Offense Patterns Research Articles

Analysis of Successful Offensive Patterns in Critical Moments in Men’s EuroBasket 2022 and Women’s 2021

The growing trend of analyzing all performance factors involved in a game makes identifying offensive patterns a determining factor in improving tactical performance and decision making during a game. The main objective of this research was to analyze the effectiveness and detect successful patterns on offense at critical moments in the men’s EuroBasket 2022 and women’s EuroBasket 2021. The sample was composed of 509 technical–tactical offensive actions obtained from the last 2 min of the final quarters and overtime from the group stage and final round, whose difference in the final score was equal to or less than five points. For this purpose, observational methodology was employed using LINCE PLUS software through an observational instrument designed ad hoc. Descriptive analysis and chi-square (χ2) tests were performed with SPSS 25, and a pattern analysis (T-Patterns) was performed with Theme 5 software. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The teams that were losing when performing the offense finished a greater number of plays and with greater effectiveness. Fastbreaks seem to be more effective in the closing minutes, a play characterized by a maximum of three passes and by finishing with individual play such as 1 × 1. In turn, actions finished near the hoop by inside players seem to be more effective when the possession is finished before 17 s. The practical implications described in this research will enable coaches to tailor their strategies and training to the critical moments of the game.

The Landscape of Sexual Harm in the Video Game, Streaming, and Esports Community.

While sexual harm has been studied across a range of contexts, it has not yet been considered within the video game, streaming, and esports community. This study aimed to explore the landscape of sexual harm in this community, specifically, where it has been committed by esports professionals and video game live streamers. Fifty-five victim statements were extracted from online sources (such as Twitter/X and Reddit) and coded into variables relating to offender and victim demographics, offense characteristics, the offense process, and platform(s) used. Descriptive statistics were generated for each variable and Fisher's exact tests were conducted to examine the differences between adult-on-adult and adult-on-child cases. The findings reveal diverse offense outcomes across the sample, ranging from rape to sexual communication with a child. Some offense patterns can be seen in wider sexual offending literature, such as pre-offense alcohol consumption, offending against incapacitated victims (e.g., sleeping), and offending within an established romantic relationship. However, several offense process characteristics unique to the video gaming community were identified. These included offenders using their position of fame within the community to access victims and bypass the need for other coercive behaviors. Online offenses were more common with children and offenders demonstrated a preference for "live" methods, such as voice chat and video calling, rather than instant messaging or sharing images of themselves. This limits the digital evidence left behind and indicates the offenders' greater technological literacy. The study's findings shed light on the sexual harm that exists within this previously unexplored context and highlight areas where esports organizations, live-streaming platforms, and educational providers can do more to safeguard players, fans, and viewers in this community.

Offensive Patterns Analysis of Thai Nation Team in Volleyball Women’s Nations League 2022

Effective offensive patterns are crucial for volleyball athletes, enabling quick and forceful attacks to strategically place the ball and impact the game. This study aimed to analyze the offensive strategies and outcomes of the Thai national team during the 2022 Women's Volleyball Nations League (VNL), comparing them with the opposing teams. Using a specific match model from the 13 matches and 51 sets held between May 31 and July 14, 2022, a total of 3,151 attack results were examined. Results were reported through means, standard deviations, percentages, and independent sample t-test statistical analysis for inter-group differences. The findings revealed that the Thai team predominantly utilized the curve ball spike (C) as the most aggressive offensive pattern (10.31±3.43), constituting 37.44% per match. The team's offensive performance showed a high score for successful attacks (ACE) at 35.08±10.75, equivalent to 28.79% per match. Comparative analysis indicated statistically significant differences in three offensive patterns at a 0.05 significance level. Notably, the Thai team excelled in the 3-meter ball spike (3M) at 24.38±8.00 (20.01% per match), fast spike (A) at 10.31±3.43 (8.46% per match), and dummy (X) at 6.23±3.81 (5.11% per match). However, there was no statistical difference in attack outcomes between the Thai team and the opponents. The Thai team's preference for the curve ball spike (C) constituted 37.44% per match, with a corresponding 28.79% success rate in attack scores (ACE). Notably, the 3M, A, and X offensive patterns exhibited significant differences between the Thai team and their opponents, while attack results showed no statistical variance.

Children under attack: trends and patterns of sexual offences against children in India

Introduction: Recently, the United Nations declared November 18 as the World Day for the Prevention of and Healing from Child Sexual Exploitation, Abuse, and Violence. Despite sexua l offences against children being frequently reported in Indian media, scientific studies analysing the annual trends and re gional patterns of these crimes are scarce in India. Objectives: To describe annual trends and regional patterns of sexual crimes against children (CAC) in India Methods: National Crimes Record Bureau (NCRB) data on sexual c rimes for years 2014-2021 were analysed to describe annual trends and regional patterns of sexual offences against childr en in India. Results: An incremental trend in sexual offences was reported dur ing the 2014-2021 period. Sexual offences had the highest crime rate in 2021 (12.1%). There was a continuous increase in sexual offences in each succeeding year during the 2014-2021 period. The highest year-over-year increase was reported in 2017 (142%). The proportion of sexual offences in all CAC increased from 10% in 2014 to 36% in 2021. A higher num ber of cases were reported among girls (mean=25112; SD=5371) than boys (mean=241; SD=47). In 2021, Delhi had the highest crime rate for all CAC, while Andaman and Nicobar Islands had the highest crime rate for sexual offences. Conclusions & Recommendations: Despite the legal framework av ailable to protect children, there is still an increase in sexual offences against children in India. Regional patterns suggest a diverse distribution of sexual offences across India. A higher concentration of sexual offences was reported on remote, g eographically smaller Indian islands as well as on the densely populated mainland of India. Interventions aimed at providi ng knowledge about reporting sexual offences, altering community attitudes, and encouraging a safe and healthy childhood a re recommended.

Analysis of Netnographic Methods on Account Activities on Social Media Actors

The information generated by the hate spread of accounts on social media after the 2019 presidential election is increasingly widespread even though the political contestation has ended. The emergence of warring political accounts on social media continues to this day. This study aims to analyze accounts that act as actors who spread hate speech issues on social media, especially on Facebook and Instagram. The method used is netnography. The results of the study show that, first, there is a network of actors who control accounts on social media. Second, the discovery of groups of accounts that act as actors, namely the Counter-Government Actor Group and the Pro Actor Group. Therefore, it can be concluded that this war on social media uses an offensive pattern that is used as a way of self-defense.

Tamil Offensive Language Detection: Supervised versus Unsupervised Learning Approaches

Studies on natural language processing are mainly conducted in English, with very few exploring languages that are under-resourced, including the Dravidian languages. We present a novel work in detecting offensive language using a corpus collected from YouTube containing comments in Tamil. The study specifically aims to compare two machine learning approaches—namely, supervised and unsupervised—to detect offensive patterns in textual communications. In the first setup, offensive language detection models were developed using traditional machine learning algorithms such as Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, and AdaBoost, and assessed based on human labeling. Conversely, we used K -means ( K = 2) to cluster the unlabeled data before training the same set of machine learning algorithms to detect offensive communications. Performance scores indicate unsupervised clustering to be more effective than human labeling with ensemble classifiers achieving an impressive accuracy of 99.70% and 99.87% respectively for balanced and imbalanced datasets, hence showing that the unsupervised approach can be used effectively to detect offensive language in low-resourced languages.

Research on visual search behaviors of basketball players at different levels of sports expertise

This study aims to examine visual search strategies of skilled basketball players in an anticipation task. This study selected 48 experienced and inexperienced basketball players. The participants were grouped into novice and expert groups based on their experience. The participants were asked to look at series of pictures of offensive patterns of play in a basketball game from a third person perspective and chose one of the three options: passing, shooting and break through. This study measured and recorded the response time, key pressing results, and eye movements. Eye movement data were recorded using the Tobii X-3 120 eye tracker. The results showed that, the expert group demonstrated superior anticipation performance, and were more accuracy. In addition, the results showed that participants in the expert group and faster predicted the offensive way faster than the novice group. The results also showed that experienced basketball players employed a simple and efficient visual search strategy including greater fixation counts and longer fixation duration on more informative areas than the novice group. Furthermore, the visualization metrics showed that the expert group had a more concise fixation trajectory and focused mainly on key information area. Generally, expert players exhibited a more efficient and effective visual search strategy demonstrating better performance on anticipation tasks.

Resonance attacks detection and mitigation control scheme on frequency regulation in multi-area smart grid

This study designs an effective mitigation control scheme for a class of attacks called resonance attacks on the power grids. Mainly in this attack, an enemy is able to disturb a stable power system via manipulation in rate of change of frequency (RCF). Thus, in countermeasures, a detection and mitigation control scheme propose using artificial neural network (ANN) observer-based sliding mode controller (SMC) in this study. Malicious resonance offensive uncertainties are estimated via ANN observer effectively. The estimated states and uncertainties via ANN observer are utilized as input in SMC design to select switching surface boundary limits. The asymptotic stability of proposed control scheme is analysed using the Lyapunov stability theorem. The presented control technique regulates rate of change of frequency within permissible limits with reduction in chattering and frequency oscillations even in presence of resonance offensive patterns. Detection and mitigation capability of proposed controller is illustrated by MATLAB simulations.

The relaxed open mouth is a true signal in dogs: demonstrating Tinbergen's ritualization process

Play fighting, the most iconic form of social play, is often punctuated by specific signals, such as the relaxed open mouth (ROM) display, limiting the risk of misunderstanding between playmates. Although there is general consensus that the ROM of dogs is a ritualized version of play biting, the empirical demonstration of the actual ritualization of ROM has been lacking. We videorecorded and analysed 118 playful sessions involving 24 Czechoslovakian wolfdogs (12 females; 12 males), which is a breed of domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris, showing wolf-like behavioural traits. By using an integrated approach of different techniques (dog facial action coding system, an unsupervised cluster analysis and the Levenshtein distance), we empirically demonstrate that the ROM is intrinsically different from the play biting action in this breed of dog. Contrary to the play bite, during ROM, the recruitment of muscular action units for each facial display was more consistent, conspicuous and intra- and interindividually stereotyped. Moreover, a sequential analysis revealed that the ROM usually preceded playful offensive patterns, thus underlining the real metacommunicative function of the signal. Finally, by running a linear mixed model, we found that the most balanced sessions were punctuated by the most prolonged performance of ROM, thus revealing the efficiency of the facial signal in maintaining a balanced session. In conclusion, through the processes of formalization, simplification and emphasis, an ordinary precursor behaviour (i.e. play biting) has been taken out of context and transformed into an extraordinary, derived behaviour (i.e. ROM) specifically designed to attract receivers' attention and modulate playful social interactions in dogs.

Adult\u2013adult play in captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

Among African great apes, play is virtually absent between adult lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Here, we report an extremely rare case of adult–adult play observed in the lowland gorilla group housed at La Vallée de Singes (France). We recorded three playful interactions between the silverback and an adult lactating female. Given the diverse causal and functional nature of play, different factors may join in promoting this behaviour. In our group, contrary to what has been shown by previous studies in wild and captive gorillas, adult females spent more time in spatial proximity with the silverback than with other females. Hence, the probability of social interaction (including play) between silverback and adult females was enhanced. Moreover, the motivation of the lactating female to play might be an effect of oxytocin, a hormone that reaches high concentration levels during lactation and that promotes social affiliation. The fact that play invitations were always performed by the female might support this hypothesis. Certainly, we cannot exclude the possibility that the play event is a group idiosyncrasy or an artefact of captivity, even though the subjects never showed abnormal behaviour. Structurally, play sessions showed a suitable degree of pattern variability and switching frequency from one pattern to another. The proportion of offensive patterns was higher in the female during play and in the male during aggression, which conforms to the role reversal play phenomenon. In conclusion, this report confirms that the absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence. It is likely that under particular physiological or socio-ecological conditions, adult–adult play may be manifested as an “unconventional” part of gorilla social behaviour.

The face never lies: facial expressions and mimicry modulate playful interactions in wild geladas

Play fighting, the most common form of social play in mammals, is a fertile field to investigate the use of visual signals in animals’ communication systems. Visual signals can be exclusively emitted during play (e.g. play faces, PF, context-dependent signals), or they can be released under several behavioural domains (e.g. lip-smacking, LS, context-independent signals). Rapid facial mimicry (RFM) is the involuntary rapid facial congruent response produced after perceiving others’ facial expressions. RFM leads to behavioural and emotional synchronisation that often translates into the most balanced and longest playful interactions. Here, we investigate the role of playful communicative signals in geladas (Theropithecus gelada). We analysed the role of PF and LS produced by wild immature geladas during play fighting. We found that PFs, but not LS, were particularly frequent during the riskiest interactions such as those including individuals from different groups. Furthermore, we found that RFM (PF→PF) was highest when playful offensive patterns were not biased towards one of the players and when the session was punctuated by LS. Under this perspective, the presence of context-independent signals such as LS may be useful in creating an affiliative mood that enhances communication and facilitates most cooperative interactions. Indeed, we found that sessions punctuated by the highest frequency of RFM and LS were also the longest ones. Whether the complementary use of PF and LS is strategically guided by the audience or is the result of the emotional arousal experienced by players remains to be investigated.Significance StatementFacial expressions and their rapid replication by an observer are fundamental communicative tools during social contacts in human and non-human animals. Play fighting is one of the most complex forms of social interactions that can easily lead to misunderstanding if not modulated through an accurate use of social signals. Wild immature geladas are able to manage their play sessions thus limiting the risk of aggressive escalation. While playing with unfamiliar subjects belonging to other groups, they make use of a high number of play faces. Moreover, geladas frequently replicate others’ play faces and emit facial expressions of positive intent (i.e. lip-smacking) when engaging in well-balanced long play sessions. In this perspective, this “playful facial chattering” creates an affiliative mood that enhances communication and facilitates most cooperative interactions.

Insult detection using a partitional CNN-LSTM model

Recently, deep learning has been coupled with noticeable advances in natural language processing-related research. In this work, we propose a general framework to detect verbal offense in social networks comments. We introduce a partitional CNN-LSTM architecture in order to automatically recognise verbal offense patterns in social network comments. Specifically, we use a partitional CNN along with a LSTM model to map the social network comments into two predefined classes. In particular, rather than considering the whole document/comments as input as performed using typical CNN, we partition the comments into parts in order to capture and weight the locally relevant information in each partition. The resulting local information is then sequentially exploited across partitions using LSTM for verbal offense detection. The combination of the partitional CNN and LSTM yields the integration of the local within comments information and the long-distance correlation across comments. The proposed approach was assessed using real dataset, and the obtained results proved that our solution outperforms existing relevant solutions.

Visual communication in social play of a hierarchical carnivore species: the case of wild spotted hyenas.

Communication relies on signals that can be produced via different sensory modalities to modify receivers’ behavior. During social interactions, the possibility to perceive subtle visual cues enhances the use of facial expressions to exchange information. One of the most appropriate fields to explore the specific design features of visual signals is play fighting. Here, we explored the production and potential role of Relaxed Open Mouth (ROM) and Head Bobbing (HB) in regulating play fighting of wild spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta, a highly hierarchical carnivore species. In accordance with the assumptions of the signal optimization theory, wild hyenas produced ROM and HB almost exclusively when the sender was in direct visual contact with the receiver thus suggesting that senders were attentive to the playmates’ face. Contrary to HB, the sequential analysis revealed that ROM often anticipated offensive patterns such as play biting thus supporting the hypothesis that ROM, but not HB, is a metacomunicative signal. Moreover, when the offensive patterns were biased toward one of the 2 players, the session was punctuated by a higher number of ROMs. Our findings support the general hypothesis that these 2 visual signals can play different roles in the management of play fighting in this carnivore species. The complementary use of ROM and HB would suggest that spotted hyenas are highly competent and fast in processing facial displays of different nature to correctly “read others’ intentions” and respond with appropriate motor actions to avoid misunderstanding during one of the most multifaceted and risky social interaction.

“Man Up”: Sex‐Differentiated Pathways of Juvenile Delinquency through Trauma, Borderline Traits & Offense Patterns

AbstractJuvenile delinquency presents a significant fiscal and moral cost to society; given the ability for early intervention and changing offending trajectories, it is essential to understand potential risk factors and offending patterns in justice‐involved youth. The current study examined features of 193 male and 96 female profiles on the Personality Assessment Inventory – Adolescent (PAI‐A) in conjunction with offending patterns to determine sex differences in offending. Significant sex effects on status offending were found for borderline and trauma symptoms. Contrary to hypothesized findings, higher borderline and trauma symptoms predicted more status offending for males, but not for females. Post‐hoc analyses postulate these findings showing males with higher frequency of status offending to also have higher rates of internalizing problems, as determined by PAI‐A scores. Results of this study can be implicated in better treatment of males in particular who have higher status offending, and help to broaden our knowledge of sex differences in juvenile offending.

Comparison of Goal Scoring Patterns in “The Big Five” European Football Leagues

The objective of the study was to compare goal scoring patterns among the “Big Five” European football leagues during the 2009/2010–2018/2019 seasons. A total of 18 pattern dimensions related to the offense pattern, the shooting situation and the scoring time period were evaluated. Kruskal–Wallis analyses revealed significant pattern differences among the five leagues. The Spanish La Liga showed a greater proportion of goals from throw-ins. The English Premier League had a higher tendency to score from corner kicks. The German Bundesliga had the greatest number of goals from counterattacks and indirect free kicks, and the Italian Serie A had the greatest proportion of penalties. Ligue 1’s scoring ability is weaker than that of the other leagues, especially Bundesliga. The Bundesliga had an overwhelming advantage in goals scored on big chances with assists, while the Premier League had an advantage in goals scored with assists that were not from big chances. However, the differences among the five leagues in the mean goals scored in the last 15 min and the goals from elaborate attacks and direct free kicks were not statistically significant. These results provide a valuable addition to the knowledge of different goal patterns of each league and allow us to better understand the differences among the leagues.

An Examination of Subway Sex Offense Modus Operandi: A Case of Seoul, South Korea.

Subway sex offenses are a serious issue in the nations around world, but existing research has failed to explore the offense types or patterns systematically. In order to fill this gap, the authors employed Crime Script Analysis (CSA) to examine the two most common subway sex offenses in Seoul, South Korea. Specifically, the authors assessed the reasoning behind the steps taken to prepare for, carry out, and complete harassment and surreptitious recording. The offenses committed in the subway stations around the city of Seoul were analyzed based on the interviews with the subway police, official crime reports, and crime case files. Drawing from the findings, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Gender differences online: self-representation and involvement in political communication on Facebook

The paper aims to study gender differences in self-representation and involvement in political communication in social networks. The author presents the results of the study of Facebook postings within a viral flashmob ‘The Island of the ‘90's’ devoted to a controversial period of Russia's modern history. The author offers the rationale for their attribution to an online segment of political communication. A multidisciplinary approach involving the combination of methodologies of discourse analysis and content analysis served as guidelines for the study. A discourse analysis based on the sociocognitive approach to political discourse helps identify three stages of the flashmob evolution in the three series of postings: private memories, political discussions of the 1990s, and attitudes towards the flashmob. These three series of postings form and organise a three-level structure of the flashmob. Each level is characterised by a different extent of its involvement in the political context. Comparative analysis of male and female participation in the flashmob reveals gender asymmetry in the flashmob discourse structure and at its structural levels. The results show that there are gender differences in political involvement of females and males in online discourse: women prefer less visible or less offensive patterns of political behaviour online. The results lead to the conclusion that, compared to men, women are more flexible in their self-representation and their participation in the discourse has less political involvement. No significant evidence indicating gender differences' disappearance was observed, and no evidence of gender role stereotypes weakening or disappearance in political communication on Facebook was obtained.

Análisis del comportamiento en los patrones tácticos ofensivos de los equipos masculinos del fútbol profesional en primera división de Bogotá, durante el torneo finalización 2017

Este artículo pretende analizar las variables que influyen en las fases ofensivas de los equipos masculinos del fútbol profesional en primera división de Bogotá, durante el Torneo Finalización 2017, cuando se encontraban cuatro equipos de la capital colombiana disputando el torneo de primera división (Millonarios, Santa Fe, La Equidad y Tigres). Para cada una de las acciones ofensivas analizadas se utilizan siete variables: resultado parcial, comienzo del patrón ofensivo, jugadores que participan, cantidad de técnicas individuales ofensivas, zonas de juego, fases del ataque y culminación del juego ofensivo, mediante un análisis observacional que permita distinguir si existen patrones tácticos ofensivos en los equipos analizados y si algunas de las variables inciden directamente en las maneras de atacar. Utilizando el software de registro LINCE, se analizaron cinco partidos de cada equipo, observados de manera secuencial (jornada 1, 5, 10, 15 y 20) para un total de 20 partidos. Los resultados afirman que en el fútbol colombiano los patrones tácticos ofensivos son muy cortos y no tienen analogía entre ellos. Además, se manifiestan ataques directos y jugadas de balón detenido como la estrategia más usual utilizada por los equipos para atacar.

Improving The Efficiency and Reducing Risks of The State and Municipal Procurement

The relevance of the research topic is caused by the urgent need to resolve issues that hinder the work of the state customer, especially aspects that allow to implement corruption schemes in the state order, getting rid of which is of state importance. The authors understand the system of state and municipal procurement simultaneously as a set of its participants and their actions according to the rules established by the regulator. They point to the objectively existing specifics of the regulation of the procurement system and assign an important place to the issue of compliance with the requirements of the law in relation to it in assessing the effectiveness of its functioning. The article discusses the main identified patterns of offenses in the field of procurement, however, it is stated that it is impossible to draw up a complete analysis of them, since not all crimes are detected, and the methods of their commission are constantly changing. The results of offenses in the field of state and municipal purchases, including corruption, can be: the quality of purchased goods, works, services; cost overruns and ineffective use of budget funds; delaying the deadlines for order execution; the emergence of the need to re-conduct the tender procedures, which also delays the final deadlines for the execution of the necessary actions; opposition to natural competitive processes in the markets. The authors analyze the recommended methods of crime prevention, and argue that organizational and administrative methods may be preferable to legal ones. The article also analyzes the causes of risks in the field of municipal procurement and suggests the ways to minimize them.

Insult detection using a partitional CNN-LSTM model

Recently, deep learning has been coupled with notice- able advances in natural language processing (NLP) related research. In this work, we propose a general framework to detect verbal offense in social networks comments. We introduce a partitional CNN-LSTM architecture in order to automatically recognize ver- bal offense patterns in social network comments. Specifically, we use a partitional CNN along with a LSTM model to map the social network comments into two predefined classes. In particular, rather than considering a whole document/comments as input as performed using typical CNN, we partition the comments into parts in order to capture and weight the locally relevant information in each partition. The resulting local information is then sequentially exploited across partitions using LSTM for verbal offense detection. The combination of the partitional CNN and LSTM yields the integration of the local within comments information and the long distance correlation across comments. The proposed approach was assessed using real dataset, and the obtained results proved that our solution outperforms existing relevant solutions.