Offal Yields Research Articles

Carcass characteristics, meat quality, and nutritional profiles of Mithun (Bos frontalis) meat reared under a semi-intensive system.

The present study aimed to determine carcass characteristics, meat quality, nutrient profiles, and sensory characteristics of Mithun meat. Sixteen Mithun were selected and divided into four groups, MM-4 (male; n = 4; <4years of age), MM-47 (male; n = 4; 4-7years of age), MF-4 (female; n = 4; <4years of age), MF-47 (female; n = 4; 4-7years of age). Carcass characteristics showed that adult males (MM-47) have significantly higher (P < 0.05) live weight, carcass weight, and meat-to-bone ratio. Fat (%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05), and deboned meat (%) was lower in MF-4 and MF-47, while marginal differences were observed in bone (%), dressing percentage, and offal yield between groups. Visible marbling increased with age and varied from "slight" to "small" in all groups. Nutrient profiling revealed a significantly higher (P < 0.05) fat percentage and cholesterol in MF-4 and MF-47. Fatty acid profile, amino acid profile, water-soluble vitamins, and minerals content did not differ between groups. However, lysine and leucine (essential amino acids) and glutamic acid and aspartic acid (nonessential amino acids) were most abundant. Effect of age was significant (P < 0.05) on juiciness, tenderness, and connective tissue residue scores. In conclusion, results indicate mithun meat is nutrient-rich regardless of the animal's age or sex.

Effect of Age and Sex on Percentage of Retail Cuts and Offal Yield of Local Goats in Pakistan

Effect of Age and Sex on Percentage of Retail Cuts and Offal Yield of Local Goats in Pakistan

A Descriptive Study on the Carcass, Muscle, and Offal Yields of the Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) Harvested in Two Seasons

This study presents descriptive data on the meat and offal production of Plains zebras harvested in the winter (n = 8) and summer (n = 12) seasons, at different respective locations in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The cold dressing percentages were numerically higher for the winter (58.0 ± 0.60%) than for the summer-harvested animals (56.60 ± 0.70%). Heavier internal offal yields were reported for the winter-harvested group (70.76 ± 21.8 kg) compared to the summer-harvested animals (66.13 ± 3.78 kg). As harvest season had no influence, pooled data of the percentage contribution of each muscle to cold carcass weight indicated that the Longissimus et lumborum (3.5 ± 0.18%), semimembranosus (1.6 ± 0.04%), biceps femoris (2.7 ± 0.05%) and semitendinosus (0.9 ± 0.02%) muscles differed significantly in their respective contributions to cold carcass weight. No significant differences were recorded between the contribution of the infraspinatus (0.6 ± 0.02%), supraspinatus (0.4 ± 0.03%) and psoas major (0.6 ± 0.02%) muscles. Carcass and muscle yields, as well as low-cost protein offal yields from this study indicate that the Plains zebra has the potential to be used and distributed as an alternative protein source.

Carcass and Offal Yields of Farmed Common Eland (Taurotragus oryx) Males, as Affected by Age and Immunocastration

This study investigated the effects of immunocastration and slaughter age on the carcass yield performance of intensively farmed common eland males. Eighteen male eland (five immunocastrated juveniles, three intact juveniles, five immunocastrated sub-adults, and five intact sub-adults) were finished for four months, after which their carcass, offal, primal cut, and individual muscle yields were determined. Juveniles were ~6 months of age at the start of the experiment, while sub-adults were ~1.5 years old. Primal cuts were dissected to determine the percentage yields of meat, bones (with tendons), separable fat, and trimmings. Immunocastration had no effect on offal or carcass yields. While sub-adults had increased individual muscle yields, juveniles had greater proportionate yields of primal cuts and a greater total high-value: low-value meat ratio. Whilst slaughtering younger male eland could provide additional economic advantages, this should be considered being against changing marketing trends.

Carcass and non-carcass characteristics of Bunaji (White Fulani) cattle

Offal parts and carcass component data from 40 Bunaji bulls bought from open market and culled from the herds were slaughtered for beef at the meat laboratory of the National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) were used to determine the carcass components and Offal yield of bunaji cattle. Dressing percentages of the caule ranges between 53.05±1.44 and 51.03±0.23 for the bulls and cows respectively. The differences were not significant (P&gt;0.05). The bulls have significantly (P&lt;0.05) heavier live weight, carcass weight, quantity of beef and hump muscles than cows. On the average the bulls gave 119.03±3.22kg of beef compared to 110.77±7.22kg of boneless beef produced by the cows. This value represented about 65.55±0.51 and 63.8±1.14% of the carcass weight of the bulls and cows respectively. The bulls have significantly (p&lt;0.05) heavier external offal (54.75±1.72kg) than the cows (43.38±2.44kg). These represented about 17.28±0.23 and 15.28±0.71% of the live weight of the bulls and cow's respectively. The total internal offal (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lungs, trachea, stomach and intestines) are similar (P&lt;0.05) between the bulls and cows and represented about 5.25±0.15 and 6.75±0.34% of the carcass weight of the bulls and cows respectively. The results of this study show that the File Fulani cattle compared favorably with other African breeds in terms of carcass and non-carcass output. However, a larger proportion of the weight is in the external offal that are nutritionally of low value.

Weight and body yield of selectively bred tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) farmed in different environments.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the weight and body yield of two families of selectively bred tambaqui farmed in different environments. Two families (FA and FB) were reared in the municipalities (environments) of Santo Antônio de Leverger (MT) and Campo Grande (MS) for 431 days. Pre-bleeding weight, body yield, and the interaction effect between families and environments on these traits were investigated. No interaction effect between the evaluated families and environments was detected on the evaluated traits. Pre-bleeding weight did not differ significantly between the families in MT (FA: 2,421.7g; FB: 2,478.0g) or in MS (FA: 1,138.7g; FB: 1,389.8g), but the fish from MT had a higher (P<0.05) pre-bleeding weight than those farmed in MS. The visceral fat yield (considering the two environments) was higher (P<0.05) in FB family (3.8%) than in FA family (3.3%).Fish from MS showed higher (P<0.05) offal yield (10.6%) and visceral fat yield (3.9%) but a lower clean-trunk yield (70.6%) than the tambaqui farmed in MT (offal: 7.7%; visceral fat: 3.1%; and clean trunk: 72.6%). In conclusion, the MT environment provides higher pre-bleeding weight and clean-trunk yield and lower offal and visceral-fat yields than the MS environment.

Honduran Production Systems and Dietary Impacts on Beef Carcass and Offal Yields and Value

ObjectivesHaving been once the largest exporter in CA for beef to the U.S., Honduras had a dramatic decrease in efficiency and production numbers due to a devastating hurricane in 1998. The purpose of this study was to measure dietary impacts on beef carcass and offal yields and value.Materials and MethodsFaculty from Texas Tech University worked alongside with Honduran cattle producers to develop feeding trials with specific diets for each producer. Feedstuffs in each diet were determined by local availability and price. A total of five new finishing programs were established with an additional grass finished program as control. The six treatments were: dried distillers grains (DDG), palm kernel meal (PKM), sugarcane (SC), soybean meal and corn (SBMC), sorghum (SORG), and grass fed (GF). Bos indicus crossbred cattle were utilized and harvest yield (n = 240) and carcass fabrication data (n = 142) were collected from each treatment at a local processing plant in Siguatepeque, Honduras. Carcass sides were fabricated according to IMPS, fresh beef products, 100 series. All subprimals were collected, with trim sorted according to normal processing standards, and bone weight also collected. All observations were evaluated by PROC GLIMMIX in SAS (version 9.3, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) to a significance level of (P < 0.05). Diet served as the fixed effect, while kill group was included in the model as a random effect.ResultsThe SBMC treatment was significantly heavier for live weight (LW), hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), and red meat yield (RMY). There was no difference between percent of RMY of CCW (%RMY/CCW, calculated by dividing RMY by CCW) between all treatments. Our GF treatment was least for LW, HCW, CCW, and RMY. Overall offal weights were heaviest (P < 0.01) for SBMC and least for GF (70.19 and 51.84 (kg), respectively). Offal was most valuable for our DDG, SC, SBMC, and SORG treatments (61.95, 63.16, 62.93, and 61.01 (US$), respectively, P < 0.01). Our GF treatment was significantly least for offal value (49.90 (US$), P < 0.01). Additionally, SBMC was heaviest (P < 0.01) for ribeye roll, skirt, clod, knuckle, outside round, inside round, eye of round, pressed trim and ribs. Our GF treatment was lightest (P < 0.01) for ribeye roll, brisket, clod, tenderloin, striploin, top sirloin, knuckle, outside round, inside round, eye of round, shank meat, 80/20 lean, 50/50 trim, ribs, white bone and red bone. Our SBMC treatment was highest for CV (carcass value) (P < 0.01) at 1429.07 (US$), while our GF treatment was lowest for CV at 930.43 (US$). Additionally, our SBMC diet was most profitable to the processor, resulting in a 259.96 (US$) profit, while GF was least profitable at 164.68 (US$; P < 0.01).ConclusionOverall there were (P < 0.01) differences in RMY for all treatments. However, there were no differences in %RMY/CCW (P = 0.17). With increases in energy and protein within the diet, there was a significant increase in weight, therefore an increase in RMY, CCW, and overall CV. Every formulated finishing program was considerably more valuable and higher yielding than GF, and would result in a superior monetary product for the producer, packer, and consumer. The RMY, and consequently CV, was highly influenced by weight. Overall, any treatment compared to GF increased weight, therefore increasing monetary profit for the processor and producer.Figure 1

Comparative studies on carcass characteristics of marketable size farmed mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala , (Hamilton, 1822), and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, (Val., 1844)

Summary The carcass traits and commercial characteristics of farmed freshwater Cirrhinus mrigala and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix were investigated to calculate yield data useful for programming semi-automated processing units. Specimens with average weights of 2500 and 3400 g were collected from both mrigal and silver carps, respectively. Samples were taken from grow-out culture ponds of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Odisha State, India. Carcass and offal yields as well as carcass cutability were assessed. Head yields were recorded as 14.9 and 27.5% for mrigal and silver carp, respectively. The gutted yield, headless yield and skinless dressed round percentages were determined as 89.4, 74.5 and 67.6% for mrigal and 92.8, 65.4 and 62.0% for silver carps, respectively. The meat: bone ratio in filleting averaged 4.8 for mrigal and 3.1 for silver carp. The middle cut of mrigal had both the highest total yield percentage and highest meat yield, whereas this was equally distributed between both the fore and middle cuts in silver carp. In both mrigal and silver carp the dry matter, ether extract and protein percentages were highest in the fore cut followed by middle and hind cut. In silver carp the percentage fat content was found to be significantly higher than in mrigal.

Carcass characteristics of marketable size farmed catla, Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822)

Summary The present study investigates carcass traits of farmed freshwater Catla catla for important information in calculating yield and/or providing data for programming machine/manual handling. For this purpose specimens of C. catla ranging from 1880 to 2150 g were collected from grow-out culture ponds of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Odisha State, India. Carcass yield, offal yield and carcass cutability were assessed. The percentage of head yield was highest (31.2%) in comparison to other carp species. Gutted yield and final dressed yield of 2 kg market class catla amounted to 85.4 and 54.1%, respectively. The average meat : bone ratio in filleting was reported to be 3 : 9. The middle cut of catla had both the highest total yield percentage and highest meat yield. Dry matter, ether extract and protein percentage was highest in the fore cut followed by the middle and hind cuts.

Carcass traits of different marketable sizes of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Summary The present study was carried out to investigate the carcass traits of farmed freshwater Labeo rohita in relation to body size as important information to calculate yield and/or support for machine/manual processing. For this purpose ninety specimens were collected for nine weight groups from 600 to 1100 g, each group with a 100 g increment. Specimens were collected from grow-out culture ponds of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Bhubaneswar. The carcass evaluation technique was followed to evaluate carcass yield, offal yield and carcass cutability. Head size percentage of rohu increased as the body mass increased, which in turn increased the processing yield. Dry matter and ether extract percentage also increased with the body mass; however, moisture percentage showed a decreasing trend. The fore cut showed a distinctly higher ether extract percentage followed by the middle and posterior cuts. There was a good correlation development to describe the relationship between yield traits and body weight.

Carcass and offal yields of sheep and goats as influenced by market class and breed

Sheep and goats ( n=120) of two market classes and five breeds were slaughtered and weights of carcass and offal items were obtained. Offal item yields were computed as percentages of live weight minus weight of gastro-intestinal tract and its contents. Sheep weighed more ( P < 0.05), dressed higher ( P < 0.05) and had lower ( P < 0.05) yields of most dress-off items than goats of comparable market class. Aged female and young intact male sheep or goats (within species) differed ( P < 0.05) in heart, liver, blood and pelt yields; within breeds, aged female and young intact males did not differ ( P < 0.05) in live or carcass weights, dressing percentage or lung percentage. Angora goats dressed lower ( P < 0.05) than Spanish goats. Karakul sheep dressed higher ( P < 0.05) than all other breeds of sheep and had higher ( P < 0.05) carcass weights and lower ( P < 0.05) head percentages. Data of this study emphasize importance of consideration of yields of all offal items that can be used as food rather than simply basing live value of sheep and (or) goats on quantitative or qualitative aspects of their carcasses when decisions regarding species, breed or market class are to be made for other parts of the world.

Yields and Composition of Edible and Inedible By-Products of Broilers Processed at 6, 7, and 8 Weeks of Age

Percent yields and nutrient composition were determined on inedible by-products and giblets of broilers processed at 6, 7, and 8 weeks of age. All inedible by-products and giblets were collected from 120 broilers (mixed sexes) for each age group and percent yield determined as a function of live weight. Wet yields of the various products were: blood, 3.1%; feathers, 21.3%; feet, 4.1%; heads, 3.0%; necks, 3.6%; gizzards, 3.0%; livers, 2.0%; hearts, .6%; and viscera, 8.0% for the 7-week-old birds. Some offal yield differences were noted among the three age groups.Moisture content of the offal averaged approximately 70% for most products. Exceptions were blood (Ca. 84%) and gizzards, feet, and necks (Ca. 60%) moisture. Approximate lipid composition was 17% for neck, gizzards, and hearts; 11% for feet and viscera; 8% for heads and livers; and 1.5% for blood and feathers. On a wet basis, protein content for hearts, blood, and viscera averaged approximately 12%; heads, necks, and gizzards, 15%; feet and livers, 20%; and feathers, 25%.

Studies on the meat production characteristics of Botswana goats and sheep—Part II: General body composition, carcase measurements and joint composition

The present paper gives data on the general body composition, carcase size, weight and joint composition of indigenous Botswana goats and sheep of various age and sex groupings. Data on a small group of entire milk tooth male Boer goats are also presented. Indigenous male castrate goats developed larger and heavier carcases than sheep of a similar background with increasing age, although differences were not significant after correction for empty body weight (ebw). Castrate male indigenous sheep produced highest carcase and offal yields at the two tooth stage. Although mature female goats had significantly heavier ebws than the female sheep, the latter had significantly heavier carcases and heavier dressing out percentages (DO%) at equivalent ebws. The Boer goats had higher ebws, carcase weights and DO% than the indigenous goats of similar age while the indigenous castrates had larger and heavier carcases than the entires. The goats had proportionally heavier leg and shoulder joints whereas the sheep had heavier loins.