Oculomotor Physiology Research Articles

Gaze Strategies in Driving-An Ecological Approach.

Human performance in natural environments is deeply impressive, and still much beyond current AI. Experimental techniques, such as eye tracking, may be useful to understand the cognitive basis of this performance, and “the human advantage.” Driving is domain where these techniques may deployed, in tasks ranging from rigorously controlled laboratory settings through high-fidelity simulations to naturalistic experiments in the wild. This research has revealed robust patterns that can be reliably identified and replicated in the field and reproduced in the lab. The purpose of this review is to cover the basics of what is known about these gaze behaviors, and some of their implications for understanding visually guided steering. The phenomena reviewed will be of interest to those working on any domain where visual guidance and control with similar task demands is involved (e.g., many sports). The paper is intended to be accessible to the non-specialist, without oversimplifying the complexity of real-world visual behavior. The literature reviewed will provide an information base useful for researchers working on oculomotor behaviors and physiology in the lab who wish to extend their research into more naturalistic locomotor tasks, or researchers in more applied fields (sports, transportation) who wish to bring aspects of the real-world ecology under experimental scrutiny. Part of a Research Topic on Gaze Strategies in Closed Self-paced tasks, this aspect of the driving task is discussed. It is in particular emphasized why it is important to carefully separate the visual strategies driving (quite closed and self-paced) from visual behaviors relevant to other forms of driver behavior (an open-ended menagerie of behaviors). There is always a balance to strike between ecological complexity and experimental control. One way to reconcile these demands is to look for natural, real-world tasks and behavior that are rich enough to be interesting yet sufficiently constrained and well-understood to be replicated in simulators and the lab. This ecological approach to driving as a model behavior and the way the connection between “lab” and “real world” can be spanned in this research is of interest to anyone keen to develop more ecologically representative designs for studying human gaze behavior.

EOM Pulleys and Sequelae: A Critical Review.

The discovery of extraocular muscle (EOM) pulleys resolved long-standing issues in oculomotor physiology, revived interest in EOM function generally, and led to several new theories. We describe the pulley concept of Miller and Demer (M-D Pulleys) and briefly review evidence, distinguishing this well-supported notion from the Active Pulley Hypothesis (APH) and the EOM Compartments hypothesis, and critically reviewing the methodologies and evidence on which the latter are based. We analyze evidence on mechanical independence of individual EOM fibers, implications of nerve tracing for functional independence of EOM layers and compartments, validity of image-based methods of assessing EOM contraction, and data analysis issues. M-D Pulleys are well-supported by several lines of evidence from several labs. The APH, which predicts relative movements of EOM lamina sufficient to alter muscle actions, has been effectively disproved. The width-wise articulations of EOM Compartments, in contrast, might produce significant contractile oculorotary force gradients across muscle tendons, although existing evidence is unconvincing. We suggest how this hypothesis could be effectively tested.

Effects of Selective Deafferentation on the Discharge Characteristics of Medial Rectus Motoneurons.

Medial rectus motoneurons receive two main pontine inputs: abducens internuclear neurons, whose axons course through the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), and neurons in the lateral vestibular nucleus, whose axons project through the ascending tract of Deiters (ATD). Abducens internuclear neurons are responsible for conjugate gaze in the horizontal plane, whereas ATD neurons provide medial rectus motoneurons with a vestibular input comprising mainly head velocity. To reveal the relative contribution of each input to the oculomotor physiology, single-unit recordings from medial rectus motoneurons were obtained in the control situation and after selective deafferentation from cats with unilateral transection of either the MLF or the ATD. Both MLF and ATD transection produced similar short-term alterations in medial rectus motoneuron firing pattern, which were more drastic in MLF of animals. However, long-term recordings revealed important differences between the two types of lesion. Thus, while the effects of the MLF section were permanent, 2 months after ATD lesioning all motoneuronal firing parameters were similar to the control. These findings indicated a more relevant role of the MLF pathway in driving motoneuronal firing and evidenced compensatory mechanisms following the ATD lesion. Confocal immunocytochemistry revealed that MLF transection produced also a higher loss of synaptic boutons, mainly at the dendritic level. Moreover, 2 months after ATD transection, we observed an increase in synaptic coverage around motoneuron cell bodies compared with short-term data, which is indicative of a synaptogenic compensatory mechanism of the abducens internuclear pathway that could lead to the observed firing and morphological recovery.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Eye movements rely on multiple neuronal circuits for appropriate performance. The abducens internuclear pathway through the medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) and the vestibular neurons through the ascending tract of Deiters (ATD) are a dual system that supports the firing of medial rectus motoneurons. We report the effect of sectioning the MLF or the ATD pathway on the firing of medial rectus motoneurons, as well as the plastic mechanisms by which one input compensates for the lack of the other. This work shows that while the effects of MLF transection are permanent, the ATD section produces transitory effects. A mechanism based on axonal sprouting and occupancy of the vacant synaptic space due to deafferentation is the base for the mechanism of compensation on the medial rectus motoneuron.

Eye movements and deep brain stimulation.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for several neurological conditions, and is most commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease by implanting electrodes in the basal ganglia. Despite the fact that circuits involved in eye movement control traverse the basal ganglia and are thus likely to be affected by DBS, studies combining DBS with eye movement analysis have been infrequent. This review focuses on recent research studies that examine the relationship between DBS and various types of eye movements and which highlight the potential of this approach. Recent work shows that DBS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) can improve smooth pursuit in Parkinson's disease. STN DBS has also been shown to modulate visuospatial attention, and has provided experimental evidence backing a Bayesian model of basal ganglia function. DBS in the pallidum can improve antisaccadic performance in Parkinson's disease, suggesting improvement in higher control of oculomotor function, and implying retrograde striatal stimulation as part of the mechanism of action. These studies show that the combination of DBS with eye movement analysis is a powerful research tool. It may be used to study oculomotor physiology, basal ganglia pathophysiology, and the mechanism of action of DBS.

Behavioral responses of trained squirrel and rhesus monkeys during oculomotor tasks

The oculomotor system is the motor system of choice for many neuroscientists studying motor control and learning because of its simplicity, easy control of inputs (e.g., visual stimulation), and precise control and measurement of motor outputs (eye position). This is especially true in primates, which are easily trained to perform oculomotor tasks. Here we provide the first detailed characterization of the oculomotor performance of trained squirrel monkeys, primates used extensively in oculomotor physiology, during saccade and smooth pursuit tasks, and compare it to that of the rhesus macaque. We found that both primates have similar oculomotor behavior but the rhesus shows a larger oculomotor range, better performance for horizontal saccades above 10 degrees, and better horizontal smooth pursuit gain to target velocities above 15deg/s. These results are important for interspecies comparisons and necessary when selecting the best stimuli to study motor control and motor learning in the oculomotor systems of these primates.

Three-Dimensional Optokinetic Eye Movements in the C57BL/6J Mouse

To study three-dimensional optokinetic eye movements of wild-type C57BL/6J mice, the most commonly used mouse in oculomotor physiology. Optokinetic eye movements are reflexive eye movements that use visual feedback to minimize image motion across the retina. These gaze-stabilizing reflexes are a prominent model system for studying motor control and learning. They are three dimensional and consist of a horizontal, vertical, and torsional component. Eye movements were evoked by sinusoidally rotating a virtual sphere of equally spaced dots at six frequencies (0.1-1 Hz), with a fixed amplitude of 5 degrees . Markers were applied to the mouse eye and video oculography was used to record its movements in three dimensions. In addition, marker tracking was compared with conventional pupil tracking of horizontal optokinetic eye movements. Gains recorded with marker and pupil tracking are not significantly different. Optokinetic eye movements in mice are equally well developed in all directions and have a uniform input-output relation for all stimuli, including stimuli that evoke purely torsional eye movements, with gains close to unity and minimal phase differences. Optokinetic eye movements of C57Bl6 mice largely compensate for image motion over the retina, regardless of stimulus orientation. All responses are frequency-velocity dependent: gains decrease and phase lags increase with increasing stimulus frequency. Mice show strong torsional responses, with high gains at low stimulus frequency.

Q & A

Roger Carpenter is Reader in Oculomotor Physiology at the University of Cambridge. His main research interest is eye movements, and especially the neural decision mechanisms that determine where you look. He is the author of Movements of the Eyes as well as of the highly successful textbook Neurophysiology. In 2000 he was one of the inaugural winners of a national teaching prize.

Toward a Neurodevelopmental Model of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Background: Neurobiological models for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) have consistently implicated ventral prefrontal cortical and striatal circuits in the pathophysiology of this disorder, but typically have not utilized a developmental framework for conceptualizing the illness. Methods: We describe an integrated series of neurobiologic studies aimed at testing the hypothesis that neurodevelopmental abnormalities of ventral prefrontal–striatal circuits may be involved in and contribute to the etiology and presentation of the illness. Results: Using studies of oculomotor physiology, we have identified a selective deficit in neurobehavioral response suppression in OCD that may be related to failures in the developmental maturation of frontostriatal circuitry. Magnetic resonance imaging studies showed that treatment-naive pediatric OCD patients had significant volumetric abnormalities in ventral prefrontal cortical and striatal regions but no abnormalities in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Severity of OCD symptoms but not illness duration was related to ventral prefrontal cortical and striatal volumes. Conclusions: Critical neurodevelopmental changes in ventral prefrontal–striatal circuitry may be associated with the initial presentation of OCD, and a developmentally mediated network dysplasia may underlie OCD. Such dysplasia in ventral prefrontal cortical circuits could manifest clinically by disrupting brain functions that mediate ongoing purposive behaviors.

In the Eye's Mind: Vision and the Helmholtz-Hering Controversy

In the Eye's Mind discusses the controversies regarding vision between Herman von Helmholtz and Ewald Hering that took place between 1840 and 1920. These two German physicians, pioneers and giants in the fields of physiological optics and visual physiology, were founders of schools of research and teaching in Germany at a time when there was a highly competitive atmosphere setting the stage for a rapid expansion of knowledge in all scientific fields. This book centers around their research and, from this, their interpretation of vision, especially visual or spatial perception and color vision. Helmholtz invented the ophthalmoscope in 1851. This, and his research in muscle metabolism and conservation of energy, established him as the Wunderkind of German science and medicine. His genius expressed itself in physiology, physiological optics, and physics. Hering is best remembered in ophthalmology for his research and investigation into oculomotor physiology and his law of reciprocal innervation

Central motor control in concomitant strabismus.

Basic research in the field of oculomotor physiology has advanced rapidly during the last decade. The new knowledge has been largely incorporated into the research and the clinical practice of neurology and neuroophthalmology [14, 16], but the influence on strabismus research has been rather limited [15]. This presentation will point out the elements of basic research that are believed important for our understanding of concomitant strabismus. The description will concentrate on the role of different central motor factors, mainly brainstem mechanisms, in the genesis and development of infantile esotropia or convergent strabismus, i.e. strabismus with an early onset in life [8]. Strabismus of late onset seems less enigmatic, since it probably originates from abnormalities of the vergence system, particularly its coupling with accommodation.

Is the oculomotor system a cartoon of motor control?

One advantage in studying the oculomotor system is that, it is contained entirely within the cranial vault, such that one can theoretically record from all of its neurons. This has allowed one to start at the motoneuron, characterize its discharge rate, and then step centrally, synapse by synapse, trying to relate the discharge rate of successively premotor neurons to that of the motoneuron, building bridges of causality as one goes. The case is quite otherwise for spinal motor control. Very few recordings have been made of spinal motoneurons and premotor neurons in the spinal cords of behaving animals. As in oculomotor physiology as well, recordings have been made in cerebral cortex and cerebellum, but with no understanding of signal processing in the cord, there is no way to relate these high-level signals to the movements they presumably are causing. While a top-down approach is useful in some cases, beginning at the top in spinal motor control, where signal coding is in its most complex form, it has not been very instructive in understanding movement control. The bottom-up approach, possible in the oculomotor system, has paid off in providing glimpses, however dim, of how premotor circuits generate eye movements. The oculomotor system is a cartoon of motor control in the sense that a cartoon extracts the essence of a picture in just a few lines, avoiding unessential detail. In this regard, oculomotor studies may be expected to contribute to the understanding of motor control in general.

The effects of the "vestibular sedative" drug, Flunarizine upon the vestibular and oculomotor systems.

The effects of the "vestibular sedative" drug Flunarizine upon the oculomotor functions of pursuit and voluntary saccades and upon the vestibular response (to rotational stimuli) were assessed in twenty volunteer subjects. The study was then extended to three patients with chronic imbalance of central origin who had reported a beneficial symptomatic response to the drug. Three of the volunteer subjects were found to have a directional preponderance (presumed to arise from peripheral dysfunction). In the remaining seventeen normal subjects Flunarizine was found to reduce the amplitudes of fast phases of vestibular nystagmus. The directional preponderance in the other three subjects was redressed through production of fast phases which were of lower and more uniform amplitude. In the patients, in addition to a reduction in fast phase amplitude, there was a reduction or abolition of after nystagmus. In no case was any reduction in slow phase velocity observed. Pursuit and voluntary saccades were unaffected by the drug. It was concluded, on the basis that the fast phases of nystagmus are centrally generated, that Flunarizine has a central action rather than a depressant effect upon the vestibular end organ. In view of known oculomotor physiology and pharmacology it is proposed that vestibular sedatives act by depression of Type II vestibular neurons, and modification of the functional relationships between the vestibular nuclei, the perihypoglossal nuclei and the flocculus of the cerebellum. A trial of vestibular active drug is indicated particularly in patients in whom asymmetry of the vestibular response and/or abnormal after nystagmus is demonstrated.

A projection from nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis of Bechterew to the medial vestibular nucleus in rabbits.

This study documents a bilateral projection from nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) to the rostral aspect of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) in rabbits. Horseradish peroxidase injections in rostral MVN produced retrogradely labeled neurons in the caudal half of NRTP; caudal MVN injections produced negative results. This supports the hypothesis that NRTP relays visual input to the vestibular nuclei via an extracerebellar pathway (Precht and Strata 1980), and indicates the importance of examining the contributions of both direct and cerebellar-mediated visual pathways to oculomotor physiology.

Vestibular and oculomotor physiology: International meeting of the Barany Society. Edited by Bernard Cohen New York, The New York Academy of Sciences, 1981 902 pp, illustrated, $175.00

Vestibular and oculomotor physiology: International meeting of the Barany Society. Edited by Bernard Cohen New York, The New York Academy of Sciences, 1981 902 pp, illustrated, $175.00

Influence of labyrinthine hypoactivity on gross motor development of infants.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 374, Issue 1 p. 412-420 INFLUENCE OF LABYRINTHINE HYPOACTIVITY ON GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS Kimitaka Kaga, Kimitaka Kaga Department of Otolaryngology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo 173, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorJun-Ichi Suzuki, Jun-Ichi Suzuki Department of Otolaryngology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo 173, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorRoger R. Marsh, Roger R. Marsh Department of Otolaryngology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo 173, Japan Present affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104.Search for more papers by this authorYoshisato Tanaka, Yoshisato Tanaka Department of Otolaryngology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo 173, JapanSearch for more papers by this author Kimitaka Kaga, Kimitaka Kaga Department of Otolaryngology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo 173, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorJun-Ichi Suzuki, Jun-Ichi Suzuki Department of Otolaryngology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo 173, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorRoger R. Marsh, Roger R. Marsh Department of Otolaryngology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo 173, Japan Present affiliation: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104.Search for more papers by this authorYoshisato Tanaka, Yoshisato Tanaka Department of Otolaryngology Teikyo University School of Medicine Tokyo 173, JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb30887.xCitations: 63 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume374, Issue1Vestibular and Oculomotor Physiology: International Meeting of the Barany SocietyNovember 1981Pages 412-420 RelatedInformation

The "error" signals subserving adaptive gain control in the primate vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 374, Issue 1 p. 513-525 THE “ERROR” SIGNALS SUBSERVING ADAPTIVE GAIN CONTROL IN THE PRIMATE VESTIBULO-OCULAR REFLEX F. A. Miles, F. A. Miles Laboratory of Neurophysiology National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205Search for more papers by this authorS. G. Lisberger, S. G. Lisberger Laboratory of Neurophysiology National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205Search for more papers by this author F. A. Miles, F. A. Miles Laboratory of Neurophysiology National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205Search for more papers by this authorS. G. Lisberger, S. G. Lisberger Laboratory of Neurophysiology National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205Search for more papers by this author First published: November 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb30896.xCitations: 22AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume374, Issue1Vestibular and Oculomotor Physiology: International Meeting of the Barany SocietyNovember 1981Pages 513-525 RelatedInformation

Sigma-movement and sigma-nystagmus: a new tool to investigate the gaze-pursuit system and visual-movement perception in man and monkey.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 374, Issue 1 p. 284-302 SIGMA-MOVEMENT AND SIGMA-NYSTAGMUS: A NEW TOOL TO INVESTIGATE THE GAZE-PURSUIT SYSTEM AND VISUAL-MOVEMENT PERCEPTION IN MAN AND MONKEY* Birgit Adler, Birgit Adler Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this authorH. Collewijn, H. Collewijn Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of Germany Department of Physiology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.Search for more papers by this authorG. Curio, G. Curio Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this authorO.-J. Grüsser, Corresponding Author O.-J. Grüsser Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanyTo whom correspondence should be addressed.Search for more papers by this authorM. Pause, M. Pause Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this authorUrsula Schreiter, Ursula Schreiter Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this authorL. Weiss, L. Weiss Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this author Birgit Adler, Birgit Adler Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this authorH. Collewijn, H. Collewijn Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of Germany Department of Physiology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.Search for more papers by this authorG. Curio, G. Curio Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this authorO.-J. Grüsser, Corresponding Author O.-J. Grüsser Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanyTo whom correspondence should be addressed.Search for more papers by this authorM. Pause, M. Pause Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this authorUrsula Schreiter, Ursula Schreiter Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this authorL. Weiss, L. Weiss Department of Physiology Free University of Berlin 1 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb30877.xCitations: 13 * Supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Gr 161) and a Twinning Grant of the European Science Foundation-ETP Strassburg. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume374, Issue1Vestibular and Oculomotor Physiology: International Meeting of the Barany SocietyNovember 1981Pages 284-302 RelatedInformation

A hypothetical explanation for periodic alternating nystagmus: instability in the optokinetic-vestibular system.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 374, Issue 1 p. 619-635 A HYPOTHETICAL EXPLANATION FOR PERIODIC ALTERNATING NYSTAGMUS: INSTABILITY IN THE OPTOKINETIC-VESTIBULAR SYSTEM* R. John Leigh, R. John Leigh Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 21205Search for more papers by this authorDavid A. Robinson, David A. Robinson Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 21205Search for more papers by this authorDavid S. Zee, David S. Zee Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 21205Search for more papers by this author R. John Leigh, R. John Leigh Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 21205Search for more papers by this authorDavid A. Robinson, David A. Robinson Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 21205Search for more papers by this authorDavid S. Zee, David S. Zee Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 21205Search for more papers by this author First published: November 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb30906.xCitations: 103 * This research was supported by National Institutes of Health Research Grants EY05264 and AG00061 (Dr. Leigh), EY00598 (Dr. Robinson), EY01849 and NS11071 (Dr. Zee], and by a Core Center Grant (EY01765) to the Wilmer Institute. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume374, Issue1Vestibular and Oculomotor Physiology: International Meeting of the Barany SocietyNovember 1981Pages 619-635 RelatedInformation

Organization of the avian accessory optic system.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 374, Issue 1 p. 215-229 ORGANIZATION OF THE AVIAN ACCESSORY OPTIC SYSTEM* Nicholas C. Brecha, Nicholas C. Brecha Department of Neurobiology and Behavior State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11794Search for more papers by this authorH. J. Karten, H. J. Karten Department of Neurobiology and Behavior State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11794 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11794Search for more papers by this author Nicholas C. Brecha, Nicholas C. Brecha Department of Neurobiology and Behavior State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11794Search for more papers by this authorH. J. Karten, H. J. Karten Department of Neurobiology and Behavior State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11794 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences State University of New York Stony Brook, New York 11794Search for more papers by this author First published: November 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb30872.xCitations: 16 * Supported by National Institutes of Health Grants No. NS12078 and EY02146 to H.J.K. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume374, Issue1Vestibular and Oculomotor Physiology: International Meeting of the Barany SocietyNovember 1981Pages 215-229 RelatedInformation

Active head rotations and eye-head coordination.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 374, Issue 1 p. 540-559 ACTIVE HEAD ROTATIONS AND EYE-HEAD COORDINATION* Wolfgang H. Zangemeister, Wolfgang H. Zangemeister Departments of Physiological Optics, Neurology, and Bioengineering University of California Berkeley, California 94720 On leave from the University of Hamburg. Address correspondence to the Neurological University Clinic (UKE), University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, D-2000 Hamburg 20, Federal Republic of Germany. Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, F.R.G.Search for more papers by this authorLawrence Stark, Lawrence Stark Departments of Physiological Optics, Neurology, and Bioengineering University of California Berkeley, California 94720Search for more papers by this author Wolfgang H. Zangemeister, Wolfgang H. Zangemeister Departments of Physiological Optics, Neurology, and Bioengineering University of California Berkeley, California 94720 On leave from the University of Hamburg. Address correspondence to the Neurological University Clinic (UKE), University of Hamburg, Martinistr. 52, D-2000 Hamburg 20, Federal Republic of Germany. Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, F.R.G.Search for more papers by this authorLawrence Stark, Lawrence Stark Departments of Physiological Optics, Neurology, and Bioengineering University of California Berkeley, California 94720Search for more papers by this author First published: November 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb30899.xCitations: 52 * The authors are pleased to acknowledge support from the NCC 2-86 Cooperative Agreement, NASA-Ames Research Center. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume374, Issue1Vestibular and Oculomotor Physiology: International Meeting of the Barany SocietyNovember 1981Pages 540-559 RelatedInformation