Oceanological Research Research Articles

ПАМЯТИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ГЕНИЯ ИГОРЯ ЕВГЕНЬЕВИЧА МИХАЛЬЦЕВА (1923–2010)

The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Igor’ Evgenievich Mikhaltsev – oceanologist, Doctor of Technical Sciences (1970), Professor (1971), from 1989 to 2006 – Head of the Laboratory of Exploratory Technical Research of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences (IO RAS). Mikhaltsev – the creator of a new direction in technical oceanology – a comprehensive experimental study of ocean acoustics, including acoustic methods for studying the ocean, head of work on the creation and testing of manned research vehicles “Pisces” up to 2000 m (1970–1976) and manned vehicles “MIR” – up to 6000 m (1979–1987). Hero of Socialist Labor. The material was prepared on the basis of biographical data and photographs according to sources: IO RAS website https:// ocean.ru/index.php/component/k2/item/782-mikhaltsev-igor-evgenevich-1923-2010; Journal “Nostalgiya” No. 10, 2007. Article by I. Mikhaltsev “Science should be a hobby”. Also in this issue of our “Journal of Oceanological Research” you will find an article by I. E. Mikhaltsev himself, “Ocean research, technology, fleet: yesterday, today, tomorrow”.

ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ ЦИФРОВЫХ ИЗМЕРИТЕЛЬНЫХ ДАТЧИКОВ В БЕСПИЛОТНЫЕ НАДВОДНЫЕ АППАРАТЫ ДЛЯ МОНИТОРИНГОВЫХ РАБОТ В ПРИБРЕЖНЫХ РАЙОНАХ

Modern oceanological research in the coastal zone is not only a science-intensive task, but also a popular service with high practical significance. Modern unmanned surface vehicles (UAVs) allow one to move echo sounders, conductometers, samplers and other measuring instruments on the surface of the sea and carry out measurements without direct human involvement. Their use accelerates the organization and course of expeditions, expands the research area: due to their small size they can work in shallow areas with complex orography, where it is dangerous to use vessels with a crew. However, in the domestic oceanological practice there is no universal and cost-effective import substitution platform for solving such a wide range of tasks. This paper presents the results of the development of a universal parameter registration module, a mounting module for instruments and an automatic navigation unit for use in surface unmanned vehicles for hydrographic and oceanological research. The diagrams of the printed circuit board, algorithms of operation and examples of use in the coastal zone of the Black Sea and on some hydrological objects in expeditions of various duration are given. The developed module has a high potential for modernization, low cost and is easily replicated for use both as part of various unmanned complexes and in scientific and methodological tasks.

Study of the Substitution of Marine Animal Oils in Maggot Flour by Vegetable Oils for the Growth and Larval Survival of African Catfish, Heterobranchus longifilis Valencienne, 1840 in Aquarium

This study showed clearly the effect of adding palm oil to the diet of farmed fish to replace marine animal oils. For this purpose, four foods based on maggot flour at 35% protein with the incorporation of palm oil, at different levels at 0, 2, 5 and 10% were tested in the to assess their impact on the improved growth performance, food utilization, survival rate and biochemical composition of Heterobranchus longifilis larvae
 Four experimental diets were formulated based on the maggot meal as the main protein source. These diets were formulated at 35 % protein levels with maggot meal and maize flour as the major ingredients containing different concentrations of palm oil levels at 0, 2, 5, and 10 %. This study was carried out in the reproduction laboratory, at Oceanological Research Center, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, between the periods of September to November 2022.
 The diets were offered to the larvae (average initial weight 0.004 ± 0.001 g) three times a day ad libitum for 49 days. At the end of rearing, the results showed that the different experimental foods distributed did not influence the quality of the rearing environment.
 The best growth was obtained with the larvae subjected to diet containing 2% palm oil with a final average weight of 3.21 g and a conversion index of 1.63. Beyond this rate, larval growth decreases. Survival rates vary from 70 to 73 %. The conversion ratios are not significantly different and ranged between 1.63 and 2.3. On the biochemical larvae submitted to diet containing 10 % of palm oil had body lipid content (2 %) and high ash rich. As against a gain of protein is observed with larvae submitted to diets containing 2 % palm oil reflects an effect of protein. 
 From the present results, diet containing 2 % crude palm oil is considered optimal for Heterobranchus longifilis larvae.

ВРЕМЯ СОЗИДАТЕЛЕЙ. К 90-ЛЕТИЮ ВЯЧЕСЛАВА СЕМЁНОВИЧА ЯСТРЕБОВА (1932–2005)

A brief summary of the life path, fundamental scientific works and engineering achievements (diving technologies, underwater vehicles building, robotics, underwater research methods) of an outstanding Soviet and Russian marine engineer-scientist, Professor, Science and Technology Honored researcher, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Director of the Institute of Oceanology V. S. Yastrebov. V. S. Yastrebov effectively combined active scientific and engineering activities in the field of creating experimental methods and means of oceanological research with scientific, organizational and teaching activities, as well as international cooperation.

Oceanological Research of the Baltic Sea in the 51st Cruise of the PV Akademik Sergey Vavilov (June–July 2021)

Oceanological Research of the Baltic Sea in the 51st Cruise of the PV Akademik Sergey Vavilov (June–July 2021)

Анализ режимов функционирования гибридного подводного робототехнического комплекса

In the modern world, performing oceanological research and underwater technological operations is impossible without using autonomous and remotely operated underwater vehicles. However, each of these types of vehicles has disadvantages limiting their application and allowing only narrow-profile tasks to be performed. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use a hybrid underwater robotic complex consisting of an autonomous and remote-controlled vehicles connected with a cable. The functionality of the proposed hybrid complex is determined. The results of the analysis of the mathematical models of hybrid complex operation in the modes of joint movement and towing are presented. Due to the restrictions imposed on the remotely controlled underwater vehicle and the cable between the vehicles, the speed of the hybrid underwater robotic complex is about 1 m/s in the joint motion mode and about 2 m/s in the towing mode. It is recommended to tow a remote-controlled underwater vehicle on a short cable length when the autonomous uninhabited underwater vehicle is submerged. In addition, it is necessary to adjust the cable length between the devices.

Complex Oceanological Research during the 59th Cruise of the Research Vessel Akademik Ioffe in the Eastern North Atlantic (September–October 2021)

Complex Oceanological Research during the 59th Cruise of the Research Vessel Akademik Ioffe in the Eastern North Atlantic (September–October 2021)

Современная океанологическая информация в исследованиях среды обитания криля в Атлантической части Антарктики и ставриды в – южной части Тихого океана с целью увеличения российского вылова этих объектов

In accordance with the "Strategy for the Development of the Fisheries complex of the Russian Federation until 2030", it is planned to significantly increase the Russian catch outside its own exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The most promising for this are the commercial resources of krill in the Atlantic part of Antarctica and horse mackerel in the South Pacific Ocean [1; 9].
 These areas were discovered and studied by Russian scientists and fishermen. For more than 15 years (until 1993) of the former USSR/In the Russian Federation, large-scale fishing was conducted there year-round. In parallel, complex commercial and oceanological studies were carried out, according to the results of which databases and knowledge bases on the scale and mechanisms of the influence of oceanological conditions on interannual changes in the biomass and distribution of krill and mackerel were created in the Atlantic Branch of VNIRO (AtlantNIRO).
 At present, modern oceanological measurements are widely used in commercial oceanological research: scanning of the ocean surface in various frequency ranges from artificial Earth satellites and the results of vertical sounding of the ocean to depths of about 2000 m by drifting buoys of the international Argo project.
 The purpose of the article is to present the results of the use of modern oceanological information in commercial oceanological research, to develop on this basis new approaches to the management of krill and mackerel stocks.

Oceanological Research in the Baltic Sea during the 56th Cruise of the Passenger Vessel Akademik Ioffe

Oceanological Research in the Baltic Sea during the 56th Cruise of the Passenger Vessel Akademik Ioffe

МОЯ ОДИССЕЯ ДЛИНОЮ В 50 ЛЕТ

This autobiographical note was submitted to the Editorial board of the Journal «Oceanological Research» by close relatives of the veteran and honorary worker of the Navy, the legendary sea captain Nikolai Vadimovich Apekhtin, who for more than 30 years headed the research vessels of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences: «Academician Kurchatov», «Vityaz», «Dmitry Mendeleev» and «Academician Ioffe». The materials were handed over shortly before his death, which took place on 10/30/2021 in Kaliningrad. It includes brief milestones of his biography, compiled by him during his lifetime from his diary entries, workbook and other surviving documents.

Diet of the Silky Shark Carcharhinus falciformis (Müller & Henle, 1839) in Waters off Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa)

Aims: This study was to establish the feeding habits of silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis in waters off Côte d’Ivoire.
 Study design: All stomachs of the specimens were collected using a standard method and analysed at laboratory.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study of the diet of C. falciformis was carried out at the laboratory of the Oceanological Research Centre (ORC) between April 2019 and August 2020.
 Methodology: To carry out this study, measurements and extractions of the stomachs of silky sharks were performed using a tape measure and dissection kit. Diet was described using the Index of Relative Importance (%IRI). The food overlap between sexes, size groups and marine seasons were analysed using the Morisita index.
 Results: A total of 265 specimens ranging in size from 79 to 254 cm total length were used. Of the stomachs examined, 163 individuals had food contents (61.51%), whilst 102 were empty (38.49%). The results indicated that silky shark has epipelagic and mesobathypelagic feeding habits, preying upon a wide number of prey taxa (33 species) but with a diet dominated by teleost fishes, especially Thunnus albacares (60.62%IRI) and Katsuwonus pelamis (33.18%IRI). The Morisita index and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient showed similarity of the diet between sexes (Cλ > 0.60; Rs = 0.776 and p = 0.001 and marine seasons (Cλ > 0.60; Rs = 0.658 and p = 0.001). The juveniles and adults did not show any overlap. The Amundsen graphical (Fig. 3) analysis suggested that silky shark displays specialist feeding behaviour in this area.
 Conclusion: Diet consisted mainly of T. albacares and K. pelamis, the proportions of which varied according to size and marine seasons. Carcharhinus falciformis is considered to be a specialist predator.

δ18O as a tracer of the main regularities of water mass mixing and transformation in the Barents, Kara, and Laptev seas

When researching the mixing of two or more water masses and their subsequent transformation, ideally, the most conservative parameters are used. Since the 1970s, the isotopic parameter δ18O has been used in various oceanological research works for example: Ostlund and Hut (1984) [J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6373–6381] and many others.The use of the salinity value and δ18O allowed the construction of a three-component system (“classic”) of equations (TSC). Nevertheless, in the work: Dubinina et al. (2019) [Okeanologiya, No. 1, 57. 38–48] it was demonstrated that “the application of the three-component mixing to modified waters causes an overestimation of river water input”. A model of ‘mixing-modification’, which eliminated this drawback, was presented in the work and the difference of estimation with the three-component system may be up to 20%. In the present study are also shown that the classic three-component system is fully applicable only under the conditions of ice melting, and under the conditions of ice formation estimates based on the three-component system give overestimated results of basic waters content in the final water mass. However, the methodology of sea water component composition estimation in this work differs slightly from the methodology presented in the above publication. A modified three-component system (TSM) presented in this work allows elimination of such inaccuracies. The difference between average values for the available series of observations according to TSC and TSM increases in the following order: Kara Sea > Laptev Sea > Barents Sea and the maximum difference for Atlantic waters and river waters (30.5% and 25.2%, respectively) was observed for Laptev Sea; 17.6% and 9.5%, respectively, for the Barents Sea and 16.3% for both components of the Kara Sea.To reveal newly formed water masses, a method of cluster analysis was applied. The composition of basic waters in the final water masses of the seas in question was obtained, as well as the values of these waters modification during ice formation or ice melting. General regularities of water masses formations in the discussed seas are delineated. An illustration of the average values of these magnitudes in water masses (clusters) in the system of coordinates content of: Atlantic Waters – river water– ice water for each sea had similar character, but their magnitudes differed depending on the different magnitude of the river runoff and different extent of these waters’ modification during ice formation and ice melting.It is noteworthy that the value of “ice water” has an important scientific and practical significance, because it is used to summarise singular cycle values, and possibly, several observation cycles of ice formation while also being unique, maintaining the “memory” of the ice formation process values, which occurred in these waters.

An Autonomous Low-Frequency Broadb and Hydroacoustic Emitting Station with an Electromagnetic Transducer

We describe the design of a hydroacoustic emitting station with an electromagnetic transducer that develops acoustic pressure of up to 2400 Pa (188 dB) reduced to a distance of 1 m from the emitter axis in a frequency range of 420–520 Hz (at the level of –3 dB); it has an operating depth of up to 500 m. The applied technical solutions make it possible to use the station for a wide range of oceanological research, as well as for the construction of navigation systems for underwater vehicles and data transmission via a hydroacoustic channel.

Complex Oceanological Research during the 44th Cruise of the Research Vessel Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic

Geological, hydrological, hydrochemical, and biological research has been carried out in the eastern tropical Atlantic. Based on the multibeam echo-sounding and seismic profiling north of the Kane Gap (Sierra Leone Rise), an extensive sedimentary body (contourite fan) has been identified. Data of hydrophysical sounding allows assuming the existence of an overflow of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) through the Kane Gap and its northward penetration. In the sediment cores (Middle Pleistocene to Holocene age), an influence of the AABW is reflected in the alternation of the high and medium carbonate dissolution rates.

ИТОГИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО КРУГЛОГО СТОЛА: «БУДУЩЕЕ КАСПИЯ: НАУЧНЫЕ ПРОЕКТЫ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ»

This issue of the Journal of Oceanological Research contains articles prepared by the authors on the basis of scientific reports presented at the International Round table: “The Future of the Caspian. Scientific projects and investigations”, which was held at the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences from November 28 to 29, 2018. The main objective of the Round table was to attract the attention of the scientific community and the general public to the study of the processes occurring in the Caspian Sea in the process of active economic activity, anthropogenic effects on the water balance of the sea, extreme events under the influence of climatic changes, as a result of which there is a noticeable evolution on the small historical scale of the natural environment of the Caspian region. The identified issues of the state and development of the Caspian Sea under the conditions of global climate change will undoubtedly give a new impetus to the study of this important region and outline the directions for further research.

О РАБОТАХ, ИНИЦИИРОВАННЫХ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫМ СИМПОЗИУМОМ «МЕЗОМАСШТАБНЫЕ И СУБМЕЗОМАСШТАБНЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В ГИДРОСФЕРЕ И АТМОСФЕРЕ» (МСП-2018)

This issue of the Journal of Oceanological Research contains mainly articles previously presented in the form of reports at the International Symposium “Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere” (MSP-2018), dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the outstanding scientist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, professor K.N. Fedorov. The symposium was held at the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology from October 30 to November 2, 2018. The main objectives of the symposium were to attract the attention of mature and young researchers to the study of mesoscale and submesoscale processes in the hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth, and to give a new incentive to study this important area of knowledge. The participants of the symposium (about 260 people) presented 120 reports in various areas of modern oceanological research, see the article (Zatsepin, Ginzburg et al., 2018) and (Proceedings..., 2018). Even before the symposium, its Program and Scientific Committees decided to publish selected articles of its participants in a special issue of the Journal of Oceanological Research. A corresponding announcement was made, to which many of the participants in MSP-2018 symposium responded with the presentation of their articles. These articles form the basis of the contents of this issue of the Journal. It contains 20 scientific articles written by the participants of the symposium, covering the results of studies of various phenomena and processes, such as: the general circulation of water in the ocean and its mechanisms, eddies, jets and fronts in the oceans and seas, thermohaline structure and its variability, small-scale interaction of the ocean and atmosphere, bottom and intermediate layers, etc. These processes and phenomena were studied in various basins using traditional and new methods of field research, satellite information, laboratory, numerical and theoretical modeling. New results have been obtained that clarify existing ideas about the dynamics and hydrological structure of the ocean and seas, about the processes of interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere. The editors of this issue of the Journal of Oceanological Research express the hope that the articles contained in it will attract the attention of a wide range of readers.

НАУЧНАЯ СТЕЗЯ Ю.А. ИВАНОВА – ВЫДАЮЩЕГОСЯ РОССИЙСКОГО ЭКСПЕРТА-ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИСТА В ОБЛАСТИ ГИДРОФИЗИКИ ОКЕАНА В. Г. Нейман

The article contains a brief description of the main stages of scientific activity of the outstanding Russian scientist – oceanologist, versatile specialist in the field of marine hydrophysics – Yuri Alexandrovich Ivanov. This publication, as well as the entire issue of the journal «Oceanological research», dedicated to the memory of this wonderful man, who on October 10, 2019 would have turned 90 years old. Yu. A. Ivanov was born in 1929 in Jaroslavl, but most part of his life, after graduating in 1954 from the Leningrad Higher Marine College named after Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov, worked in Moscow, in the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Science. Here he went through all the stages of a scientist carrier from junior researcher to head of a large laboratory, defended his doctoral thesis, became a Professor, received the title of Honored Specialist of Science of Russia. His outstanding scientific achievements were awarded by the State prize of the USSR, also the most prestigious academic S.O. Makarov award in the field of Oceanology. Yu.A. Ivanov made a great contribution to the development of several major areas of the ocean Sciences. In this regard, he was a real encyclopaedist, one of the few in his scientific community, an outstanding expert scientist, who at the highest professional level was engaged in solving the problems of the General circulation of the World ocean, the Interaction of the ocean and atmosphere, Ocean climate, Physics of boundary layers and Wave processes in these two environments, General and particular problems of formation and evolution of the Hydrophysical regime of the ocean. Much attention, a lot of time and effort were dedicated by Yu.A. Ivanov to planning, organizing and conducting the field experiments in the real open ocean. He happened to be a participant of about 20 large sea expeditions, some of them were carried out under his direct supervision. Yuri Alexandrovich Ivanov was a brilliant scientist, kind, considerate, friendly person, cherishing the memory of him is with gratitude kept among his numerous students, colleagues, collaborators, friends and moons in distant sea voyages.

ВМЕСТО ПОСЛЕСЛОВИЯ

On October 10, 2019, numerous colleagues, friends and relatives of Yury Alexandrovich Ivanov, all together and each in their own way, with a good memory and love, celebrate a significant date in his biography – the 90th anniversary of his birth. He passed away nine years ago in 2010 at the age of 81 and, as it is sometimes said, he took nothing away with him. Everything was left to the people – both his life attachments and the rejection of what this remarkable scientist and charming person’s soul was not in. And he didn’t like, for example, the sometimes fruitless vanity of numerous so-called scientific councils and commissions. Therefore, he rarely agreed to participate in them, not wanting to waste time on empty words. He was skeptical about the proposals of his colleagues about his potential membership in the Academy of Sciences, although he worked all his life at the Institute of Oceanology that belonged to the Academy. He considered this organization the Club of elite conversations, an ivory tower, where he – the man of an exceptionally real action – was never invited to join to. Being a real optimist and just a cheerful person with an open mind, Yuri Alexandrovich loved his family, work, reliable friends and appreciated simple human joys – fishing, mushroom picking up, sea voyages for fresh impressions and new scientific discoveries. He liked working at his home by nights, when the daily bustle calmed down and the noise of the big city subsided. For some time now, we, his peers, began to notice more and more clearly the accelerating inexorable run of time, in the stream of which events and affairs of bygone days gradually fade and disappear. Really, it was quite recently, just only twenty years ago, on the threshold of the new millennium, on October 10, 1999, we also warmly and cordially congratulated our dear birthday hero on his seventieth anniversary, after which more eleven fruitful years of life were presented to him by fate. There, in addition to memorable souvenirs and congratulatory addresses, an amateurish jocular acrostic was made in his honor on that momentous birthday, which we thought it would be appropriate to put here, in this afterword, to a special number of Oceanological Research journal dedicated to the memory of Yury Aleksandrovich Ivanov.

О XXVII НАУЧНОЙ СЕССИИ СОВЕТА РАН ПО НЕЛИНЕЙНОЙ ДИНАМИКЕ

The 27th Workshop of the Council of RAS on Nonlinear Dynamics was held at the Shirshov Institution of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences on December 17–18, 2018. The Workshop program is posted on the Institution website https://ocean.ru/index.php/konferentsii-i-shkoly/item/1142-xxvii-nauchnaya-sessiya-soveta-ran-po-nelinejnoj-dinamike. At the initiative and effort of Academician V.E. Zakharov, his students and colleagues, the Workshop was established in 1992 and was held regularly since then. It served as a place to discuss the research topics in the field of nonlinear dynamics in Russia and abroad, and to present new scientific results. Numerous studies are carried out with the support of the Program for Fundamental Research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences Nonlinear Dynamics: Fundamental Problems and Applications».The Organizing Committee of the 27th Workshop decided to publish short communications on the submitted talks in the first issue of the 47th volume of the Journal of Oceanological Research. Although some of the presented talks are formally far from the oceanic research, they convincingly demonstrate the unity of the physical picture of the world and of the modern approaches to its study. Such a publication is organized for the first time in the relatively long history of the workshops, including very difficult times for the Russian science. We believe that this publication will facilitate the long overdue task of expanding community of regular participants, attracting new scientists, especially young ones. The editors and organizers hope for the success of such publication and for the interest from the readers of the Journal of Oceanological Research.

Prospects of exchange of marine technology in the field of ecological and oceanological research

“Global Ocean Science Report: The Current Status of Ocean Science around the World” published in 2017 by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO was a first consolidated assessment of the ocean science and was intended to show the current status of the science in question. One of the important points of the report was a statement that sharing infrastructure and development of new technologies will reduce the cost of field expeditions and stimulate the scientific potential of the countries participating in international cooperation.
 The article studies the possibility of sharing marine technologies associated with marine research activities. It considers the possibility of application of some of the Criteria and Guidelines of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC-UNESCO) when sharing the marine technology in the field of ecological and oceanographic research based on the provisions of international conventions, resolutions, documents of the United Nations General Assembly and IOC-UNESCO. Special attention is drawn to UN General Assembly Resolution “Oceans and the law of the sea" which mentions the issue of marine technology transfer.
 The article studies the definition of the term “marine technology” in the context of the IOC's Criteria and Guidelines on the transfer of marine technology. It determines that the term “marine technology” covers a wide range of subjects including information and data, manuals, guidelines, criteria, standards, reference materials, observation facilities and equipment, computers and computer software, expertise, know-how and analytical methods related to marine scientific research and observation.
 The article also presents the results of the scientific and practical seminar "International Cooperation in the Field of Marine Scientific Research – an Important Factor in the Development of Black Sea Regional Projects of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO and European Union" which took place in Kyiv on October 19, 2017.