Concentrations Of Octanol Research Articles

Effect of hydroxyl position in reagent molecule on coal dust dedusting

Using the high-speed motion acquisition system, we studied the adhesion ability and wetting ability of coal dust under the effect of four octanol solutions. The adhesion ability followed the order: 2-Octanol > 4-Octanol > 1-Octanol > 3-Octanol. The wrap angle of coal dust on the octanol surface exhibited an increasing trend with the rise in coal proportion of dust. The observed behavior was substantiated by the interaction force, ascertained through molecular dynamic simulations. The interaction force between coal dust and 3-Octanol was the smallest leading to the weakest adhesion ability by the 3-Octanol solution. The contact angle of octanol solution droplet at the coal dust surface under the same octanol concentration was investigated to follow the order: 2-Octanol > 4-Octanol > 1-Octanol > 3-Octanol. The wetting velocity decreased as the coal proportion of dust increased. The wetting ability followed the order: 2-Octanol < 4-Octanol < 1-Octanol < 3-Octanol. The surface energy of dust increased as the coal proportion decreased. The dedusting efficient under the effect of octanols depended on the difference in surface energy between the coal dust and the octanol solution. The greater the Δγ (difference between the surface energy of the dust and solution), the weaker the adhesion ability, and the stronger the wetting ability. The findings of our study can offer valuable insights for the development of dedusting reagent design.

Adsorption mechanism of HTAB-octanol mixture onto silica sensor by QCM-D and MD simulation

Adsorption of a mixture of cationic surfactant, Hexadecyl Trimetehyleammonium Bromide (HTAB) and octanol on silica surface has been studied at various surfactant and octanol concentrations by QCM-D (Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. In the QCM-D studies, frequency, and dissipation values with HTAB alone gradually and significantly increased from −2 to −18 Hz and 0.18 × 10−6 to 1.2 × 10−6, respectively. However, addition of octanol to HTAB was shown to achieve better adsorption properties due to the co-adsorption effect. The frequency values with increasing octanol concentrations at constant HTAB concentration of 5 × 10−4 M raised them to −10 to −20 Hz with the favorable help of hydrophobic forces. Dissipation values, on the other hand, were significantly improved in the presence of alcohol due to chain length contribution. In addition, increase in contact angle values with increasing octanol concentration at constant HTAB concentration supports the QCM-D results. Experimental studies were then corroborated by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to clarify morphological and structural properties of surfactant in the presence and absence of octanol. MD simulations demonstrated that interaction of HTAB with the silica surface is much more conducive due to the presence of octanol in the medium.

Expanding the Applicability Range of the Generator Column Technique to Measure the Octanol–Air Partition Ratio of Volatile Compounds

Bioaccumulation modeling has identified a lower limit of ∼5 for the log of the octanol–air partition ratio (log KOA) of chemicals that potentially bioaccumulate in air-breathing organisms. Because existing techniques are not well suited to this volatility range (vapor pressure between 1 and 1000 Pa), we adjusted the generator column method to allow for KOA determination of more volatile compounds. We reduced gas flow rates and experimental run times and examined the potential depletion of octanol within the generator column. By recording KOA values for hexachlorobenzene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene that agree with earlier measurements, we first confirmed our ability to obtain reliable data with the generator column technique. The log KOA values between 5 and 45 °C for 1,3-dichlorobenzene, trans-decalin, 2,6-dimethyldecane, 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene, hexylcyclohexane, tri-isopropyl phosphate, and tetradecene have been obtained with the technique. The lowest log10 KOA value measured was 4.69 for trans-decalin at 25 °C. Good agreement with predictions made with poly-parameter linear free energy relationships lends confidence to these data. Reducing gas flow rates and experimental run times are key to obtaining reliable KOA data when applying the generator column technique to volatile compounds. Depletion of the octanol concentration in the generator column did not notably affect the KOA obtained from the measurements.

Electrical Conductivity and Viscosity in Binary Organic Liquid Mixtures: Participation of Molecular Interactions and Nanodomains

The present work aims to shed light on recent literature reports suggesting that ionic species are implicated in the electrical conductivity of 1-octanol and its mixtures with hydrocarbons. Other workers have questioned this interpretation, and herein, based on new experimentation and with reference to various literature studies, we consider that molecular interactions are more likely to be responsible. To investigate this, we have studied mixtures of 1-octanol and either silicone oil (SO) or n-dodecane as nonpolar components, using dielectric (in particular electrical conductivity) and viscometric measurements. With reference to the literature, the self-association of alcohols is known to create microheterogeneity in the neat liquids and in mixtures with nonpolar, low dielectric constant liquids, and it has previously been considered to be responsible for the particular solvent properties of alcohols. The present results suggest that the electrical conductivity of alkane/alcohol systems may have similar origins, with percolating pathways formed from octanol-rich nanodomains comprising polar regions containing hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups and nonpolar regions dominated by alkyl chains. The percolation threshold found for dodecane/octanol mixtures, in which interactions between the component molecules are found from viscosity measurements to be repulsive, agrees well with results from experimental and theoretical studies of disordered arrangements of packed spheres, and moreover, it is consistent with other published alkane/alcohol results. On the other hand, the situation is more complex for SO/octanol mixtures, in which interactions between the two components are attractive, based on viscosity data, and in which the phase separation of SO occurs at high octanol concentrations. Overall, we have concluded that electrical conductivity in octanol (and potentially all liquid alcohols) and its mixtures with nonpolar molecules, such as alkanes, is consistent with the presence of conducting networks comprising octanol-rich nanodomains formed by self-association, and not as a result of ionic conduction.

Structure of the Cyclic, Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide (KKWWKF) in Octanol Solution: &lt;i&gt;in silico&lt;/i&gt; Approach

Understanding the mechanism of antimicrobial activity of cyclo-peptides helps to design new drugs based on these compounds. A common aspect of the mechanisms provided for the creation of antimicrobial activity of cyclo-peptides is their interaction with cell membranes. On the other hand, the octanol/water system is a good mimic of the water/membrane interface. Here, the conformational structure of the very short sequences cationic hexapeptide cyclo (Lys-Lys-Trp-Trp-Lys-Phe) has been studied in different concentrations of octanol by molecular dynamics simulation. The concentration of alcohol in the range of experimental concentrations of octanol was considered. The results obtained from calculating the radial distribution function show that the interaction of the peptide with octanol is a mixted of interactions between charged residues with octanol and the interaction of aromatic residues with octanol. These results are in agreement with experimental observations. Also, Lys5 plays a greater role than Lys1 and Lys2 in the interactions with octanol.

Effect of Surfactant Systems, Alcohol Types, and Salinity on Cold‐Water Detergency of Triacylglycerol Semisolid Soil. Part II

AbstractOur prior work found that detergency of coconut oil was relatively poor using C14‐15‐8PO‐SO4Na alone but showed promising improvement with the presence of linear intermediate‐chain alcohols (C7–C9 alcohols) in the surfactant formulation. The maximum detergency exceeded 90% removal using 0.1 w/v% C14‐15‐8PO‐SO4Na/0.2 w/v% 1‐octanol/4 w/v% NaCl (final optimized surfactant system) at 10 °C. The current work thus seeks to further investigate surfactant formulations capable of providing improved detergency performance. Different 50% linear anionic extended surfactant structures (LC14‐15‐8PO‐SO4Na, LC14‐15‐8PO‐3EO‐SO4Na, and LC14‐15‐8PO‐7EO‐SO4Na) were compared with the branched C14‐15‐8PO‐SO4Na previously studied. Detergency of coconut oil using C14‐15‐8PO‐SO4Na at 8 w/v% NaCl (S*) still performed more effectively than these new surfactant systems. The addition of octanol as a detergency additive was further studied, and it showed that S* reduced from 8 w/v% NaCl to 4 w/v% NaCl for 1‐octanol and to 2 w/v% NaCl for 2‐octanol and 2‐ethyl‐hexanol in the C14‐15‐8PO‐SO4Na surfactant formulation. Coconut oil removal significantly improved detergency from roughly 49% for no alcohol with 8 w/v% NaCl, to 83% for 2‐ethyl‐hexanol with 2 w/v% NaCl, to 95% for 1‐octanol with 4 w/v% NaCl, and to 98% for 2‐octanol with 2 w/v% NaCl. Further studies on octanol concentration showed that decreasing 1‐octanol from 1.2% (90 mM) to 0.2% (15.3 mM) and 2‐octanol from 1.2% (90 mM) to 0.5% (38.5 mM) still maintained detergency over 90% removal. In this work, cold‐water detergency was found to correlate with low interfacial tension above the melting point, improved wetting of the semisolid soil, and oil solubilization in surfactant micelles.

High-Throughput Simulations Reveal Membrane-Mediated Effects of Alcohols on MscL Gating.

The mechanosensitive channels of large conductance (MscL) are bacterial membrane proteins that serve as last resort emergency release valves in case of severe osmotic downshock. Sensing bilayer tension, MscL channels are sensitive to changes in the bilayer environment and are, therefore, an ideal test case for exploring membrane protein coupling. Here, we use high-throughput coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to characterize MscL gating kinetics in different bilayer environments under the influence of alcohols. We performed over five hundred simulations to obtain sufficient statistics to reveal the subtle effects of changes in the membrane environment on MscL gating. MscL opening times were found to increase with the addition of the straight-chain alcohols ethanol, octanol, and to some extent dodecanol but not with hexadecanol. Increasing concentration of octanol increased the impeding effect, but only up to 10–20 mol %. Our in silico predictions were experimentally confirmed using reconstituted MscL in a liposomal fluorescent efflux assay. Our combined data reveal that the effect of alcohols on MscL gating arises not through specific binding sites but through a combination of the alcohol-induced changes to a number of bilayer properties and their alteration of the MscL–bilayer interface. Our work provides a key example of how extensive molecular simulations can be used to predict the functional modification of membrane proteins by subtle changes in their bilayer environment.

Effect of Cosurfactants on the Interfacial Hydration of CTAB Quaternary Reverse Micelle Probed Using Excited State Proton Transfer.

It has been proven previously that the negatively charged photoacid 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) resides at the interface of the cationic reverse micelle (RM) cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/octanol/water/cyclohexane and is a potential reporter of hydration through the excited state proton transfer (ESPT) process. However, the ESPT dynamics monitored by the pump-probe study was limited to the ultrafast timescale and hence did not report any discernible ESPT signature. Herein, we reinvestigate the ESPT behavior using fluorescence spectroscopy in the nanosecond timescale and at different values of w0 (=[water]/[surfactant]). We clearly observed distinct w0-dependent ESPT signatures analogous to conventional ternary cationic RMs implying considerable interfacial hydration. The results agree with a recent molecular simulation study, where significant penetration of water molecules into the interface was predicted for the CTAB quaternary RM. Moreover, we also found that the ESPT dynamics and the fluorescence anisotropy decay of HPTS depend differentially on the octanol/CTAB ratio (p0). The ESPT process was found to be disfavored, whereas the anisotropy decay accelerates upon the increase in p0 values. Our analysis indicates that with the increase in the octanol concentration, dehydrated regions enrich gradually at the interface. However, the increase in octanol concentration may reduce the effective electrostatic potential experienced by the probe and thus may result in faster rotational relaxation.

Ionic liquid nanostructure enables alcohol self assembly.

Weakly structured solutions are formed from mixtures of one or more amphiphiles and a polar solvent (usually water), and often contain additional organic components. They contain solvophobic aggregates or association structures with incomplete segregation of components, which leads to a poorly defined interfacial region and significant contact between the solvent and aggregated hydrocarbon groups. The length scales, polydispersity, complexity and ill-defined structures in weakly structured solutions makes them difficult to probe experimentally, and obscures understanding of their formation and stability. In this work we probe the nanostructure of homogenous binary mixtures of the ionic liquid (IL) propylammonium nitrate (PAN) and octanol as a function of composition using neutron diffraction and atomistic empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) fits. These experiments reveal why octanol forms weakly structured aggregates in PAN but not in water, the mechanism by which PAN stabilises the octanol assemblies, and how the aggregate morphologies evolve with octanol concentration. This new understanding provides insight into the general stabilisation mechanisms and structural features of weakly structured mixtures, and reveals new pathways for identifying molecular or ionic liquids that are likely to facilitate aggregation of non-traditional amphiphiles.

Cloud point-TiO2/sepiolite composites extraction for simultaneous preconcentration and determination of nickel in green tea and coconut water

In this work, cloud point-TiO2/sepiolite composites–octyl alcohol extraction combined with UV–vis spectrometry was applied to analyze nickel in real samples. Trace nickel was separated and preconcentrated with PAN as chelating agent, and TiO2/sepiolite composites—octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (TX-114)—octyl alcohol as extraction agent. Factors influencing extraction efficiency, such as concentrations of TX-114 and octanol, type of the desorption on the extraction system, concentration of chelating agent, pH, incubation temperature, incubation time and conditions of phase separation were investigated and optimized systematically. The results showed that TiO2/sepiolite composites exert significant effects on the extraction efficiency; especially nickel concentration is very low. Under the optimal conditions, the absorbance signal is linear with nickel concentration in the range of 0.02–3 mg L−1 and the detection limit was 5 μg L−1. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of nickel in natural products of Baisha green tea and coconut water in Hainan.

Lipid diffusion in alcoholic environment.

We have studied the effects of a high concentration of butanol and octanol on the phase behavior and on the lateral mobility of 1,2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) by means of differential scanning calorimetry and pulsed-gradient stimulated-echo (PGSTE) NMR spectroscopy. A lowering of the lipid transition from the gel to the liquid-crystalline state for the membrane-alcohol systems has been observed. NMR measurements reveal three distinct diffusions in the DPPC-alcohol systems, characterized by a high, intermediate, and slow diffusivity, ascribed to the water, the alcohol, and the lipid, respectively. The lipid diffusion process is promoted in the liquid phase while it is hindered in the interdigitated phase due to the presence of alcohols. Furthermore, in the interdigitated phase, lipid lateral diffusion coefficients show a slight temperature dependence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that lateral diffusion coefficients on alcohol with so a long chain, and at low temperatures, are reported. By the Arrhenius plots of the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients, we have evaluated the apparent activation energy in both the liquid and in the interdigitated phase. The presence of alcohol increases this value in both phases. An explanation in terms of a free volume model that takes into account also for energy factors is proposed.

Specific ion adsorption on alkyl carboxylate surfactant layers

Mixtures of dodecyl carboxylate, CsOH, RbOH and octanol in D2O were investigated to determine the relative ion specificity of Cs+ and Rb+ in their interactions with dodecyl carboxylate in a liquid crystalline phase. Octanol as cosurfactant was necessary to obtain the lamellar liquid crystalline phase. The technique used was the measurement of the NMR quadrupole splitting of 137Cs and 87Rb. The ratio of Rb to Cs was varied as well as the concentration of surfactant and octanol, whereas the ratio of surfactant to octanol was kept constant at 1:3. It turned out that there is no significant difference between both ions in their affinity towards carboxylate head groups.

Immobilisation procedure and reaction conditions for optimal performance of Candida antarctica lipase B in transesterification and hydrolysis

The reaction kinetics of Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) in the commercially available preparation Novozym® 435 (N435) were compared to those of preparations of CalB immobilised on Accurel® MP1000 (porous polypropylene). Two polypropylene preparations were made using enzyme loadings of 0.2% and 2% (w/w). All three preparations were used in hydrolysis as well as transesterification of two substrates, ethyl acrylate and ethyl methacrylate with octanol. Reactions carried out at water activity levels from 0.06 to 0.96 and at octanol concentrations between 25 and 500 mM showed that both water and octanol can inhibit CalB. Pronounced mass transfer limitations were also observed, which were more pronounced for N435 than for the two MP1000 preparations. The MP1000 preparations could thus use the lipase more efficiently in these reactions, achieving a specific activity (per g enzyme) between 5 and 20 times that of N435. To achieve high rates in the transesterification reaction, it is recommended to use low water activity and moderate alcohol concentration. In order to carry out a hydrolysis reaction, an intermediate water activity should be used to balance the effects of water as a limiting substrate and as a competitive inhibitor.

Preformulation and formulation of newly synthesized QNT3-18 for development of a skin whitening agent

New molecules having the structure of (E)-2-(4-tert-butylbenzylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamide (QNT3-18) or 4-tert-butylphenylthiourea (QNT3-20) was synthesized and presupposed to inhibit melanogenesis through the inhibition of tyrosinase, which is involved in melanin formation. Therefore, we seek to develop these new molecules as skin whitening agents in topical formulations based on preformulation studies. QNT3-18 or QNT3-20 showed a strong single endothermic peak at 159.34°C with 10.79 μm-sized or at 150.69°C with 9.0 μm-sized aggregated particles, respectively. Both QNT3-18 and QNT3-20 did not show cytotoxicity at effective concentration range (0.4 µM) against keratinocyte cells and QNT3-18 was more retained than QNT3-20 in the skin instead of permeating through the skin. QNT3-18 or QNT3-20 was practically insoluble in water; the aqueous solubility was 3.8 ± 0.37 or 130.6 ± 2.52 μg/mL, respectively. Also, the partition coefficient value (log P) corresponding to the quotient between aqueous and octanol concentration of the molecule was 3.9 or 2.6, respectively. The skin retention amount of QNT3-18 was 1.7-fold higher than that of QNT3-20. When the optimal SLN cream (J3 formulation) containing 4 μM QNT3-18 was applied on the backs of hairless rats for 4 days after UV irradiation for 7 days and the skin color was checked by reflectance spectrophotometer, the rat skin treated with SLN cream with QNT3-18 quickly recovered to normal compared to skin treated with SLN cream without QNT3-18. Taken together, this study suggests that topical formulations such as creams including SLNs with QNT3-18 might be appropriate carriers for skin whitening agents.

Design of rapidly synergistic cloud point extraction of ultra-trace lead combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination

In this work, traditional cloud point extraction (CPE) pattern was changed and improved by the proposed rapidly synergistic CPE. Using octanol as cloud point revulsant and synergic reagent, non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114) accomplished room temperature extraction rapidly without heating in water bath. The improved extraction was named as rapidly synergistic cloud point extraction (RS-CPE). Compared with traditional CPE, RS-CPE was accomplished in 1min with considerably high extraction efficiency. The improved CPE pattern was coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for the extraction and detection of trace lead in real and certified water samples with satisfactory analytical results. The proposed method greatly improved the sensitivity of FAAS for the determination of lead. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) for lead was 4.3μg/L, with enhancement factor (EF) of 39. Factors influencing RS-CPE efficiency, such as concentrations of surfactant TX-114 and octanol, concentration of chelating agent, pH, conditions of phase separation, environmental temperature, salt effect and instrumental conditions, were studied systematically.

Investigation of analytical performance for rapidly synergistic cloud point extraction of trace amounts of copper combined with spectrophotometric determination

In this work, an improved preconcentration method named as rapidly synergistic cloud point extraction (RS-CPE) was established for copper preconcentration and determination. Non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100) was used as extractant. Octanol worked as cloud point revulsant and synergic reagent, which successfully decreased the cloud point temperature (CPT) of TX-100 to realize the room temperature (about 20 °C) CPE without heating. The established RS-CPE pretreatment was simple, rapid and effective. Compared with traditional CPE (about 40 min for heating, incubation and cooling), the extraction time of the proposed method was very short (1 min). The improved extraction technique RS-CPE was combined with traditional spectrophotometer to improve the analytical performance and expand the application of spectrophotometric determination. The influence factors relevant to RS-CPE, such as concentrations of TX-100 and octanol, concentration of chelating agent, pH, conditions of phase separation, salt effect, environmental temperature and instrumental conditions, were studied in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) for copper was 0.4 μg L −1, with sensitivity enhancement factor (EF) of 18. The proposed method was applied to the determination of trace copper in real samples and certified samples with satisfactory analytical results.

Influence of water surface properties on the heterogeneous reaction between O3(g) and I(aq)−

The production of molecular iodine via the interfacial reaction between aqueous iodide and gas-phase ozone in the presence of octanol films was studied as a function of reactant and octanol concentrations using absorption spectroscopy. The total production of iodine displayed a Langmuir–Hinshelwood dependence on the concentrations of bulk aqueous iodide and gas-phase ozone, in agreement with earlier studies. The amount of iodine released into the gas phase relative to that remaining in solution depended on the concentrations of iodide and octanol. The amount of gas-phase I2 was smaller for higher iodide concentrations, while the amount remaining in solution increased. The total amount of I2 product increased somewhat on octanol-coated surfaces. However, the more striking result is that the release of I2 into the gas phase was diminished by ∼50%, and the amount retained in solution increased correspondingly in the presence of an octanol monolayer.

Octanol-Triggered Self-Assemblies of the CTAB/KBr System: A Microstructural Study

A micelle-vesicle transition induced by n-octanol C(8)OH was observed in an aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/potassium bromide (KBr) system. This transition was investigated by viscosity, rheology, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and direct imaging technique, cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Viscometry shows that the system underwent several morphological transitions with the increase in concentration of C(8)OH (regions I-IV). At low octanol concentration (region I), DLS analysis showed an increase in the apparent hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles with the addition of C(8)OH which was supported by cryo-TEM and rheology. With further addition of C(8)OH, transition of the elongated micelles occurred to a viscoelastic fluid comprising entangled wormlike micelles (region II), for which rheological data can be described by the Maxwell model. Further, the wormlike micelles transform to vesicles at [C(8)OH] ≈ 0.020 M (region III). This transition and the consequent changes in the fluid response can be explained in terms of vesicle formation caused by further addition of C(8)OH. Beyond this concentration (region IV), vesicles are the predominant microstructures in the system which shows unusual temperature response.

The C. elegans D2-like dopamine receptor DOP-3 decreases behavioral sensitivity to the olfactory stimulus 1-octanol.

We previously found that dopamine signaling modulates the sensitivity of wild-type C. elegans to the aversive odorant 1-octanol. C. elegans lacking the CAT-2 tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme, which is required for dopamine biosynthesis, are hypersensitive in their behavioral avoidance of dilute concentrations of octanol. Dopamine can also modulate the context-dependent response of C. elegans lacking RGS-3 function, a negative regulator of Gα signaling. rgs-3 mutant animals are defective in their avoidance of 100% octanol when they are assayed in the absence of food (E. coli bacterial lawn), but their response is restored when they are assayed in the presence of food or exogenous dopamine. However, it is not known which receptor might be mediating dopamine's effects on octanol avoidance. Herein we describe a role for the C. elegans D2-like receptor DOP-3 in the regulation of olfactory sensitivity. We show that DOP-3 is required for the ability of food and exogenous dopamine to rescue the octanol avoidance defect of rgs-3 mutant animals. In addition, otherwise wild-type animals lacking DOP-3 function are hypersensitive to dilute octanol, reminiscent of cat-2 mutants. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DOP-3 function in the ASH sensory neurons is sufficient to rescue the hypersensitivity of dop-3 mutant animals, while dop-3 RNAi knockdown in ASH results in octanol hypersensitivity. Taken together, our data suggest that dopaminergic signaling through DOP-3 normally acts to dampen ASH signaling and behavioral sensitivity to octanol.

Liquid-liquid extraction technique for purification of Egyptian WET process phosphoric acid

High grade phosphoric acid can be obtained using liquid-liquid extraction technique. Different organic solvents were investigated, separately or in mixture, viz. butanol, hexanol, octanol and a mixture of tributylphosphate plus butanol. Among these solvents, n-octanol proved to be the most efficient and selective. The effects of organic solvent concentration, organic/aqueous (O/A) phase ratio, temperature, shaking time and phosphoric acid concentration on P2O5 extraction were studied. The temperature has a slight positive effect and the extraction was enhanced by increasing P2O5 and octanol concentrations and with the increase of organic/aqueous phase ratio. The McCabe Thiele extraction equilibrium curve showed that an overall extraction yield of more than 80% could be reached over three stages from aqueous solutions. Scrubbing and stripping were also investigated. Scrubbing of the loaded organic acid was done using pure phosphoric acid while stripping of H3PO4 was successfully performed using doubly di stilled water (DDW). For 9.2 M H3PO4, 99.90% of iron, 97.99% of fluoride and 99.99% of manganese were removed whereas complete removal of copper, cadmium and zinc was attained.