Offsite Construction Techniques Research Articles

Drivers towards Adopting Modular Integrated Construction for Affordable Sustainable Housing: A Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) Method

This study features the development of a framework to identify drivers towards increasing adoption of modular integrated construction (MiC) methods for affordable sustainable housing (ASH). The rise of offsite construction (OSC) techniques, especially MiC, has been evident in recent years. MiC’s adoption in ASH is still underdeveloped; however, due to various benefits of MiC over conventional construction methods, it is envisioned to be a significant emerging approach for tackling growing housing demand, and ASH in particular. Although a few prior studies identified some factors for utilization of MiC towards ASH, studies to date have not provided a holistic review of drivers or a comprehensive framework of the interrelationships between such drivers. To address this issue, this study utilizes a three-way process including a systematic literature review, semi-structured interviews and the Total Interpretive Structure Modelling (TISM) method to study the drivers for MiC adoption in ASH. Initially, 111 drivers were extracted from a review of 40 studies in the existing literature. Following that, the significant drivers of MiC adoption for ASH were grouped into cost, time, productivity, quality, environmental, social, policy and demand. Drawing on concepts of systems thinking and graph theory, the TISM model for eight drivers was developed from both the literature review and the interview results. Four levels of hierarchy were found among drivers containing linkage, driving, depending and autonomous. Succeeding the steps of TISM and Reachability Matrix (RM) and Matrice d’ Impacts Croises-Multipication Appliqué a Classement (MICMAC) analysis, social drivers were found to have the highest driving and lowest dependency power, followed by productivity and policy drivers. This signifies the importance of social factors for enhancing MiC adoption for ASH. In addition, a strategic framework of boosting MiC adoption in ASH is also presented, highlighting the key stakeholders and strategies for transformation along with conclusions. This study delivers a wider landscape of drivers for MiC-ASH synergy that may assist practitioners, policy makers and relevant stakeholders to better understand the relationships between the drivers.

A-State-Of-The-Art review on modular building connections

Modular Building System (MBS) is an emerging offsite construction technique, which uses prefabricated units, transported, and assembled onsite. In MBS construction process, designing stage is considered as the most significant stage. One of the critical concerns in designing MBSs is to maintain and to ensure the structural integrity of the assembly against critical loading conditions. Connections in the MBSs as a crucial part of the off-site construction, plays a prominent role in providing the essential performance and integrity for the assembled MBS. Hence, it is indispensable to analyse the existing connections used in industry and to investigate the benefits and limitations of their application in MBS construction. A thorough study on connection types will evaluate their capabilities in addressing functional requirements and will exhibit their potential to serve as a benchmark for a range of future modular construction techniques. Thus, this paper presents a review on various forms of inter-modular connection systems used in the contemporary construction industry. It covers the role of connections in the automation of assembly and disassembly of modular units; architectural, structural, and constructional challenges faced by the industry in using them; and their performance under different loading conditions. In addition, numerical studies performed on a selected intermodular connection model is also presented, investigating, and validating the mechanical behaviour of connection and justifying the applicability of such models in predicting connection behaviour. Finally, based on the review, suggestions to address modern construction obstacles by adding new information to the literature and then to overcome challenges in the wide adoption of the MBS in construction industry are presented. The outcome of this study assists in overcoming obstacles and encourages potential growth of MBS and/or off-site construction techniques in building construction industry.

Assessing off-site readiness in construction organisations: cases from India

PurposeThis paper aims to present factors affecting the Indian construction organisations in adopting off-site construction (OSC) methods.Design/methodology/approachAn existing readiness maturity model has been used to assess three large organisations in different parts of India. A case study methodology has been adopted in this paper to highlight critical issues in OSC adoption in India.FindingsThis paper presents three case studies and concludes the Indian construction sectors readiness to adopt the OSC methods. Through the case studies, different issues related to the adoption of OSC have been identified and highlighted for the Indian construction sector. Although the three companies are large, there are several small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) operating in India's construction sector, and future research shall be needed to review these SMEs.Research limitations/implicationsThis research study is broadly focused on developing and assessing an OSC readiness framework for Indian construction organisations. The research scope and the population for data collection are limited to large construction organisations in India only.Practical implicationsThe proposed OSC readiness maturity model guides construction practitioners in India through a structured process to assess their OSC readiness in the market. This assessment enables them to evaluate and benchmark their processes through the strategic and operational phases. This research will add to the existing knowledge of OSC in India by mapping issues relevant to India's construction industry. The research has provided background on the status of OSC, the drivers and barriers affecting the implementation of OSC techniques in the Indian construction industry.Originality/valueThrough the three case studies, several factors related to the implementation of OSC methods have been identified and highlighted within the Indian construction sector. Although the model has been applied to the Indian construction sector, it can easily be modified to fit into other areas and similar dynamics and business conditions.

Offsite construction supply chain strategies for matching affordable rental housing demand: A system dynamics approach

Australian housing affordability is influenced by both housing supply and demand factors. These factors include lengthy construction and planning process. The affordability crisis affects the housing rental sector, which accommodates more than 20 % of Australian household. This research developed a system dynamics model to simulate demography-linked affordable rental housing demand and supply in South East Queensland (SEQ). A Prefabricated Offsite Construction (OSC) housing supply strategy is compared with a traditional building approach (BAU) to investigate the effectiveness of OSC techniques to reduce informational asymmetries during development planning stages to deliver better affordable rental housing is linked to housing needs in SEQ. The model focuses on demographic groups housing demand of one, two- and three-bedroom apartment units and examines how reductions in the development process, through OSC methods, influence the efficiency of Government supported affordable rental housing supply schemes. Overall, the study finds that reduced planning and construction timeframes through OSC methods may improve demography-linked rental housing supply by approximately 6.6 % overall compared to BAU in SEQ. For 1,2- and 3-bedroom apartment demand, OSC strategies are expected to improve supply efficiency by 8.7 %, 8.4 % and 9.2 %, respectively. Optimal OSC strategies were assessed and found that flexibility in development sizes have an outsized positive effect. The study has implications for Government supported affordable rental housing strategies, including the build to rent sector.

Stakeholder perceptions of offsite construction techniques: systematic review

Abstract In the past few decades, a faster uptake has been noticed for offsite construction techniques, as supported by several relevant research streams. This study focused on the perceptions of stakeholders, which is an important research field, in terms of the manifold experiences and their critical role in decision-making. The purpose of this work was to gather quantifiable information regarding benefits and barriers of offsite construction to assist in the development or improvement of tools and strategic guidelines for the decision-making process. In total, 24 papers were selected by combining the systematic review with the snowball sampling technique to survey and quantify the perceptions of 1,625 stakeholders, and to obtain 238 barrier indexes and 99 benefit indexes. A hierarchical cluster analysis was also conducted to frame 10 clusters for benefits and another 10 for barriers. In addition, a co-citation analysis was carried out to identify 7 clusters and the associated connections between them. A database was provided with barriers and benefits, ranked by their relevance to offsite construction, as well as the bibliometrics and co-citation analysis that may help choose the best-fit source/perception for the purpose of the readers.

Global Academy, London: how offsite modular construction is reshaping education

The Global Academy in west London, UK, was the country’s first university technical college to be built using offsite modular construction techniques. Advanced offsite modular technology integrated with traditional site-based building solutions enabled the project to meet a challenging programme on a constrained plot. The college was built in just 12 months, providing a new state-of-the-art educational facility for 800 14–19-year-old broadcast and digital media students. It has a structural design life of 60 years and high levels of acoustic performance and energy efficiency. This paper reviews the methods used to design, engineer and build the college and the key role played by offsite modular construction.

Return of the master architect

Long before architecture became a profession, the ‘architect’ was the ‘chief carpenter’, from the Greek word architekton. Architecture as a profession was formalised in the UK in 1834 and the USA in 1857. Prior to that, architects and engineers were pretty much as one, a great example being Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, often cited as the first architect but just as often referred to as the Chief Engineer of the Roman Empire. Vitruvius described the need for architecture to be well built (firmitas), useful in its purpose (utilitas) and beautiful to look at (venustas) – sentiments I think we can all align with today. In my opinion, the Great Pyramid, which I have been fortunate to study for TV shows, represents the birth of modern architecture. I refer to ‘modern architecture’ as the Great Pyramid is the epitome of a complex three-dimensional design conceived and created using method-led off-site manufacturing and construction techniques – to the extent that even 4500 years later we cannot determine how Hemiunu, its engineer/architect, actually did it. Fast forward to 2014, which is the year Frank Gehry said, ‘Let me tell you one thing. In this world we are living in, 98% of what gets built and designed today is pure s**t’. Whether you agree with this vulgarity or not, the construction industry needs a shake-up and that shake-up has now arrived. It’s called PropTech or ConTech. ConTech refers to the digital transformation of the construction industry. With that transformation, two tectonic shifts are about to occur: 1. It will become the greatest time in history to be an engineer (that’s an article for another day). 2. The master architect will return to rival the feats of Hemiunu and Vitruvius.

Decision-making model for the evaluation of industrialized housing systems in Ethiopia

Purpose The industrialized housing system (IHS) is regarded as an effective building philosophy based on off-site construction techniques to achieve rapid and cost-effective housing development. The purpose of this paper is to develop a multi-criteria decision-making support system (DMSS) model for the evaluation of housing systems to select the relevant decision factors and to identify the types and characteristics of suitable IHSs for application in a mass housing development. Design/methodology/approach A multi-criteria DMSS model with the analytical hierarchy process was designed. Based on the literature review and also the response of the ten experts’ interviews, 30 decision factors were identified for evaluation. In addition, 5 IHSs were considered as a case study for testing the model. Then, 30 professionals participated in a questionnaire survey conducted to evaluate the priority vector importance level of the decision factors and housing systems. Findings The result of the decision-making process showed that the top three decision factors are customer needs, supply chain and the construction industry. In addition, both precast concrete beam and slab blocks, as well as agro stone panels are identified as suitable housing systems. The systems have the characteristics of being lightweight, easy to produce and erect, and cost-effective, and they use local input resources and semi-skilled labor. The findings also revealed the potential and practicality of the model among multiple alternatives across multiple decision factors. Research limitations/implications The study has faced the limitations of available professionals and experts who have rich experience in the application of IHSs. In addition, there were few types of alternative IHSs and limited practice of IHSs implementation in large-scale housing construction. These challenges caused limitations to the relevant data collection. In order to address these challenges, all the available experts from the different sectors of the construction industry with the experience of IHSs construction are invited to participate and the available alternative IHSs in the market are selected for evaluation. Practical implications The rational evaluation method used to determine the important decision factors and the general characteristics of the suitable housing systems can help housing developers and decision makers in developing countries to make informed and effective decisions. Social implications The findings of the study help to address the challenge of lack of sufficient housing supply to the overwhelming housing demand that exists and identify the most important decision factors and suitable housing systems that can be applied for the rapid and decent large-scale housing developments at an affordable price. Originality/value This paper bridges the knowledge gaps that exist regarding the identification and evaluation of IHSs in Ethiopia. This study can help practitioners, housing developers, and decision makers to make informed and effective decisions regarding the evaluation and selection of IHSs.

Cross-Laminated Timber Shear Walls in Balloon Construction: Seismic Performance of Steel Connections

In the context of the global trend of designing sustainable structures, the attention towards high-rise timber buildings of 8 to 25 storeys has been increasing in recent years. Balloon construction technique using a relatively new heavy timber material, cross-laminated timber (CLT), has been shown to be promising for high-rise building applications, given its compatibility with off-site construction techniques and its desirable mechanical characteristics. To date, tall timber buildings using CLT have been built mainly in non-seismic or low-seismic locations around the world, whereas their application in high seismic regions has been limited to platform construction. More research on the behaviour of CLT structures during seismic events in terms of system behaviour as well as the behaviour of components, particularly connections, is required. The research presented in this paper seeks to initiate the process of seismic design of tall wood buildings using a balloon construction technique. Two buildings, one three-storey fictitious building and one to-be-constructed ten-storey building, both located on the west coast of Canada, were considered and designed based on the NBCC 2015 seismic provisions. The loads on the shear walls, which span over three storeys, were extracted in order to estimate realistic demands on lateral load resisting systems (LLRS) in the balloon construction. Different connections, including base shear connections, panel-to-panel shear connections, as well as high-capacity hold-downs, were designed accordingly. An experimental program was developed to investigate the behaviour of these connections, focusing on yielding and failure mechanisms in each connection category. This paper explains different phases of the experimental program and introduces connection details designed to achieve the research goals. The results of this study will contribute to the body of knowledge on seismic behaviour of prefabricated mass timber buildings, and will benefit engineers and practitioners using timber to design high-rise structures.

Managing information flow and design processes to reduce design risks in offsite construction projects

PurposeFollowing the increasing need for faster construction, improved quality and evidence value propositions, offsite construction is increasingly being proffered as a viable contender to “traditional” construction approaches. However, whilst evidence supports the move towards offsite, its uptake has been lower than expected. Whilst the precise reasons for this seem to be influenced by a number of issues, including contextual drivers and market maturity; some project stakeholders also view offsite as carrying greater risks. The purpose of this paper is to report on the quality of information flow, in particular, the impact and influence of this on design risks in offsite construction projects.Design/methodology/approachAn existing design risk framework is used as the point of departure for this research. This is further expanded into a specific model for evaluating offsite construction projects design risks, the rubrics of which were informed by two case studies of offsite construction projects in Australia and the UK analysed with a process-tracing technique. Whilst these cases were geographically separated, the constructs were aligned to uncover fundamental design information requirements and concomitant risks associated with offsite.FindingsThe findings of the research reported in this paper include the crucial information feeding into the design process emanating from the lifecycle of offsite construction projects, namely, design, offsite (manufacturing), handling and transporting, site works and installation and also occupancy. These are contextualised within the four categories, namely, client requirements, project requirements, regulation aspects and social aspects and the final outcomes were summarised into a holistic diagram.Originality/valueGiven that the offsite construction has shifted the working paradigm into assigning a significant level of efforts and emphasis at the front end of the construction projects, the importance of its design process and hence design risks management has gone up significantly in construction projects delivered using this technique. This research and paper contributes significantly to the built environment domain by identifying the crucial aspects along the project lifecycle to be considered to minimise the potential occurrence of design risks and hence increasing the confidence of project stakeholders in adopting offsite construction techniques in their projects.

Investigating the cost of offsite construction housing in Western Australia

PurposeOffsite construction approaches and methodologies have been proffered a potential solution for controlling “traditional” projects, especially where high levels of complexity and uncertainty exist. Given this, locations such as Western Australia (WA), where there are unique housing provision challenges, offsite construction method was considered a potential solution for not only addressing the complexity/uncertainty challenges but also alleviating the housing shortage. However, whilst acknowledging the benefits of offsite construction, recognition was also noted on perceived barriers to its implementation, primarily relating to cost uncertainty. This recognition is exacerbated by very limited offsite construction cost data and information available in the public domain. In response to this, this paper sims to provide detailed cost analysis of three offsite construction projects in WA.Design/methodology/approachTo hold parameters constant and facilitate cross-case comparative analysis, data were collected from three embedded case studies from three residential housing projects in WA. These projects represent the most contemporary implementation of offsite in WA; where two were completed in 2016/2017 and the third project was still ongoing during the data collection of this research. The research methodological approach and accompanying data analysis component engaged a variety of techniques, which was supported by archival study of project data and evidence gathered from the offsite construction provider.FindingsCore findings revealed three emerging themes from residential offsite construction projects pertinent to cost. Specifically, the overall cost of delivering residential housing project with offsite construction techniques, the cost variability of offsite construction residential housing projects as impacted by uncertainties and the cash flow of residential offsite construction projects based on the payment term. These three major cost drivers are elucidated in this paper.Originality/valueThis research presents new cost insights to complement the wider adoption of offsite construction techniques. It presents additional information to address the limited cost data and information of offsite construction projects available in the public domain particularly for residential housing projects (within the bounded context of WA). It also highlights the further stages needed to enhance data validity, cognisant of universal generalisability and repeatability, market maturity and stakeholder supply chains.

A review of construction waste management practices on selected case studies in Ireland

To date, the construction and demolition waste research in Ireland has focused on end-of-pipe solutions by investigating the development of processing infrastructure, the generation of waste production indicators and the evaluation of different audit methodologies. This paper takes a more novel approach by examining the implementation of waste reduction strategies during the design and construction phases of two selected case studies, through a close collaboration with the industry (Scott Tallon Walker Architects and John Sisk and Son Building Contractors). These original findings suggest that both the design and construction phases do offer significant waste reduction opportunities through the reuse of existing sites, minimisation of excavation works where possible, preparation of site waste management and subcontractor waste minimisation plans, setting of waste targets, application of design ‘freezes’ where appropriate, use of low waste technologies, use of materials optimisation in selected work packages, the use of off-site construction techniques, use of a mini-skip distribution network and source segregation and through the reuse of waste materials on site where possible.

Parametric Modelling for Designing Offsite Construction

Increasing population and progressing economies around the world are generating huge demand for built assets. When this demand is dealt with conventional ‘sticks-and-bricks’ approach, it leads to usual delays, wastages, cost overruns, and quality issues, etc. Consequently, the traditional approach results in negative impacts on economic and social scenarios apart from being just unable to deliver required supply level of built assets. On the other hand, offsite construction techniques, when utilized appropriately, can significantly speed up the construction process and improve the quality of deliverables in addition to bringing in improved sustainability and better worker health and safety. But offsite practices are marred with a general perspective of its being cause of rigidity in the design processes and disproportional increment in coordination requirements. To address this perceived problem, the application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been conceptualized for the design of a prototype in this research. Simpler ways of modularization and effective optimization of design through parametric modelling has been developed. The methodology coming out of this design exercise, which is of reporting values of parametric variables real-time, is promising in the sense of ensuring the general and flexible usage of offsite practices. Further as experienced during the BIM modelling exercise for the prototype, the design iterations can be accomplished in a more informed manner and optimization run in an automated fashion by using the Application Programming Interface (API) of BIM authoring tool by taking advantage of already defined key parameters. This paper addresses these important issues at the conceptual level and determines a roadmap for further research.

Development of implementation strategies for offsite construction techniques in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Offsite construction is considered as a new method of building in Saudi Arabia in comparison to other countries. The aim of this research was to examine the main factors affecting offsite construction in Saudi Arabia in order to propose a feasible strategy for its wider implementation. To achieve the research aim, the researcher adopted a mixed method approach, combining semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. This paper presents the findings from the survey; the interview findings will be discussed in another publication. The questionnaire survey revealed that an increase in labour productivity and product quality as well as an overall reduction in project schedule are the main benefits of offsite construction. However, there are many challenges facing offsite construction in Saudi Arabia, including inflexibility in making on-site changes, limited design options, associated costs and risks, low awareness and resistance to offsite construction techniques (OCT).

Development of implementation strategies for offsite construction techniques in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Offsite construction is considered as a new method of building in Saudi Arabia in comparison to other countries. The aim of this research was to examine the main factors affecting offsite construction in Saudi Arabia in order to propose a feasible strategy for its wider implementation. To achieve the research aim, the researcher adopted a mixed method approach, combining semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. This paper presents the findings from the survey; the interview findings will be discussed in another publication. The questionnaire survey revealed that an increase in labour productivity and product quality as well as an overall reduction in project schedule are the main benefits of offsite construction. However, there are many challenges facing offsite construction in Saudi Arabia, including inflexibility in making on-site changes, limited design options, associated costs and risks, low awareness and resistance to offsite construction techniques (OCT).

Measuring the Sustainable Benefits of Modular and Offsite Construction Delivery Techniques Against Conventional On-Site Construction

It is well known that the use of modular and offsite construction (MOC) techniques for project delivery can yield significant economic, environmental, and social benefits throughout a projectäó»s lifetime. Despite these benefits highlighted by the MOC community, there exists a need to objectively measure the sustainable benefits and to integrate them in a comprehensive framework to compare delivery alternatives. The Sustainable Efficiency (SE) model is presented and used to compare the construction of a 2-storey hotel using two delivery methods: i) a conventional onsite construction (COC); and ii) modular and offsite construction (MOC). Sustainable criteria identified in the model originate from ISOäó»s 21929-2 äóìFramework for sustainability indicator for civil engineering worksäó�. These criteria are used to encompass the entire life-cycle of the project, from production and extraction of materials, through construction, operations and maintenance, to the end-of-life or decommissioning stage. MOC presents a significant amount of benefits throughout the entire life-cycle of the project and the SE model presented highlights and takes these benefits into account. Recognizing these benefits can help build the business case for MOC, going past the prescriptive, lowest initial cost, and onsite construction delivery that is widely used in the Canadian construction industry today. Allowing for both the quantitative and qualitative benefits to be included in an objective and metric-based model can address the challenge of making changes to conventional procurement methods, and will strengthen and promote the use of MOC in the construction industry. It was found that, through the use of MOC, the hotel obtained a positive 16.8% sustainable efficiency score over a conventional stick build method. Significant benefits were a result of reduced greenhouse gas emissions, non-renewable energy use, waste production, and worker health and safety. The single disadvantage determined was the social criteria äóìJob Creationäó� where there was a reduced quantity of worker hours required to complete the project.

Use of offsite construction techniques in Pakistan

This study examines the benefits and challenges of offsite construction techniques (OCT) in Pakistani construction industry. It presents the view of consultants and contractors regarding offsite construction techniques by conducting a questionnaire survey. This study concludes that duration compression is the single most important factor that is driving the use of OCT in Pakistan. Moreover, the possible benefits of OCT include decrease in project duration; decreased need for skilled workers; increase in labour productivity; increase in site safety; increased design and management efficiency; and overall savings in cost. On the other hand, poor transportation facilities and logistics, and limited design options are challenges of offsite construction in Pakistani context. This study additionally analysed statistically the relationship between consultants and contractors in residential, commercial, infrastructure and industrial sectors for offsite construction techniques. A case study is also presented in this paper to compare the duration and cost of traditional onsite construction verses offsite construction.

Use of offsite construction techniques in Pakistan

This study examines the benefits and challenges of offsite construction techniques (OCT) in Pakistani construction industry. It presents the view of consultants and contractors regarding offsite construction techniques by conducting a questionnaire survey. This study concludes that duration compression is the single most important factor that is driving the use of OCT in Pakistan. Moreover, the possible benefits of OCT include decrease in project duration; decreased need for skilled workers; increase in labour productivity; increase in site safety; increased design and management efficiency; and overall savings in cost. On the other hand, poor transportation facilities and logistics, and limited design options are challenges of offsite construction in Pakistani context. This study additionally analysed statistically the relationship between consultants and contractors in residential, commercial, infrastructure and industrial sectors for offsite construction techniques. A case study is also presented in this paper to compare the duration and cost of traditional onsite construction verses offsite construction.

Moving towards managing offsite construction techniques in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a review

The offsite construction techniques (OCTs) have been considered in the recent construction research as a way of improving the somewhat wasteful and inefficient practices associated with the onsite construction industry. It would also result into improvements in resource efficiency at all stages of the project development process, namely design, manufacture and construction, and enhancement of the sustainability credentials within the construction sector. Researchers have argued that an offsite construction method is likely to assist a company to achieve resource efficiency, improve the quality of its product and increase levels of profit. Researchers have also attributed the use OCT as a construction industry response to an increase in the wages of site labour related to site productivity. This paper will present the in-depth literature review conducted as part of the research suggesting the use and management of OCT for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Implementation of Prefabrication and Modular Offsite Construction using BIM and Lean Construction Techniques

The construction industry continues to experience productivity rates that lag behind other industries. Additionally, an increasingly competitive market and a decreasing skilled labor pool are challenging construction firms. Prefabrication and offsite modular construction techniques offer alternatives to traditional site-built construction methods that have the potential to provide improved productivity as well as other added benefits. Prefabrication methods, applied effectively, offer results that produce value to the project team. Such value includes improved productivity and efficiency in construction operations, reduced project costs, reduced schedule durations, and improved safety, increased levels of quality and improved sustainability and waste reduction. Currently the implementation of prefabrication and offsite construction techniques on the construction project remains subjective and unstandardized. The aim of this research is to develop a framework that will assist the project team to make decisions regarding the use of prefabrication and modular construction based on factors that have proven to be the most successful in implementing modern methods of construction. The concentration is on emphasizing the use of Building Information Modeling and Lean Construction methods as catalysts to maximize the effectiveness of the use of modular offsite construction. This research is primarily toward the use of prefabrication and modular construction methods for vertical construction and should prove valuable for all project players including Owners, Designers and Constructors. The development of this framework utilizes information compiled through interviews and case studies to develop a proposed framework for implementing prefabrication and off-site modular construction techniques at the project level. The framework will be validated in the future using a Delphi survey to qualitatively generate quantified data on the best methods to implement prefabrication and offsite construction techniques.