OCT Groups Research Articles

Efficacy of adjunctive octenidine hydrochloride as compared to chlorhexidine and placebo as adjuncts to instrumentation in stage I-II periodontitis: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial.

This randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of octenidine hydrochloride and chlorhexidine mouthwashes as adjuncts to instrumentation in stage I-II periodontitis patients. Forty-five patients with mild-to-moderate periodontitis were randomly allocated to three groups: 0.1% octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT), placebo, and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwashes. Patients were instructed to use the mouthwash after instrumentation for twice a day up to 3 weeks. Periodontal parameters such as probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), O'Leary plaque index (PI), Loe and Silness gingival index (GI), Lobene stain index (SI), and oral soft tissue changes were recorded at baseline and once every week for 3 weeks. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was also recorded as a self-administered questionnaire at the end of the study. The one-way ANOVA was used to compare VAS scores between the groups. The repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc Newman-Keuls tests were used to assess the differences in the periodontal parameters between groups at different time intervals. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the mean SI. There was a significant reduction in the mean GI of the OCT and CHX groups compared to placebo (p < 0.05). OCT usage resulted in significantly less staining, according to mean SI, when compared to CHX. Furthermore, VAS scores revealed that OCT was significantly the preferred mouthwash (p < 0.01). Adjunctive octenidine hydrochloride may be an alternative to chlorhexidine in its ability to control the periodontal parameters in patients with stage I-II periodontitis. Further larger studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

Pantoprazole-Induced Bone Loss through Gastrin Secretion: A Stereological Study.

Recent researches have failed to uncover a clear explanation for proton pump inhibitors' bone-loss effects. In light of pantoprazole's effects on gastrin secretion, the goal of this study was to see if it caused bone loss through gastrin secretion. Forty male rats were divided into control, octreotide (Oct), pantoprazole (Pan), and pantoprazole plus octreotide (Pan+Oct) groups. Serum calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and gastrin were measured before and three months after the treatment, and bone densitometry was examined. The rats' femoral bones were examined stereologically at the end of the investigation. The Pan group had considerably greater levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and gastrin, but this was prevented in the presence of Oct, a gastrin secretion inhibitor. All parameters of femoral bone densitometry in the Pan group were significantly lower than the control after treatment which was considerably inhibited in the presence of Oct. Furthermore, when compared to the control and Oct groups, the rats in the Pan group had a lower trabecular volume, femur bone weight, and volume, as well lower number of osteocytes. The amount of osteoclasts, on the other hand, was much higher in the Pan group than in the other groups. Overall findings revealed that pantoprazole caused bone loss, which could be prevented by adding octreotide. Because these detrimental effects were not detected in rats given both Oct and Pan, it was suggested that the effect of Pan on bone was produced by a hypergastrinemic condition.

ADDITIVE DAMAGE IN THE CONTRACTILITY OF INTRAMURAL CORONARY ARTERIOLES IN A RAT MODEL OF ANDROPAUSAL HYPERTENSION

Objective: Hypertension accelerates vascular aging, and changes associated with vascular aging play a role in hypertension. Andropause also contributes to age – related vascular damage and increases cardiovascular risk. Our aim is to investigate the combined effect of hypertension and androgen deficiency on the contractility of intramural coronary resistance arteries. Design and method: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed into 4 groups: control (Co, n = 10); orchidectomized (OCT, n = 13), angiotensin II infused (AII, n = 10) and AII infused plus orchidectomized (AII+OCT, n = 8). Early hypertension was established using osmotic minipumps containing angiotensin II (100 ng / min / kg), while testosterone deficiency achieved via orchidectomy. After 4 weeks, spontaneous, thromboxane- and bradykinin-induced tones of intramural coronary resistance arterioles were investigated by in vitro pressure microarteriography. Results: Inner radius was reduced in the AII+OCT group compared to all other groups. Spontaneous tone was significantly higher in AII and AII+OCT groups than in Co and OCT groups. U46619-induced vasoconstriction was significantly smaller in OCT and AII+OCT groups compared to Co and AII rats. Bradykinin-induced relaxation was also significantly reduced in orchidectomized rats (OCT and AII+OCT groups) to a greater extent than in Co and AII animals. Conclusions: Spontaneous vascular tone is increased in AII hypertension. As a result of orchidectomy, adaptation range of the blood vessels narrows both regarding vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Therefore, the reactivity of the coronary arterioles deteriorates due to testosterone deficiency. In case of parallel manifestation of hypertension and testosterone deficiency, these two effects add up, which may increase age-related cardiovascular risk significantly in men.

Effects of Testosterone Deficiency and Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension on the Biomechanics of Intramural Coronary Arteries

BackgroundAndropause and hypertension also increase the risk of coronary artery damage. AimTo investigate the effect of testosterone deficiency and hypertension on intramural coronary vessels. Methods4 groups of 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were studied: control male (Co, n=10), orchidectomized male (OCT, n=13), angiotensin (AII) hypertensive male (AII, n=10), and AII hypertensive and OCT (AII + OCT, n=8). Surgical orchidectomy was performed, and an osmotic minipump was inserted for chronic angiotensin II infusion (100 ng/min/kg). After 4 weeks, spontaneous tone and biomechanical properties of the intramural coronary resistance artery were investigated in vitro, by pressure microarteriography. OutcomesMorphology and biomechanics of the intramural coronaries were evaluated: the outer diameter, wall thickness–to–lumen diameter ratio, and tangential wall stress in the contracted and relaxed states. ResultsThe outer diameter was reduced in OCT and AII + OCT groups (on 50 mmHg 315 ± 20 Co; 237 ± 21 OCT; 291 ± 16 AII, and 166 ± 12 μm AII + OCT). The increased wall thickness–to–lumen diameter ratio resulted in lower tangential wall stress in AII + OCT rats (on 50 mmHg 19 ± 2 Co; 24 ± OCT; 26 ± 5 AII, and 9 ± 1 kPa AII + OCT). Spontaneous tone was increased in the hypertensive rats (AII and AII + OCT groups) (on 50 mmHg 7.7 ± 1.8 Co; 6.1 ± 1.4 OCT; 14.5 ± 3.0 AII, and 17.4 ± 4.1 % AII + OCT). Clinical ImplicationsAndropause alone can be considered as a cardiovascular risk factor that will further exacerbate vascular damage in hypertension. Strengths & LimitationsA limitation of our study is that it was performed on relatively young rats, and the conclusions might not apply to coronary remodelling in older animals with slower adaptation processes. ConclusionsTestosterone deficiency and hypertension damage the mechanical adaptation of the vessel wall additively: double noxa caused inward eutrophic remodeling and increased tone.Jósvai A, Török M, Mátrai M, et al. Effects of Testosterone Deficiency and Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension on the Biomechanics of Intramural Coronary Arteries. J Sex Med 2020;17:2322–2330.

Effects of octenidine applied alone or mixed with sodium hypochlorite on eukaryotic cells.

To assess the effects of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) on eukaryotic cells and the cytotoxicity of OCT associated with sodium hypochlorite - NaOCl (NaOCl/OCT). L929 fibroblasts and human osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) were exposed to 0.1% OCT, 2% CHX, 2.5% NaOCl, 5.25% NaOCl and mixtures of 5.25% NaOCl and 0.1% OCT (NaOCl/OCT) at 90:10, 80:20 and 50:50 ratios. Cell viability was assessed by methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays; type of cell death, by flow cytometry; cytoskeleton, by actin and α-tubulin fluorescence; and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, by thymolphthalein release. The data were analysed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α=0.05). MTT and NR assays revealed that 0.1% OCT had the lowest cytotoxicity (P<0.05), followed by 2% CHX (P<0.05). The 2.5% NaOCl, NaOCl/OCT 80:20 and NaOCl/OCT 50:50 solutions had intermediate cytotoxicity. NaOCl 5.25% and NaOCl/OCT 90:10 had the highest cytotoxicity (P<0.05). The OCT group had a higher percentage of viable cells than the NaOCl and CHX groups (P<0.05), and induced apoptosis at higher doses. The cytoskeleton alterations were observed at 0.12%, 0.6% and 2.02% for the NaOCl, CHX and OCT groups, respectively. The solutions did not induce ALP activity. Octenidine dihydrochloride was less cytotoxic, induced apoptosis at higher doses, caused few changes in the cytoskeleton and did not induce alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, octenidine dihydrochloride reduced the cytotoxicity of 5.25% NaOCl when combined at 20 and 50%.

Impact of different concentrations of an octenidine dihydrochloride mouthwash on salivary bacterial counts: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial

This bi-centric, placebo-controlled, randomized, evaluator-blinded, incomplete cross-over clinical phase II trial was initialized to identify the most appropriate concentration of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) in mouth rinses. Rinses of 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20% OCT were compared to a saline placebo rinse regarding the reduction of salivary bacterial counts (SBCs) in 90 gingivitis patients over 4days. Changes in plaque (PI) and gingival index (GI), taste perception, and safety issues were evaluated. At baseline, the first OCT (0.10, 0.15, 0.20%) rinse resulted in a decrease of SBC (reduction by 3.63-5.44 log10 colony forming units [CFU]) compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Differences between OCT concentrations were not verified. After 4days, the last OCT rinse again resulted in a significant SBC decrease (3.69-4.22 log10 CFU) compared to placebo (p < 0.001). Overall, SBC reduction between baseline and day 4 was significantly higher in OCT 0.15 and 0.20% groups compared to OCT 0.10% and placebo. Mean GI/PIs were significantly lower in OCT groups than in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Differences in GI/PI between OCT groups were not verified. Adverse effects increased with increasing OCT concentrations. Considering antibacterial efficacy, frequency of adverse events, and user acceptance, 0.10% OCT was identified as the preferred concentration to be used in future clinical trials. Due to its low toxicity and pronounced antibacterial properties, octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) is a promising candidate for the use in antiseptic mouth rinses. OCT concentrations of 0.10% are recommended for future clinical trials evaluating the plaque-reducing properties of OCT mouth rinses. ( www.clinicaltrials.gov , NCT022138552).

Cleaning capacity of octenidine as root canal irrigant: A scanning electron microscopy study.

The aim of this study was to assess the cleaning capacity of the octenidine hydrochloride (OCT) used as root canal irrigant by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Sixty human unirradicular extracted teeth were randomly distributed in 6 groups (n = 10) according to irrigant solutions which were used during root canal preparation: G1, 0.1% OCT; G2, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX); G3, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); G4, OCT + 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); G5, 2.5% NaOCl + 17% EDTA and G6, distilled water. All specimens were instrumented with ProTaper system up to F4. Teeth were sectioned and prepared for SEM. The smear layer was evaluated using a 5-score system and the data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn (α = 0.05). In all root canal thirds there was no significant difference between OCT, CHX, NaOCl, and water groups (p > .05), and these groups showed higher smear layer values than NaOCl + EDTA and OCT + EDTA groups (p < .05). There was no significant difference between NaOCl + EDTA and OCT + EDTA groups (p > .05). It was concluded that OCT used as a single root canal irrigant presented poor cleaning capacity and could be used in association with a final irrigation with EDTA to obtain smear layer removal.

Balancing intermolecular interactions by variation of pendent alkyl chains for high performance organic photovoltaics

Understanding the role of appended alkyl side chains is a key issue to enhance photovoltaic performance because the side chains control molecular solubility, film crystallinity, and morphology. For this purpose, we synthesized three new planar aromatic backbone molecules (Eh-Hex, Eh-Eh and Oct-Eh), where the appended alkyl side chains on the aromatic core unit were either 2-ethylhexyl (Eh) or n-octyl (Oct) and those on the side ends were either Eh or hexyl (Hex). Characterization of the molecular films revealed that all of the molecules were crystalline with mainly edge-on orientation, while the Eh-Hex and Eh-Eh molecules having Eh groups on the core units manifested higher crystallinity than the molecule (Oct-Eh) having Oct groups on the core units. Of the small molecule:PC71BM blend films, only the Eh-Hex case exhibited both good intermolecular packing and uniformly distributed nanoscopic networks of molecular channels, maintaining extensive interfacial contacts between the Eh-Hex and PC71BM domains. On the other hand, the Eh-Eh molecules showed poor miscibility with PC71BM, and the Oct-Eh molecules displayed excessive miscibility with PC71BM. These morphological differences resulted in significant differences in the photovoltaic performance of the devices using small molecule:PC71BM blend films. Inverted-type photovoltaic devices fabricated using the Eh-Hex:PC71BM blend had the highest power conversion efficiency among the three molecule-based devices. Overall, this work demonstrated that both the type of alkyl side chain and its position are crucial factors controlling the balance of interactions between small molecules and PC71BM molecules, which can significantly alter blend morphology and photovoltaic performance.

Antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine-cetrimide combination, Salvia officinalis plant extract and octenidine in comparison with conventional endodontic irrigants.

The aim of the present study was to compare the antimicrobial effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), a CHX/cetrimide solution (CHX+CTR), octenidine hydrochloride (OCT) and Salvia officinalis plant extract against Enterococcus faecalis. Seventy decoronated single-rooted human teeth were infected and divided into 6 test (n=10) and 2 control groups (n=5) (negative, sterile samples and positive, infected samples). Following irrigants were then applied to test groups: 2.5% NaOCl, 5.25% NaOCl, CHX, CHX+CTR, S. officinalis extract and OCT. The dentin chips were obtained from inner root canal walls and analyzed by counting the number of colony forming units (CFU). The 2.5% NaOCl, 5.25% NaOCl, CHX and OCT groups presented no bacterial growth (CFU=0). S. officinalis and CHX+CTR groups reduced the number of E. faecalis cells but could not eliminate all. OCT may have potential as an endodontic irrigant in treatment of infected root canals.

Active vitamin D analogs, maxacalcitol and alfacalcidol, as maintenance therapy for mild secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients – a randomized study

The present randomized study was designed to compare the efficacy between two active vitamin D analogs, alfacalcidol (ACD) and maxacalcitol (OCT), for the management of mild secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in dialysis patients. SHPT in all 32 patients analyzed in the study was initially treated with OCT. Once patients' intact PTH levels decreased to the target range of 150 - 180 pg/mL, they were randomized either to switch to ACD at 0.5 μg/day (n = 14), or to remain on an effectively unchanged dose of OCT (n = 13). Phosphate, calcium, and intact PTH levels were measured every 2 weeks for 12 weeks and vitamin D doses were changed according to target ranges of phosphate (3.5 - 6.0 mg/dL), calcium (albuminadjusted calcium: 8.4 - 10.0 mg/dL), and intact parathyroid hormone (60 - 180 pg/mL). Achievement rates of the target ranges of the parameters were estimated. Baseline calcium levels in the OCT group were significantly higher than in the ACD group. Changes in achievement rates of target ranges of intact PTH and calcium during the study did not differ significantly between the vitamin D drugs. Changes in calcium levels in the OCT and ACD groups were similar during the study. Achievement rates of the target range of phosphate in both groups were also similar until 8 weeks, although the rate in the OCT group declined at 10 weeks. The efficacy and safety of OCT for the treatment of mild SHPT are similar to those of ACD in hemodialysis patients.

The Effect of Octreotide on Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in a Rabbit Model

BackgroundHepatic ischemic-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following liver surgery. Octreotide (Oct) has been reported to improve hepatocellular energy metabolism in a rat HIRI model. This study was designed to evaluate whether Oct could protect the liver of rabbits against ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury. MethodsTwenty-four adult New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into a sham operated group (Control), an ischemia/reperfusion group (I/R), and an ischemia/reperfusion + Oct pretreatment group (I/R + Oct). The hemodynamic (mean arterial pressure [MAP] and heart rate [HR]) changes, liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) release, inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]α and interleukin [IL]-1β) levels, and endotoxin (ETX) levels were measured during I/R. ResultsCompared with the Control group, the MAP decreased and HR increased in I/R and I/R + Oct groups at ischemia 15 minutes (P < .05) but were less in the I/R + Oct group relative to the I/R group (P < .05). ALT, AST, LDH, IL-1β, and ETX levels were increased in the I/R and I/R + Oct groups at ischemia 30 minutes (P < .05), however, the increase was lower in the I/R + Oct group relative to the I/R group (P < .05). Bcl-2 expression in the I/R + Oct group was higher compared with other groups (P < .05) and Bax expression in the I/R group was reduced compared with other groups (P < .05). Hepatocellular damage in the I/R + Oct group appeared to be less than in the I/R group by microscopy. ConclusionsOct pretreatment attenuated hemodynamic changes and decreased liver enzyme changes induced by HIRI in a rabbit model. The protection mechanisms of Oct may be related to reduced ETX levels, down-regulation of the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β, and inhibition of hepatocellular apoptosis, as well as the modulation of the mitochondrion-mediated Bcl-2/Bax apoptosis pathway. Based on our study it appears that Oct may be useful in decreasing liver injury after liver surgery and/or transplantation and may serve as a promising agent against HIRI.

Comparison of octreotide LAR and lanreotide autogel as post-operative medical treatment in acromegaly

Long-acting somatostatin analogs are frequently used as adjuvant treatment of acromegaly patients after noncurative surgery. This sudy aims to compare the efficacy of octreotide long-acting release (OCT) and lanreotide Autogel (LAN) in acromegaly patients. Sixty-eight patients not cured by transsphenoidal endoscopic or microscopic pituitary surgery between 2003 and 2009 were retrospectively analyzed (25 men; 43 women; mean age 41.1 ± 10.9 years [range 18–65 years]). The patients were assigned randomly to OCT (n = 36) and LAN (n = 32) groups. Evaluations included insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and growth hormone (GH) after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after starting medical treatment; pituitary magnetic resonance imaging was performed before treatment and after 3 and 12 months. Patients achieving IGF-I levels within the age and gender normal range and GH level <1 μg/l following OGTT were considered a ‘biochemical cure’. Mean IGF-I and GH values and tumor volumes (cm3) in the LAN and OCT groups were similar in the post-operative period before initiation of medical treatment. A statistically significant decrease in GH and IGF-I levels was obtained for both treatment groups at each follow-up visit compared to the previous value. Tumor shrinkage after 12 months of treatment was statistically significant in both groups but the percentage tumor shrinkage (28.5% vs. 34.9%, P = 0.166) and rate of patients achieving biochemical cure (63.9 and 78.1%, P = 0.454) were similar between OCT and LAN groups, respectively. OCT and LAN treatment options have similar efficacy for ensuring biochemical cure and tumor shrinkage in acromegaly patients who had noncurative surgery.

Avoidance of direct injury to the peripheral nerve with maxacalcitol (22oxa-1,25(OH)2D3) in rats.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is one of the most common complications in patients with long-term end-stage renal disease. A recent report has stated that high doses of vitamin D derivatives injected directly into the parathyroid glands can reduce serum parathyroid hormone levels and suppress further enlargement of the parathyroid glands without side-effects. Maxacalcitol (22oxa-1,25(OH)(2)D(3); OCT) is a new vitamin D derivative that can be administered intravenously, and is available in Japan. Direct injection of OCT into enlarged parathyroid glands is a promising new treatment for moderate renal hyperparathyroidism. It is considered to be safe for surrounding tissues, such as peripheral nerves, but the actual effects of OCT on nerves have not yet been documented. We measured nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in 24 rat femoral nerves soaked in saline, ethanol, or OCT at various concentrations. Nerves from each group (saline, ethanol, OCT groups) were also examined by microscopy. The mean NCV of rat femoral nerves was 33.67 +/- 1.39 m/s in the saline group. In the OCT group, the velocities were not changed at any of the concentrations tested, and there were no significant differences in NCVs between the saline and OCT groups. In the 50% ethanol group, the velocity decreased significantly to 8.98 +/- 4.78 m/s (P < 0.01). A histological study demonstrated the nerves soaked in OCT at 10 microg/mL to essentially be intact, while those soaked in anhydrous ethanol were damaged. This study demonstrated that OCT administration does not affect peripheral NCV, indicating that OCT could possibly be used for the treatment of moderate renal hyperparathyroidism safely without nerve damage.

IUGR seen in normal birth weight infants : Daikoku N, Johnson J, Graf C, et al.: Patterns of intrauterine growth retardation. Obstet Gynecol 54:211, 1979

Three perinatal health indicators (serum human placental lactogen [hPL] levels, serum free estriol [E3] levels, and OCT) were simultaneously completed in 149 high-risk women who were more than 34 weeks pregnant. There was a significant correlation between the hPL and E3 results (r = 0.28, p < 0.01). There was a 15.4% positive OCT result rate and the blood hormone values for the negative and positive OCT groups were compared. There was a significantly lower hPL value in the positive OCT group (4.7 ± S.E.M. 0.4 vs. 6.2 ± S.E.M. 0.2 μg/ml for positive and negative groups, respectively), whereas the free E3 levels were not different in these two OCT groups (14.8 ± S.E.M. 1.5 vs. 16.3 ± S.E.M. 0.7 ng/ml for positive and negative groups, respectively). The free E3 value did not help in predicting the OCT result as the low free E3 subgroup had the same frequency of positive OCT results as did the over-all group. There was a highly significant increase in the positive OCT results (42.9%) in women with a low hPl value (p < 0.01). In those women with an hPL test at about of 6.0 μg/ml or more there were only 8% positive OCTs. It is concluded that one hPL test at about 34 weeks of gestation could be used to screen pregnant women, and if the value were low (< 4.0 μg/ml) an OCT evaluation test would be indicated, for there is a very high frequency of positive results in that subgroup of women.

Oxytocin challenge test results compared with simultaneously studied serum human placental lactogen and free estriol levels in high-risk pregnant women

Three perinatal health indicators (serum human placental lactogen [hPL] levels, serum free estriol [E3] levels, and OCT) were simultaneously completed in 149 high-risk women who were more than 34 weeks pregnant. There was a significant correlation between the hPL and E3 results (r = 0.28, p < 0.01). There was a 15.4% positive OCT result rate and the blood hormone values for the negative and positive OCT groups were compared. There was a significantly lower hPL value in the positive OCT group (4.7 ± S.E.M. 0.4 vs. 6.2 ± S.E.M. 0.2 μg/ml for positive and negative groups, respectively), whereas the free E3 levels were not different in these two OCT groups (14.8 ± S.E.M. 1.5 vs. 16.3 ± S.E.M. 0.7 ng/ml for positive and negative groups, respectively). The free E3 value did not help in predicting the OCT result as the low free E3 subgroup had the same frequency of positive OCT results as did the over-all group. There was a highly significant increase in the positive OCT results (42.9%) in women with a low hPl value (p < 0.01). In those women with an hPL test at about of 6.0 μg/ml or more there were only 8% positive OCTs. It is concluded that one hPL test at about 34 weeks of gestation could be used to screen pregnant women, and if the value were low (< 4.0 μg/ml) an OCT evaluation test would be indicated, for there is a very high frequency of positive results in that subgroup of women.