Typology Of Offenders Research Articles

Digital shadows: analyzing factors influencing sentencing in child sexual abuse material (CSAM) cases

PurposeExhibiting an unprecedented rate of advancement, technology’s progression over the past two decades has regrettably led to a disturbing increase in the distribution of child sexual abuse materials (CSAM) online. Compounded by the emergence of an underground cryptocurrency market, which serves as a primary distribution channel for these materials, the investigation and sanctioning of CSAM present a complex and unique set of challenges. The purpose of this study is to accurately diagnose the CSAM sentencing landscape and build a more comprehensive, evidence-based legal framework in penology.Design/methodology/approachThe study collected and analyzed case details regarding CSAM sanctions in a database sourced from the US Department of Justice for 2020. Various factors were analyzed such as the victim’s age, offender typology and previous conviction, accompanied by an analysis of how these factors affect the sentence length.FindingsThe study found that the hierarchical agency-level interactions give insight into resource allocation prioritization, as well as confirming a close relationship between prior conviction history and sentence length, with the victim’s age inversely related to sentence length. Leveraging data-driven insights, the study paves the way for more targeted and effective sanctions, ultimately contributing to the broader goal of safeguarding children from online sexual exploitation.Originality/valueThe paper provides a critical analysis of the complex landscape surrounding CSAM distribution and judicial sentencing. By examining case details and leveraging data-driven insights, it offers valuable contributions to understanding the interplay between various factors such as victim age, offender typology and prior convictions on sentencing outcomes. This comprehensive approach not only sheds light on the dynamics of CSAM sanctions but also lays the groundwork for evidence-based legal frameworks in penology. Its originality lies in its nuanced examination of hierarchical agency interactions and its potential to inform more targeted interventions for safeguarding children from online exploitation.

Risk and desistance factors for female acquisitive offending: a systematic review

PurposeThis systematic review sought to examine the research body on acquisitive offending among female offenders, specifically exploring what factors may take females closer towards engaging in acquisitive offending and what factors may support desistance from this behaviour.Design/methodology/approachA systematic review was conducted, using the recommended guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. A total of 8,129 initial articles were identified from the search terms, 77 articles were deemed suitable to meet the inclusion criteria and are explored in the results section. Papers were screened for quality appraisal and risk of bias.FindingsTen factors were identified that took females closer towards offending. Five factors were identified that took females away from offending. Based on the findings, four typologies of female acquisitive offenders were identified: short-term orientation (adolescent); mental health orientation; life-course persistent (theft); and acquisitive diversity (including robbery and burglary).Research limitations/implicationsFuture research would benefit from exploring a more rich understanding of the mechanisms that underpin why females engage in acquisitive offending and what factors contribute towards their desistance. A wider range of bio-psycho-social factors, which may increase the risk of acquisitive offending, should also be considered in future research alongside ways in which interventions may be gender-responsive.Originality/valueThis review provides insight into the differing functions and typologies of female acquisitive offending. Interventions for each of these typologies are considered within the review.

Superhomicide offenders: Nosology, empirical features, and linkages to sexual and multiple murder typologies.

The nosology for criminals who murder multiple victims is at once well-established and controversial, perhaps because theorists have largely segregated such offenders from the broader criminal population. The current study introduces the superhomicide offender, an individual convicted of at least five murders, to locate multiple homicide offenders within the criminological and epidemiological science pertaining to the most pathological offenders, and statistically place them with other conceptualizations of severe offenders at the 95th percentile of the offending distribution. Relative to other capital murderers, superhomicide offenders have lengthier criminal history, greater conviction history, and coextensive psychopathology characterized by psychopathy, sexual sadism, homicidal ideation, cluster A and B personality disorders, and major depressive disorder. Superhomicide offenders are profoundly psychopathic with 20 of the 39 offenders reaching the clinical threshold of 30 or more on the PCL-R, and 19 of the 39 are sexually sadistic. Regarding extant typologies of sexual and multiple homicide offenders, 15 are serial murderers, 17 are sexual homicide offenders, 17 are mass murderers, and 17 are spree murderers. Twenty-four of the 39 superhomicide offenders (61.5%) met criteria for multiple typologies, suggesting the new prototype can help unify the study of those who perpetrate multicide and embed them within criminological and epidemiological models that specify pathological antisocial outcomes.

International Law Enforcement Observer IX.

Aim: This time, the international overview draws the attention of the readers of Belügyi Szemle to certain studies, which - in addition to providing results in the traditional areas (police endangerment, racism, criminal organisations, violent crime, terrorism, human rights interpretation) - also offer methodological surprises.Methodology: For scientific curiosity to lead to genuinely new knowledge, a fresh approach to research is needed. For example, the rejection of police vulnerability as a rule of law has traditionally taken as its task the sociological interpretation of norm-breaking and amoral official behaviour (Dieu, 1995). Less attention has been paid to the features of the law enforcement profession or the roots of the organisational culture that are responsible for the proliferation of malpractice. A review by Ágota Németh gives an insight into the character of the latter. An original perspective emerges in a study on the “fallibility” of the police, reported by Gergely Takács. The specific characteristics of the protection of public safety and the maintenance of public order have been confirmed again: the unexpectedness of the violation, the need for immediate reaction, the autonomy of the intervener (Hug, 1997). These features give room for general empowerment rather than limitation of police power, and at the same time they are a source of error in policing. A methodological innovation is reported by Zsombor Hermann, who illustrates the successful use of network theory by providing insights into British research on criminal organisation models.Findings: Ákos Erdélyi has turned his attention to research - taking the organisational fragmentation of the fight against terrorism and the sensitive nature of intelligence data into consideration - that seeks to find the answer to how counter-terrorism authorities can strike a delicate balance between sharing intelligence information and securely protecting it. The study reviewed by Tamás Suszter explores the potential of community policing as a solution to get over the racist attitudes in the police forces of the American continent. A typology of violent offenders can be drawn from an approach based on the criminal history of convicts serving their sentences. Sándor Dragon’s review presents such a research. The tightening of criminal sanctions against terrorism can be seen in the French legislation, which also allows for the deprivation of nationality acquired through naturalisation as a supplementary punishment for those convicted of terrorist acts. “Under French law, a person whose loyalty and allegiance are in doubt can lose his or her nationality, but only a naturalised citizen can be deprived of it. An extra safeguard is the requirement of a criminal conviction. Reading this section, it is clear that the negative link between immigration and security is reflected in the tightening of anti terrorism laws.” Barbara Mágó’s article points out the constitutional situation that places the right to citizenship within the sphere of human dignity, which is inviolable and cannot be restricted by criminal law. For a deeper understanding of the problem, it is undoubtedly necessary to clarify the social science concept of terrorism, as can be found in the domestic literature (Pék, 2022).Value: The latest foreign products of law enforcement research, in addition to their thematic diversity, testify to the common values of those working in the discipline. All of these works are based on the recognition that law enforcement administration can fulfil its social function with the rigour of the rule of law only if it succeeds in achieving harmony between efficiency and legality. Law enforcement science also has a major responsibility in this endeavour.

No More Women Killed in Spain! A Collaborative Femicide Prevention Effort of a Police-Led Team of Ministry of Interior and Academia

Abstract With the turn of the new century, the Spanish government developed a series of initiatives to eradicate gender violence and intimate partner femicides. Among these initiatives, the Secretary of State for Security (SSS) of the Ministry of Interior organized a National Project (Team) for the Detailed Review of Intimate Partner Homicides—a police-led team that partnered with 21 Spanish universities and several correctional facilities across 50 provinces—to conduct a concurrent embedded, correlational mixed-methods study of a nationally representative sample of 171 femicide cases and a control group of 210 non-lethal partner abuse cases (2006–2021). The results of this study served to improve current law enforcement femicide risk prediction tools (Valoracion Policial del Riesgo, VPR) and to develop different offender typologies aiming at guiding treatment interventions. New recommendations were also provided to enhance collaboration between law enforcement and other agencies so extant partner violence cases can be appropriately managed.

Child Sex Abusers in Protestant Christian Churches: An Offender Typology

Child Sex Abusers in Protestant Christian Churches: An Offender Typology

Modernized female sex offender typologies: Intrapsychic, behavioral, and trauma related domains

Modernized female sex offender typologies: Intrapsychic, behavioral, and trauma related domains

Onset Crime Typology of Sexual Offenders and Their Differences on Specialization and Risk Factors.

In those theories or empirical-evident model of sexual offending, they all recognized which major life event would cause the sex offense in some conditions, therefore the onset crime of sexual offenders were not only a mark of personal history, but also could reflect the heterogeneity of sexual offenders. Our purpose is to study the onset crime typology of sexual offender and their difference in specialization, problem of psychology marks, and negative developmental experiences. We analyzed the pre-conviction data from 3,750 sexual offenders and their risk assessment data. The research results found that onset typology of sex crime would persist their criminal career into sexual offending, and through the group comparisons, the study pointed out differences in risk factors domain and adverse development experiences. We also discussed those research results and their meaning of risk management.

Examining the Predictive Validity of Korean Sex Offender Risk Assessment Scale(KSORAS) from the Perspective of Offender Typology

Examining the Predictive Validity of Korean Sex Offender Risk Assessment Scale(KSORAS) from the Perspective of Offender Typology

Review 2 of "Child Sex Abusers in Protestant Christian Churches: An Offender Typology"

Review 2 of "Child Sex Abusers in Protestant Christian Churches: An Offender Typology"

Review 1 of "Child Sex Abusers in Protestant Christian Churches: An Offender Typology"

Review 1 of "Child Sex Abusers in Protestant Christian Churches: An Offender Typology"

Review 3 of "Child Sex Abusers in Protestant Christian Churches: An Offender Typology"

Review 3 of "Child Sex Abusers in Protestant Christian Churches: An Offender Typology"

The online sexual offender: what we know to date.

INTRODUCTION Online grooming is an active communicative entrapment network involving a wide range of techniques. The interactions that groomers have with minors online are complex. The purpose of the present literature review was to contribute to the existing knowledge base regarding online sex offender typologies, predatory tactics and techniques. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We conducted a review of the current literature by an initial database research of papers published since 1990. Three independent reviewers selected relevant articles, initially based on title and abstract analysis, then by full text in order to make a final determination. After the final selection, a total of 21 articles were reviewed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Overall, abundant data describing both groomer characteristics and grooming strategies are available in the literature, with authors attempting to analyze and adapt these to ever-complex models. However, the various models often feel redundant, determining a certain difficulty in understanding which would be the most suitable model to apply, making comparing data from different studies oftentimes troublesome. CONCLUSIONS In our opinion, it would be desirable to reach a consensus on fewer univocally-interpretable models that would be easier to adopt as preventive tools against online grooming, in combination with other strategies. The present study may provide parents and guardians with information useful for keeping their youth safer while online, as well as data that may assist in the development of policy recommendations and prevention strategies, overall aiming to reduce the phenomenon of online grooming.

Juveniles arrested for murder: A latent class analysis of male offenders.

Researchers and practitioners have a need for valid and generalizable typologies of juvenile homicide offenders (JHOs) to better understand the heterogeneous nature of JHOs, and use this knowledge to inform prevention efforts. Prior studies of JHOs have typically utilized a clinical approach, which is rich in data but based on small nonrepresentative samples, or relied on larger aggregate datasets which are more reliable but have few measures available. This study aimed to address these limitations by examining the latent heterogeneity (i.e. unapparent differences) in JHOs, their victims, and incident characteristics among more than 40,000 male JHOs arrested in the United States between 1976 and 2016 using latent class analysis, to allow for the objective identification of latent taxonomies. Six distinct subtypes of male JHOs are found in the analysis, which contributes to the theoretical and substantive knowledge base regarding JHOs, and may be used to develop and implement more effective interventions and violence prevention programs for these young offenders.

Adopted children who kill their adoptive parents: An examination through the lens of attachment theory.

Adoptive parricide, the killing of adoptive parents by their adoptive children, is a phenomenon that garners much media attention but remains elusive in the extant literature. Previous studies on adoptive parricide have largely consisted of clinical case studies with limited theoretical explanations. The current study uses Bowlby's attachment theory as a theoretical framework to explore adoptive parricide. A content analysis was conducted of news sources to obtain data on adoptive parricide cases. Hypotheses were generated per attachment theory in the context of Heide's (2013b) parricide offender typology. Early adoptees (n=27) were compared to late adoptees (n=29) using Fisher's exact tests. Early adoptees were more likely to kill multiple victims, kill for selfish motives, be overindulged by adoptive parents, and not have limits set and enforced by adoptive parents. Late adoptees were more likely to report having been abused by their adoptive parents. The results were not consistent with attachment theory. Implications for the adoption process and adoptive parenting practices are presented.

О комплексном обосновании типологии несовершеннолетних преступников: криминолого-психологический аспект

The article is devoted to the problem of juvenile delinquency, which is relevant in the context of discussing interdisciplinary issues of its prevention based on the analysis of the characteristics of the state of crime in the Russian Federation from 2018 to 2020. The article presents the content of psychological and legal categories that characterize the personality of a minor criminal and the mechanisms of the formation of criminal behavior. Special attention is paid to the description of the factors and conditions that contribute to the commission of crimes by minors, including repeated ones. On the example of specific classifications and typologies, the state of knowledge of the problem of studying the personality of a minor offender and a convicted person, as well as their psychological characteristics, is analyzed. The article describes the contribution of individual domestic and foreign scientists who proposed variants of classifications and typologies of juvenile delinquents.
 The study found that a significant number of classifications and typologies of juvenile offenders often take as the basis of its system of one or more characteristics, research which largely depends on the scientific interests of the authors.
 Based on the generalized scientific and empirical data on the psychological, criminological, socio-demographic characteristics of minors who have committed crimes, an attempt is made to typologize the designated group. As a result of the conducted research, priority areas of psychological and pedagogical work with minors in order to prevent crime were identified.

Female-Offender Parricides in South Korea, 1948–1963: Offender and Offense Characteristics

Existing parricide research is largely situated within a North American and European context, and foregrounds mental illness or adolescent offender typologies. As such, a gap exists on parricides in other cultural contexts and those perpetrated by women. This paper examines historic domestic parricides committed by women in South Korea (“Korea”). Chosun Ilbo, a major Korean newspaper, was used as the data source to search for parricide cases reported between 1 January 1948 and 31 December 1963. Of the 102 newspaper articles on 92 completed or attempted parricide incidents during this period, 14 involved a female offender. Qualitative content and narrative analysis were employed. Findings indicate that daughters-in-law killed their fathers and mothers-in-law during routine domestic conflicts and in premediated attacks in response to verbal and emotional abuse unique to Korean women’s post-marital residence patterns. The implications of women’s subordinated positions in hierarchically organized family systems and cultural ideologies about women and crime are discussed.

Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: A Spanish Typology.

Typological approaches in research of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) have been discussed on the basis of their validity and applicability in professional practice; yet most of the published studies on offender typologies are limited due to the use of relatively small, non-representative samples. The current study explored typologies of IPVAW perpetrators in a large-scale representative Spanish sample (n = 9,731 cases extracted from the Comprehensive Monitoring System of Gender-Based Violence Cases; VioGén System), according to classic batterer typologies proposed by Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994). To this end, the risk factors measured by the most extended Spanish police recidivism risk assessment tool (Valoración Policial del Riesgo; VPR) were used as clustering variables. Multiple correspondence analyses revealed the appropriateness of a bi-dimensional model to conceptualize IPVAW offender typologies. Our four-group solution may be described based on the levels of instability and antisociality of IPVAW offenders, as objectively measured by VPR5.0 risk indicators. Statistically significant differences between the IPVAW suggested typologies were found on all indicators, except for the presence of perpetrators younger than 24 years old and the presence of bidirectional intimate partner violence, which were equally distributed across the four groups. High instability/low antisociality (HiLa) and high instability/high antisociality (HiHa) individuals shared most risk indicators related to the aggressor's psychological instability; whereas HiHa and low instability/high antisociality (LiHa) men endorsed more antisociality indicators than statistically expected. The low instability/low antisociality (LiLa) group was characterized by the less presence of VPR risk indicators. Although the four subtypes identified in our study resembled classic typologies, we propose a new subtype, with high levels of instability and antisociality (i.e., HiHa). This work contributes to existing knowledge of the heterogeneity of these men, by providing useful typologies that can help inform prevention and treatment.

Paraphilias among Roman Catholic priests: what we know, and do not know, about sexual clergy-abusers of minors.

The issue of sexual abuse of minors in the Catholic Church is widely discussed in the media. Nevertheless, the term ‛priest-pedophile'has been used inaccurately to identify perpetrators. There is very little research directly dealing with this group of offenders among Catholic clergy, and we do not yet have any theory that would adequately explain this type of behavior. Attempts to psychologically characterize priests who sexually abuse minors have brought limited success so far. The purpose of this article is to present the most important issues and clinical dilemmas related to the diagnosis and treatment of paraphilias among Catholic clergy, signifying similarities and differences between clergy and other perpetrators of sexual offenses against minors, present typology of sexual offenders among priests, and discuss therelationship of victims' gender with sexual orientation and celibacy of perpetrators. The author demonstrates that using the term ‛priest-pedophile' is not only misleading, but is sometimes used to deliberately mislead. On the one hand, to create a moral panic effect, suggesting that the Catholic clergy is at increased risk of this type of crime. On the other hand, indicating gender and age of the most of their victims, suggesting that people responsible for this kind of abuse among Catholic clergy are homosexual priests and thus select a scapegoat responsible for the problems of the Church institution.

Transgender sex offenders: gender dysphoria and sexual offending

PurposeTransgender sex offenders are a small, complex and atypical group. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the issues in relationship to the assessment of gender dysphoria in transgender sex offenders and approaches to risk management.Design/methodology/approachClinical and research experience as a Gender Specialist and Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist who has managed sex offender populations has informed this publication.FindingsLittle is known about the relationship between gender dysphoria and criminality. More research is required to develop a typology of transgender sex offenders and develop actuarial risk instruments. Protective factors in relation to gender affirmative care are also important to understand.Research limitations/implicationsThere is little empirical research to guide gender specialists and criminal justice professionals in the management of gender dysphoria and address risk and recidivism in transgender offender populations. The treatment of gender dysphoria could result in improved well-being and better psychosocial adjustment but cannot be relied to reduce future recidivism.Practical implicationsThere is no evidence that treatment of gender dysphoria reduces risk and recidivism in transgender sex offenders and that research is required to identify specific gender related dynamic risk factors.Social implicationsRecommendations are directly relevant to the work of prison and probation staff, community supervisors and gender identity specialists.Originality/valueAs far as the author is aware it is the first paper on the assessment and management of gender diverse sex offenders integrating approaches to gender dysphoria assessment and treatment and risk management. It has implication for gender identity specialists, criminal justice professionals, research and policy.