals in the Hararghe Zones of Eastern Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 416 chronic disease beneficiaries of community-based health insurance from 30 July to 30 August 2023. Data were collected through a pre-tested and structured face-to-face interview questionnaire. The data were entered into Epi-Data 3.1 and then exported to STATA 17.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify determinants of satisfaction with community-based health insurance. Significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. The mean age of the study participants was 48.10 ± 15.8 years. The study revealed that 55.1% (95% CI: 50.2%-59.8%) of beneficiaries with chronic diseases were satisfied with community-based health insurance. Beneficiaries aged over 55 years (AOR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.08-0.91), experiencing delayed community-based health insurance opening times (AOR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.17-0.73), preferring hospitals for future services (AOR = 4.13; 95% CI: 1.14-14.85), shorter waiting times (<60 min) (AOR = 8.8; 95% CI: 4.39-17.72), availability of drugs (AOR = 2.67; 95% CI: 1.30-5.45), availability of laboratory services (AOR = 5.5; 95% CI: 2.83-10.84), and knowledge of community-based health insurance benefit packages (AOR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.47-5.43) were significant determinants associated with satisfaction to the community-based health insurance service. About half of the community-based health insurance beneficiaries with chronic diseases were satisfied, indicating that a considerable number of them were dissatisfied with the services. The age of the participants, office opening time, waiting times, laboratory services, pharmacy services, and knowledge of community-based health insurance benefit packages were significant determinants of satisfaction with community-based health insurance schemes. Therefore, the government and other stakeholders need to enhance service quality, increase awareness, and address both supply and demand-side factors. These key strategies can lead to higher satisfaction with and ensure the sustainability of community-based health insurance schemes.

PUBLIC DIPLOMACY AS A TOOL FOR SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DISPUTES

Subject of the study. The problems of economic diplomacy are constantly in the focus of researchers' attention, especially in recent years, when the challenges of the globalisation era have significantly changed the rules of interaction in international relations: limiting the possibilities of classical diplomacy within the Westphalian system, allowing new actors (multinational corporations, non-governmental organisations) to enter the diplomatic field, introducing advanced forms of diplomatic communication, etc. These innovations have led to significant changes in the field of economic diplomacy, as the economic aspects of international relations have become crucial in the process of economic competition in the modern world. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to provide an in-depth study of the theoretical and applied aspects of modern instruments of diplomatic influence as a system of mechanisms for interstate regulation of the world economy, which belongs to the sphere of foreign policy and is, by its very nature, one of the main and most effective means of settling international socio-economic disputes. Since the term "diplomacy" is most often used: 1) in the sense of state activity in the sphere of foreign relations; 2) as a set of institutions and persons engaged in state activity in the sphere of foreign relations; 3) to define the profession of a diplomat. Traditionally, some of the main methods of diplomatic activity are: negotiations, conclusion of bilateral (multilateral) agreements, opening of representative offices of one state in another, etc. Methods of implementing diplomacy are defined as appropriate levers of influence on governments, diplomatic representatives and other persons of foreign states, using and applying the world's effective diplomatic experience of conducting business relations of states to achieve its objectives. Currently, economic diplomacy is an important catalyst for economic progress not only in individual countries but also in the global economy, an integral element of foreign policy to improve international competitiveness, investment and tourist attractiveness of the country, increase its foreign trade activity, open new production facilities and create new jobs. Undoubtedly, the role of economic diplomacy is obvious for countries with a high level of investment and trade activity, for SMEs trying to enter the markets of other countries, and for multinational companies that are strengthening their presence in the world. Conclusion. The current development of multilateral economic diplomacy is shaped by the following trends: expansion of the mandate of leading multilateral organisations and forums beyond the scope of traditionally discussed issues (in recent years, the OECD has been discussing non-traditional aspects such as environmental and food security, population ageing, fighting corruption, etc.); increasing the number of participants in the global economy and expanding the scope of regulation within international organisations necessitates reforming the institutions of multilateral economic diplomacy (the WTO has developed a document "The Future of the WTO" containing proposals for organisational reform); multilateral economic diplomacy has become open and public (many developed countries often make proposals addressed to the entire world community (especially on global issues of economic, social and environmental development)); interaction of various organisations and forums is increasing (the WTO cooperates with the IMF, the World Bank, the UN, UNCTAD, etc.); increase in the level of publicity and transparency of multilateral diplomacy (openness to the media, prompt posting of information on the official websites of international organisations). Despite the fact that multilateral economic diplomacy has many problems, it can be argued that bilateral and multilateral economic diplomacy forms an effective mechanism for managing global economic processes in the interests of individual countries and the global community as a whole.

Do corporate lawyers matter? Evidence from patents

Patent attorneys are responsible for obtaining patents that bring the highest expected profits for their corporate clients. We investigate the role of patent attorney capability in determining the value of corporate patents. We find that a one standard deviation increase in legal expertise leads to a 0.04% rise in patents' market valuation and a 3% increase in citations. This finding holds irrespective of the number of patents obtained by patent attorneys to date (process experience). To establish causality, we exploit a novel shock: the opening of new regional patent offices in the US; and changes in a firm's patent attorney. Overall, we find that capable patent attorneys matter as they increase both the economic and technological value of corporate patents.

Reporting empirical results to .docx files

Reporting empirical results to automatically generate structured tables is important but time consuming for empirical researchers. Because of the lack of commands that can effectively create and edit Office Open XML documents (.docx documents), neither official commands nor community-contributed commands could tabulate results to this regularly used document type until putdocx was launched in Stata 15. In this article, we introduce four new commands: sum2docx, corr2docx, t2docx, and reg2docx. These new commands are all based on putdocx. They can be coalesced and can report summary statistics, correlation coefficient matrices, split-sample t tests, and regression results automatically in one .docx file. The commands are user friendly and can provide researchers with new options for reporting empirical results.

Satisfaction of beneficiaries with community-based health insurance and associated factors in Legambo District, North-East Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

The fundamental concept of community-based health insurance is to strengthen the healthcare financing system to access universal healthcare by reducing costly risk-coping strategies. The scheme's sustainability and the quality of services provided by it are highly dependent on the satisfaction of its beneficiaries. Despite beneficiaries' satisfaction being the key determinant for providing evidence for policy revision and decision-making, it has often been neglected. Therefore, the study investigated the community-based health insurance beneficiaries' satisfaction and associated factors in Legambo district, North-East Ethiopia. The study was conducted in the Legambo district with a community-based cross-sectional study design from October to November 2019. The data were collected from 838 households that had been the beneficiaries of the scheme using multi-stage and systematic random sampling. Twelve trained data collectors were employed and gathered the data using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire. We ran descriptive, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses. A value of p less than 0.05 with a 95% CI was used in multivariate logistic regression to determine the association of variables with the beneficiaries' satisfaction. The overall satisfaction level of the beneficiaries of the scheme was 58.6% and was associated with the following factors: merchandize (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.02-3.63), living in rural areas (AOR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.02-2.27), an early office opening time (AOR = 3.81, 95% CI = 2.04-7.10), a short time interval to use benefit packages (AOR = 4.85, 95% CI = 2.08-11.31), an inexpensive membership premium (AOR =10.58, 95% CI = 3.56-31.44), availability of laboratory services (AOR =2.95, 95% CI = 1.71-5.09), presence of referral services (AOR =1.93, 95% CI = 1.33-2.80), having immediate care at health facilities (AOR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.01-2.97) and non-compulsory enrolment (AOR = 6.31, 95% CI = 1.64-24.20). The beneficiaries' satisfaction with the scheme was suboptimal and found to be determined by occupation, residence, laboratory and referral services, immediate care, office opening time, time interval to use benefit packages, premium amount, and situation of enrollment, most of which are service-related variables. Thus, to improve the satisfaction level, the stakeholders that should work hard seem to be the health insurance agency (the insurer) and the health facilities (the provider or supplier).

Adaptation of the employer brand of a Ukrainian company in the EU market during the full-scale russian-Ukrainian war

This study is relevant because the impact of the opening of offices of Ukrainian companies in the EU on the adaptation of their value proposition as an employer has not been investigated in the scientific community. There is no information about the migration of Ukrainians as a result of the russian-Ukrainian war and how it affected the marketof Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic. The purpose of the study is to suggest ways to adapt the employer brandto the requirements of the EU labour market. The study is based on the results of two audience surveys in Ukraine andEU countries in 2022. The number of respondents to the Ukrainian audience of candidates is 1,003 respondents. The EU respondents were recruiters and HR managers – 253 companies with more than 1,000 employees each. Both forms used closed-ended questions. The analytical method was used to determine the main trends in the EU labour market,the graphical method was used to display the results of analysis, and expert assessments are used to evaluate the valuep roposition. As a result of the study, the main differences in the value proposition of Ukraine were identified: ensuring the smooth operation of the office in conditions of blackouts, the safety of the team during air alarms, support forthe Armed Forces of Ukraine or internally displaced persons. For EU candidates, the requirements include a policyof equality for all colleagues and candidates. At the same time, a remote work format is a prerequisite for candidates for employment in the company. It is noted that the reputation and compliance with legal requirements should becovered in the company’s social networks in order to build trust among the local population in the Ukrainian company.Ukrainian IT companies have increased their level of competition for talent in local markets due to the opening of newoffices abroad. Instagram Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram are the top social networks for building an employerbrand. The practical significance of the study is to adapt the value proposition of a Ukrainian employer to the market requirements of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Germany

ПРАВОВЫЕ ГРАНИЦЫ ГАРМОНИЗАЦИИ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА НОВОГО УЗБЕКИСТАНА И ДИПЛОМАТИЧЕСКОГО ПРАВА МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ

The article analyzes the positive impact of changes in the modern period of development in the country, in connection with the increased participation of Uzbekistan in the activities of various international organizations, including the formation and development of the diplomatic law of international organizations in the system of diplomatic and consular law. It is noted that over the past quarter of a century, an integral system of domestic regulatory legal acts has been created that regulate the membership and participation of Uzbekistan in the activities of international organizations, as well as the opening of representative offices and missions at international organizations, their status, privileges and immunities. It was also emphasized that in recent years, consistent work has been carried out to radically improve the legal framework for foreign policy and foreign economic activity of the country, as well as the legal framework for multilateral cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with international organizations. In this connection, the legal documents aimed at developing the sphere of diplomatic law of international organizations have been studied. Since the fundamental reforms that began five years ago in New Uzbekistan played a colossal role in the country’s transition to a new, modern path of development and modernization, increasing the efficiency of the domestic and foreign policy of the state. Based on the results of the study, a number of recommendations were put forward aimed at improving the system of legislation.

Did the PCAOB's 2009 Office Expansion Improve Audit Quality?*

ABSTRACTWe investigate whether the PCAOB's decision to expand the number and location of its inspection offices in 2009 improved the reliability of US audits. We use a difference‐in‐differences empirical design to consider the impacts of the expansion on audit quality and find that audit quality significantly improved following the PCAOB's expansion in markets where new offices opened relative to markets without an office opening. We find that the improvement in audit quality appears to be driven by auditors' reaction to real changes in PCAOB oversight and that triennially inspected auditors appear to be impacted the most by this office expansion. Our findings provide new insights into the PCAOB's operational decision‐making and suggest that the regulator's additional investment in audit oversight was effective in improving audit quality.

The Cultural Heritage of the White Russian Emigration in Istanbul

The civil war in Russia caused one and a half million people to leave their homeland. The most massive exodus from Russia was across the Black Sea. Istanbul (at that time Constantinople) became almost the only possible port of destination for dozens of overloaded ships. From 1919 to 1921, the city sheltered about 200,000 civil and military refugees. Consequently, it became a very special, iconic place of memory in the history of the first wave of Russian emigration. Some White Russians immigrated to other countries immediately, others left as soon as they got their visas, and the rest – years later. In this respect, Istanbul forever acquired the status of the first vital point of the “dispersal” of Russian white emigrants to all corners of the world. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the social and cultural life of the Russian civilians who took refuge in Istanbul from 1919 to 1930. Emphasis is placed on their self-organization and diligence in the arrangement of their new life according to their cultural traditions. Attention is paid to the changes they brought to the city’s life, such as the opening of many offices, trade, and entertainment establishments. The transformation of Istanbul into a motley center of Russian culture is discussed. A series of artistic events, such as Russian ballet, operetta, and concerts, were often attended by residents of Istanbul, who admired the musical and artistic talent of the Russians. The reader is informed about the activities of film actors, artists, and writers, who, by the whims of fate, found themselves here. The life and work of creative individuals who chose Turkey as their second homeland is emphasized. Revealing the contribution of Russian refugees to the cultural enrichment of Istanbul, it is concluded that as a result of their stay in the 1920s, Istanbul became irreversibly connected with the West. Publications of that period, state and private archives (such as press archives and archives of the Russian associations operating in Istanbul), and the memoirs of dozens of White Russians served as the main sources of the research.

Сучасні тренди ринку канцелярських товарів в Україні та маркетингові можливості й загрози розвитку вітчизняних виробників на ньому

The article defines the main trends in the development of the stationery market in Ukraine, which indicate increased competition on the part of foreign manufacturers of stationery and substitute goods, as such can be considered computers, laptops and tablets. It is also determined that along with this, in recent years, the demand for stationery from consumer organizations has been growing in Ukraine due to the opening of new offices. The competitive advantage of stationery manufacturers is provided primarily by modern equipment and the involvement of professional specialists, a wide range of products offered, its original design and a wide sales network. Based on the analysis of the environment of functioning of domestic stationery manufacturers, it is determined that the main opportunities for their further development are the growth of unemployment and restrictions on consumers regarding the purchase of expensive gifts, the emergence of new consumer needs, the growing importance of service in servicing consumer organizations; threats – rising costs for food products and housing-communal services, reducing consumer incomes, increasing the cost of raw materials and energy carriers. The comparison of opportunities and threats of manufacturers of stationery products allowed to determine the feasibility of using intensive and diversification growth strategies by them. In terms of the implementation of the latter, stationery manufacturers need to constantly develop new products, looking for attractive target segments using the algorithm presented in the article.

Программное извлечение данных из word-документов на основе ситуационно-ориентированного подхода

The article discusses the use of situation-oriented approach to software processing word-documents. The documents under consideration are prepared by the user in the environment of the Microsoft Word processor or its analogs and are used in the future as data sources. The openness of the Office Open XML and Open Document Format made it possible to apply the concept of virtual documents mapped to ZIP archives for programmatic access to XML components of word documents in a situational environment. The importance of developing preliminary agreements regarding the placement of information in the document for subsequent search and retrieval, for example, using pre-prepared templates, is substantiated. For the DOCX and ODT formats, the article discusses the use of key phrases, bookmarks, content controls, custom XML components to organize the extraction of entered data. For each option, tree-like models of access to the extracted data, as well as the corresponding XPath expressions, are built. It is noted that the use of one or another option depends on the functionality and limitations of the word processor and is characterized by varying complexity of developing a blank template, entering data by the user and programming data extraction. The applied solution is based on entering metadata into the article using content controls placed in a stub template and bound to elements of a custom XML component. The developed hierarchical situational model of HSM provides extraction of an XML component, loading it into a DOM object and XSLT transformations to obtain the resulting data: an error report and JavaScript code for subsequent use of the extracted metadata.

1844P Genetic counseling in oncology: Institutional experience

Hereditary and familiar tumors are a challenge in current cancer care. Since September 2016, HGATA AGO office has been operating with the collaboration of the National Cancer Institute. Its purpose is to assess the risk of cancer and transmitting it to offspring, increase early diagnosis, prevent certain neoplasms, offer treatment options in selected situations. Objective is to report the consultations, mutations and hereditary oncological syndromes found since the HGATA AGO office opening.

부동산 거래의 국제화와 공인중개사법의 적용

International real estate transactions are often mediated by licensed real estate agents, who are experts in real estate transactions because of different legal systems or common practices of transactions in each country. The “Licensed Real Estate Agents Act” prepares a written confirmation and specification of the mediation objects in English format, considering the recent trends of international real estate transactions, but basically, does not keep the mediation of international real estate transactions in view. It is interpreted that the “Licensed Real Estate Agents Act” does not apply to the mediation of real estate abroad in light of the purpose of its enactment, etc. On this presumption, this study reviewed the issues such as the opening of real estate offices, brokerage registration, violations and sanctions by the “Licensed Real Estate Agents Act” like unregistered mediation and the violation of prohibited acts, etc., the application of the “Licensed Real Estate Agents Act,” the preparation of a contract, the confirmation and specification of the mediation objects, and application of the “Licensed Real Estate Agents Act” to brokerage commission and cost of which may be problematic particularly in the mediation of international real estate transactions. Also, this study briefly mentioned an environmental maintenance plan for international real estate transactions and mediation. However, the matters concerning the preparation of guidelines for the revision of the “Licensed Real Estate Agents Act” and guidelines for practices, concerning the mediation of international real estate transactions are left as future tasks.

The Efficacy of PCAOB Operational Decision Making

The PCAOB’s operating budget and related investment in its inspection program have increased substantially since its inception. To provide insights into the efficacy of this increased investment, we leverage the PCAOB’s decision to open five new satellite offices in 2009. We begin by examining the market-level factors associated with the PCAOB’s expansion decisions and find that the PCAOB opened offices in markets where increased oversight was likely to have the greatest beneficial impact on audit quality. We then use a difference-in-differences empirical design to consider the impacts of the expansion on several engagement-level audit outcomes. We find that audit quality significantly improved following the PCAOB’s expansion in markets where new offices opened relative to markets without an office opening. While we find no evidence that auditors affected by the office expansion passed on costs directly to their clients through increased audit prices, we do find evidence of an indirect cost associated with the expansion in the form of a relative increase in auditor turnover. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the PCAOB’s post-implementation operational decision making and suggest that the regulator’s additional investment in audit oversight was effective in improving audit quality without imposing a significant direct cost on companies and shareholders.

Response to Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Japan

Domestic violence (DV) incidents, triggered as a result of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) imposed lockdowns, are being increasingly reported worldwide. In April 2020, the Spousal Violence Counseling and Support Centers conducted 13,272 DV consultations, which was 1.3 times higher than the number in April 2019. The All Japan Women's Shelter Network, a group of private shelters, responded to the DV problems resulting from COVID-19 and submitted a petition to the Japanese government on March 30, 2020. This led to tremendous progress, including the opening of the public DV counseling offices for COVID-19 emergencies, DV Counseling Plus (expansion of services to include telephone, web-based, and social networking service-based counseling), the launch of counseling services for non-Japanese residents, protection of victims, additional support, alliance with private shelters, and individual receipts of $926 Special Cash Payment. The requests were granted as quickly as 1 month after submission. For Japan, this was unprecedented. Until recently, money did not come from the government, so it was not possible to talk to victims over the phone and provide subsequent support. Owing to the new support system for DV, 4,400 survivors used DV Counseling Plus (special DV consultation telephone services specifically relating to COVID-19) from April 20 to May 20, 2020.

Mercury poisoning within the dental clinic Myth or reality in Côte d’Ivoire

The amalgam, a material that has been used for more than 150 years for posterior teeth restoration, has been controversial because of the poisoning risk related to its mercury-content. Its manipulation exposes the practitioner and his staff members to chronic mercury poisoning, which causes some pathologies. It is, therefore, less often used or even abandoned in developed countries. However, in Côte d'Ivoire, it remains the material of choice for posterior restorations for its mechanical properties and relatively low cost. This study aimed to analyze mercury vapor levels measurement within dental clinics. The study involved forty-six dental clinics in the district of Abidjan using exclusively or not the amalgam. A spectrophotometer, Lumex, was used to measure mercury vapor at two levels (garbage cans and ambient air) at the opening of dental offices’ doors. Ten measurements equally spaced by ten seconds were done for each level. The data were analyzed using the SPSS and the Student test as a statistical test. Very high levels of mercury vapors have been recorded in 3/4 of dental clinics using exclusively or not the amalgam compared to the WHO threshold value (999ng/m3), whatever the measured level.: Mercury poisoning remains a reality within dental clinics in Abidjan.

Impact on Electricity Consumption and Market Pricing of Energy and Ancillary Services during Pandemic of COVID-19 in Italy

At the moment of writing, in Italy, there is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Its outbreak is leading to severe global socioeconomic disruptions impacting on all economic sectors from tourism, industry and the tertiary sector, up to the operational and opening of public offices, the closure of schools and the organization of families. Measures adopted by the Italian government to deal with the COVID-19 emergency have had direct effects both on people’s daily lives and on the activity of most industrial and commercial production companies. These changes have been unequivocally reflected also on the Italian electricity system, which has shown unprecedented behavior in terms of both energy consumption and volume—and subsequently, in the observed share of renewable and conventional production technologies. The goal of this study is to show the impact on the power industry of all the restrictions and lockdown of the activities in Italy and to discuss the effects of COVID-19 outbreak on the bulk power system and the entire electricity sector. In particular, the consequences on load profiles, electricity consumption and market prices in Italy, including the environmental aspects, are examined.

President's Page

SEG has addressed the challenges of meeting the needs of a global membership with the opening of regional offices in the Middle East, China, and Malaysia. The China office is now financially self-supporting, and the Middle East office is running a positive net budget with multiple events each year. The success of these offices in addressing the needs of our membership and our profession has led us to look at Houston. Ironically, in Houston, where the SEG was founded and which continues to serve as a technical and organizational center for many oil companies and geophysical service companies, there is only a minimal permanent SEG presence.

Using Digital Forensic Techniques to Identify Contract Cheating: A Case Study

Contract cheating is a major problem in Higher Education because it is very difficult to detect using traditional plagiarism detection tools. Digital forensics techniques are already used in law to determine ownership of documents, and also in criminal cases, where it is not uncommon to hide information and images within an ordinary looking document using steganography techniques. These digital forensic techniques were used to investigate a known case of contract cheating where the contract author has notified the university and the student subsequently confirmed that they had contracted the work out. Microsoft Word documents use a format known as Office Open XML Format, and as such, it is possible to review the editing process of a document. A student submission known to have been contracted out was analysed using the revision identifiers within the document, and a tool was developed to review these identifiers. Using visualisation techniques it is possible to see a pattern of editing that is inconsistent with the pattern seen in an authentic document.