Occurrence Of Tumors Research Articles

Glomus tumors in the urinary tract: a rare case and literature review

Background: The Glomus tumor is a rare mesenchymal tumor that predominantly affects the subcutaneous skin of the distal extremities. Solid organs are rarely affected, and the urinary tract has been the reason for isolated reports. This paper reviews the occurrence of glomus tumors in the entire urinary tract. Case Report: We report a case of a 56-year-old female, asymptomatic, with a 5.5 cm renal glomus tumor, and review the literature about the urinary tract involvement by this rare neoplasia. Conclusion: Glomus tumor mostly behaves as a benign lesion that rarely affects solid organs, being the kidney, the most affected organ in the urinary tract. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of another renal cell tumor, especially those that are eosinophilic.

The potential of kaempferol in digestive system tumors: recent advances and mechanistic insights.

Digestive system neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of cancers characterized by diverse symptoms, complex diagnosis, and treatment. Prognosis is poor and influenced by multiple factors, making early detection and comprehensive treatment crucial for patient survival. Kaempferol, a flavonoid compound, has attracted attention due to its anti-tumor biological activity, holding promise as a potential drug for treating digestive system neoplasms. Derived from various plants such as cabbage, propolis, and grapefruit, this compound's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other pharmacological effects have been confirmed. Research has found that kaempferol inhibits the occurrence and development of digestive system neoplasms by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, suppressing tumor metastasis and invasion, and enhancing the effects of other cancer treatment methods. This paper summarizes the role and mechanisms of kaempferol in the study of digestive system neoplasms, providing valuable insights for both scientists and clinical physicians engaged in this field. By detailing the various pathways through which kaempferol exerts its anticancer effects, the paper not only highlights its potential as a therapeutic agent but also opens avenues for further research into its applications.

The heterogeneity of NOTCH1 to tumor immune infiltration in pan-cancer.

NOTCH1 signaling, a vital regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation, is widely involved in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors. Pharmacological regulation of NOTCH1 is promising in tumor immunotherapy, whereas the effective rate of existing therapies remains low. NOTCH1 functions, as a cancer suppressor or a cancer promoter in different cancers, is engaged in the crosstalk between the immune microenvironment and cancer cells, posing a major challenge to immunotherapy. Therefore, a comprehensive view of the overall situation of NOTCH1-associated immune infiltration in pan-cancer should be built. The relation between NOTCH1 and immune infiltration was initially investigated in this paper. In this study, the data originated from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were input into multiple online bioinformatic tools to study the characteristics of NOTCH1 in pan-cancer. We found that there was obvious heterogeneity in the NOTCH1-associated tumor immune infiltration in pan-cancer. In accordance with the heterogeneity, pan-cancer mainly fell into two categories, i.e., cancers that NOTCH1 promoted immune infiltration (termed hot tumors) and NOTCH1 inhibited immune infiltration (termed cold tumors). We further analyzed the changes of immune infiltration in pan-carcinoma species from the perspectives of NOTCH1 expression, mutation, gene function, tumor metastasis and drugs. NOTCH1 expression was significantly up-regulated in cold tumors but down-regulated in hot tumors. The Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of NOTCH1 with the two categories placed stress on angiogenesis and protein dealkylation, respectively. Further, the gene sets of angiogenesis facilitated immune infiltration, whereas the gene sets of protein dealkylation hindered immune infiltration. The tsRNA associated with NOTCH1 is a type of angiogenin that potentially exerts a significant influence on angiogenesis. We have conducted a meticulous analysis of the function of this tsRNA. NOTCH1 was conducive to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) immune infiltration, while the metastatic process was more dependent on the differentiation and angiogenesis function of NOTCH1. Accordingly, the heterogeneity of NOTCH1 in immune infiltration was extensively analyzed in this study based on the pan-cancer study, which can contribute to the formulation of specific immunotherapy strategies.

Lactylation Modification as a Promoter of Bladder Cancer: Insights from Multi-Omics Analysis

Bladder cancer (BLAC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. The establishment of a prognostic model for BLAC is of great significance for clinical prognosis prediction and treatment guidance. Lactylation modification is a newly discovered post-transcriptional modification of proteins, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. Multiple omics data of BLAC were obtained from the GEO database and TCGA database. The Lasso algorithm was used to establish a prognostic model related to lactylation modification, and its predictive ability was tested with a validation cohort. Functional enrichment analysis, tumor microenvironment analysis, and treatment response evaluation were performed on the high- and low-risk groups. Single-cell and spatial transcriptome data were used to analyze the distribution characteristics of model genes and their changes during epithelial carcinogenesis. A prognostic model consisting of 12 genes was constructed. The survival rate of the high-risk group was significantly lower than that of the low-risk group. The multiple ROC curve showed that the prediction efficiency of the model was higher than that of the traditional clinical tumor grading. Functional enrichment analysis showed that glycolysis and hypoxia pathways were significantly upregulated in the high-risk group. The high-risk group was more sensitive to most first-line chemotherapy drugs, while the low-risk group had a better response to immunotherapy. Single-cell sequencing analysis revealed the dynamic changes of model genes during the transition of epithelial cells to squamous-differentiated cells. Spatial transcriptome analysis showed the spatial distribution characteristics of the model genes. The lactylation-related models have a satisfactory predictive ability and the potential to guide the clinical treatment of BLAC. This model has significant biological implications at the single-cell level as well as at the spatial level.

Ferroptosis: insight into the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignances in the world, with high morbidity and mortality. Due to the hidden onset of symptoms, there are huge obstacles in early diagnosis, recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance. Although great strides have been made in the treatment of HCC, effective treatment options are still limited and achieving longer survival for patients remains urgent. Ferroptosis is a novel type of programmed cell death that is mainly caused by iron-dependent oxidative damage. With further investigations, ferroptosis has been proved to be associated with the occurrence and development of various tumors. This article reviews the regulatory mechanism and signal transduction pathways of ferroptosis, investigates the complex relationship between autophagy, sorafenib resistance and immunotherapy with ferroptosis involved in HCC, providing new ideas and directions for the treatment of HCC.

Natural products: promising therapeutics for targeting regulatory immune cells in the tumor microenvironment

Regulatory immune cells regulate immune responses through various mechanisms, affecting the occurrence, development, and therapeutic effects of tumors. In this article, we reviewed the important roles of regulatory immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory dendritic cells (DCregs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The immunomodulatory effects of natural products, such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, glycosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, and other compounds, which affect the functions of regulatory immune cells through molecular signaling pathways, thereby enhancing the potential of the antitumor immune response, are discussed. These findings provide new ideas and possibilities for the application of natural products in tumor treatment, which can help enhance the effectiveness of tumor treatment and improve patient prognosis.

Abstract 4134308: Re-evaluating the safety profile of Semaglutide: An updated meta-analysis

Background: Semaglutide is increasingly used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Ensuring safety of this medication is crucial for its clinical use. This meta-analysis evaluates the safety profile of semaglutide across patient populations and treatment durations. Methods: Randomized controlled trials assessing the safety of semaglutide versus placebo, with specified treatment durations were identified. The primary outcome was occurrence of any cardiovascular adverse events. Secondary outcomes included sudden cardiac death, adverse events leading to death, adverse events, gastrointestinal side effects, occurrence of hypoglycemia and new-onset neoplasm. Results: A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria with a combined sample size of 57,911 participants. The meta-analysis revealed that the adverse event associated with semaglutide is gastrointestinal in nature (nausea and vomiting). No significant differences were observed between semaglutide and comparator groups. (See Figure 1) Conclusion: Semaglutide appears to have a favorable safety profile across diverse patient populations and treatment durations, supporting its continued use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. It is generally well-tolerated, with a low incidence of adverse events. Clinicians should be aware of these findings and monitor patients accordingly. Further long-term studies are warranted to assess the safety of semaglutide in clinical practice.

Pathological changes on the skin due to the combined effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ultraviolet radiation

Introduction. In the National Healthcare Project, one of the key areas is the federal project "Fight against oncological diseases for 2019-2024". The influence of the nature of work activities of workers in contact with industrial carcinogens — polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) significantly increases the risk of skin neoplasms, as evidenced by differences in the frequency of their occurrence among representatives of different labor categories. The leading factor in the development of skin neoplasms is ultraviolet radiation (UV) of the A and B spectrum. There is literature evidence of a possible mutual enhancement of the combined effects of PAHs and UV in the occurrence of skin neoplasms and their malignancy. The study aims to evaluate the role of the combined effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and ultraviolet radiation (UV) in the occurrence of pigmented skin tumors in workers engaged in the construction of highways and highways and in housing and communal services. Materials and methods. During periodic medical examinations (PMEs) in 2022–2024, specialists have examined 140 people who formed 4 study groups. The researchers have conducted a physical examination of skin tumors; examination in the rays of a Wood lamp; dermatoscopy of skin tumors using a Heine Delta 20 dermatoscope. Hyperpigmentation was assessed according to the hyperpigmentation area and severity index (NASI). Results. During the clinical examination, the authors assessed the presence of pigmentation and skin neoplasms (lentigo, ephelides, seborrheic keratomas). The most frequent localizations of pigmentation and skin neoplasms were open areas of the body: face, hands, upper third of the back. At the same time, in asphalt concrete workers — group I, working under the influence of PAHs and solar insolation (spectrum A and B, in the range of 320–400 nm and 280–320 nm), specialists revealed pigmented neoplasms in a larger number of individuals compared with the population control for all skin localizations. The HASI index (in the surveyed groups) showed that the highest rates (24–48) of HASI were observed in a larger number of individuals — 57.1% — from group I (UV+PAHs), compared with groups of individuals (II, III, IV) who do not work under conditions of exposure to solar insolation (spectra A and B, in the range of 320–400 nm and 280–320 nm). The authors noted that the intensity of pigmentation is higher and the lesion area is larger when assessing the foci of hyperpigmentation in the rays of the Wood lamp compared with the clinical examination in all the examined groups. Limitations. The study is limited by the number of subjects examined, corresponding to the design of the study and the time interval of the study. Conclusion. To obtain objective results of the study of the role of the combined effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV) in the occurrence of pigmented skin tumors, scientists used a method for determining the hyperpigmentation area index and severity index (HASI) in the rays of a Wood's lamp. When comparing the results obtained, experts revealed an increase in the area of hyperpigmentation and its intensity with localization in open areas of the body in workers engaged in the construction of highways and housing and communal services, in contact with the combined effects of carcinogens (PAHs) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV A and B). Further in-depth studies are needed to study the etiopathogenesis of photogenotoxicity depending on the dose-effect ratio. Ethics. The work was performed in accordance with the ethical standard set out in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association of 1964 (as amended and supplemented in 2013). The authors conducted all the studies after receiving informed consent and a decision of the Local Ethics Committee (extract from Protocol No. 7 dated 10/21/2020).

Spermine Synthase : A Potential Prognostic Marker for Lower-Grade Gliomas.

The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between spermine synthase (SMS) expression, tumor occurrence, and prognosis in lower-grade gliomas (LGGs). A total of 523 LGG patients and 1152 normal brain tissues were included as controls. Mann-Whitney U test was performed to evaluate SMS expression in the LGG group. Functional annotation analysis was conducted to explore the biological processes associated with high SMS expression. Immune cell infiltration analysis was performed to examine the correlation between SMS expression and immune cell types. The association between SMS expression and clinical and pathological features was assessed using Spearman correlation analysis. In vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of overexpressing or downregulating SMS on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and key proteins in the protein kinase B (AKT)/epithelialmesenchymal transition signaling pathway. The study revealed a significant upregulation of SMS expression in LGGs compared to normal brain tissues. High SMS expression was associated with certain clinical and pathological features, including older age, astrocytoma, higher World Health Organization grade, poor disease-specific survival, disease progression, non-1p/19q codeletion, and wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase. Cox regression analysis identified SMS as a risk factor for overall survival. Bioinformatics analysis showed enrichment of eosinophils, T cells, and macrophages in LGG samples, while proportions of dendritic (DC) cells, plasmacytoid DC (pDC) cells, and CD8+ T cells were decreased. High SMS expression in LGGs may promote tumor occurrence through cellular proliferation and modulation of immune cell infiltration. These findings suggest the prognostic value of SMS in predicting clinical outcomes for LGG patients.

LncRNA DDX11-AS1 promotes breast cancer progression by targeting the miR-30c-5p/MTDH axis.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in the occurrence and development of malignant tumours. However, ceRNAs, which are significantly associated with the prognosis of breast cancer (BC), need to be further investigated. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of the lncRNA DDX11-AS1 on BC progression. Bioinformatics analysis via a public microarray revealed that DDX11-AS1 was upregulated in BC. The above findings were verified via RT‒qPCR analysis of BC tissues. Additionally, our study revealed that the expression levels of DDX11-AS1 increased with increasing pathological grade and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, DDX11-AS1 knockdown markedly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of BC cells. Mechanistically, DDX11-AS1 could prevent the degradation of MTDH in BC via competitively binding with miR-30c-5p, which could act as a tumour promoter factor. Additionally, miR-30c-5p was downregulated and MTDH was upregulated in BC cells and tissues. The promoting effect of DDX11-AS1 on BC cells was enhanced by miR-30c-5p silencing and reduced by treatment with MTDH inhibitors. Collectively, the above results suggest that the DDX11-AS1/miR-30c-5p/MTDH axis could be associated with the progression of BC and that DDX11-AS1 could be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for BC.

The Role of Fatty Acid Metabolism, the Related Potential Biomarkers, and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies in Gastrointestinal Cancers.

Gastrointestinal cancer has emerged as a significant global health concern due to its high incidence and mortality, limited effectiveness of early detection, suboptimal treatment outcomes, and poor prognosis. Metabolic reprogramming is a prominent feature of cancer, and fatty acid metabolism assumes a pivotal role in bridging glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. Fatty acids play important roles in cellular structural composition, energy supply, signal transduction, and other lipid-related processes. Changes in the levels of fatty acid metabolite may indicate the malignant transformation of gastrointestinal cells, which have an impact on the prognosis of patients and can be used as a marker to monitor the efficacy of anticancer therapy. Therefore, targeting key enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents, is a promising strategy for anticancer treatment. This article reviews the potential mechanisms of fatty acid metabolism disorders in the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal tumors, and summarizes the related potential biomarkers and anticancer strategies.

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Secreting MS Neuroblastoma

ABSTRACT We present a rare case of a 17-month-old child diagnosed with MS-stage neuroblastoma and associated chronic diarrhea due to elevated vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels. The unusual occurrence of a VIP-secreting tumor in a patient with MS neuroblastoma is a rare combination, not previously reported in the literature. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and excision of the tumor, leading to a significant decline in VIP levels and resolution of symptoms.

Identification of Cellular Senescence-Related Critical Genes and Molecular Classification and Revealing the Drug-Resistant Therapeutic Effect of IGFBP2 in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

The occurrence and development of hematologic tumors are closely linked to cellular senescence. However, the molecular characteristics associated with this phenomenon in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have not been thoroughly investigated. The cellular senescence score was calculated using gene set variation analysis. Consensus clustering algorithm was used to identify the molecular subtypes associated with cellular senescence. Clinical samples were collected for sequencing analysis to verify the expression of critical cellular senescence-related genes (CSRG). The effect of targeted inhibition of IGFBP2 on the malignant phenotype of CML-resistant cells was studied by cell experiments. The cellular senescence score in CML samples was significantly lower compared to normal samples. Higher expression of immune checkpoint markers correlated with increased cellular senescence scores. We identified two distinct molecular subtypes (C1 and C2) related to cellular senescence. The C1 subtype exhibited enhanced metabolic function and DNA damage repair capacity, while the C2 subtype showed higher infiltration of immune effector cells and activity in immune-related signaling pathways. We also discovered a group of drugs that displayed significant sensitivity differences between these two molecular subtypes, with the C2 subtype showing greater responsiveness to immunotherapy. Four critical cellular senescence-related genes (CSRGs), namely IGFBP2, IL7R, PLAU, and SUN1 demonstrated high diagnostic value for CML. We validated the expression levels of these four genes using clinical samples and confirmed through cell experiments that targeted inhibition of IGFBP2 effectively suppressed proliferation of resistant CML cells, promoted apoptosis, and enhanced therapeutic sensitivity to imatinib. Our study conducted a comprehensive analysis on CSRG expression characteristics in CML and explored potential correlations between cellular senescence and immune function. The identification of molecular subtypes provides valuable insights into assessing individual patients' biological characteristics for guiding clinical treatment decisions. Additionally, IGFBP2has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for therapy-resistant cases of CML.

CRH upregulates supervillin through ERK and AKT pathways to promote bladder cancer cell migration.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been well documented playing a role in the regulation of cellular processes, immune responses, and inflammatory processes that can influence the occurrence and development of tumors. Supervillin (SVIL) is a membrane-associated and actin-binding protein, which is actively involved in the proliferation, spread, and migration of cancer cells. This work investigated CRH's influence on bladder cancer cells'migration and relevant mechanisms. By using human bladder cancer cells T24 and RT4 in wound healing experiments and transwell assay, we found that the migration ability of the T24 cells was significantly increased after CRH treatment. In vivo experiments showed that CRH significantly promoted the metastases of T24 cells in cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) mouse model. Interestingly, downregulation of SVIL by SVIL-specifc small hairpin RNAs significantly reduced the promoting effect of CRH on bladder cancer cell migration. Furthermore, CRH significantly increased SVILmessenger RNA and protein expression in T24 cells, accompanied with AKT andERK phosphorylation in T24 cells. Pretreatment with AKT inhibitor (MK2206) blocked the CRH-induced SVIL expression and ERK phosphorylation. Also, inhibition of ERK signaling pathway by U0126 significantly reduced the CRH-induced SVIL expression and AKT phosphorylation. It suggested that cross-talking between AKT and ERK pathways was involved in the effect of CRH on SVIL. Taken together, we demonstrated that CRH induced migration of bladder cancer cells, in which AKT andERK pathways -SVIL played a key role.

Pan-cancer analysis of IRF1 focusing on prognostic and immunological roles in non-small cell lung cancer

Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) significantly affects tumour occurrence and development. This study aimed to analyse its function as a pan-cancer prognostic indicator. We compared IRF1 expression and prognostic significance in normal and tumour samples from different databases. Accordingly, we performed in vitro experiments and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to investigate the role of IRF1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our findings indicate that IRF1 expression is significantly correlated with prognosis, the tumour microenvironment, and immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that IRF1 had high accuracy in distinguishing cancerous tissues from normal ones. Notably, IRF1 expression was linked to immune-related and immune checkpoint genes. Cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were significantly related to IRF1 expression. IHC indicated that IRF1 was downregulated in NSCLC tissues. Our study provides comprehensive bioinformatic analysis and experimental verification of IRF1, suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker in cancer.

Current advancements in PD-L1 modulation by CMTM6 in malignant tumors

Abstract The CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 6 (CMTM6), a member of the chemokine-like factor superfamily, binds to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on the cell membrane, thereby impeding PD-L1’s lysosomal degradation and sustaining its expression. In recent years, extensive studies on PD-L1 have provided insights into its function as an immunepoint inhibitor involved in tumor cell immune evasion. The specific interaction between CMTM6 and PD-L1 suggests a potential role in tumor cell immune evasion and suppression, potentially offering a novel therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. Currently, the research on CMTM6 and PD-L1 in diverse tumors and diseases is limited, but their significant roles are indicated. This article provides an overview of the impact of CMTM6 on the immune microenvironment in different types of cancer (such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and liver cancer), and summarizes the effects of CMTM6 on the occurrence and development of various tumors.

Immunogenic shift of arginine metabolism triggers systemic metabolic and immunological reprogramming to prevent HER2+ breast cancer.

Arginine metabolism in tumors is often shunted into the pathway producing pro-tumor and immune suppressive polyamines (PAs), while downmodulating the alternative nitric oxide (NO) synthesis pathway. Aiming to correct arginine metabolism in tumors, arginine deprivation therapy and inhibitors of PA synthesis have been developed. Despite some therapeutic advantages, these approaches have often yielded severe side effects, making it necessary to explore an alternative strategy. We previously reported that supplementing SEP, the endogenous precursor of BH 4 (the essential NO synthase cofactor), could correct arginine metabolism in tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and induce their metabolic and phenotypic reprogramming. We saw that oral SEP treatment effectively suppressed the growth of HER2-positive mammary tumors in animals. SEP also has no reported dose-dependent toxicity in clinical trials for metabolic disorders. In the present study, we report that a long-term use of SEP in animals susceptible to HER2-positive mammary tumors effectively prevented tumor occurrence. These SEP-treated animals had undergone reprogramming of the systemic metabolism and immunity, elevating total T cell counts in the circulation and bone marrow. Given that bone marrow-resident T cells are mostly memory T cells, it is plausible that chronic SEP treatment promoted memory T cell formation, leading to a potent tumor prevention. These findings suggest the possible roles of the SEP/BH 4 /NO axis in promoting memory T cell formation and its potential therapeutic utility for preventing HER2-positive breast cancer.

Intracranial aneurysm coexisting with pituitary adenoma: A systematic review

Introduction: The simultaneous occurrence of intracranial aneurysms (IA) and primary brain tumors (BT) is frequently reported, with an estimated incidence of 0.5% to 7.4%. Among the tumor types associated with IA, pituitary adenomas (PA) are the most prevalent. Methods: We selected articles, published from 1960 to December 2023, on the Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. The extraction form contains information specific to the aneurysm and tumor, rupture of the aneurysm, treatment proposal for both and order of treatment and outcome. Results: The study evaluated 118 patients from 25 articles. The most frequent types of tumors were Non-Functioning Hormone (NFA) producers, present in 45.8% (n=54) of the cases, and Growth Hormone (GH) secretors, which represent 23.0% (n=27) of the cases. The main treatment used was surgery, with Subtotal Resection (STR) performed in 4.2% (n=5) of cases, Gross Total Resection (GTR) in 3.4% (n=4), and Transsphenoidal Resection (TSR) in 7.6% (n=9). 16.0% (n=19) of patients had two or more aneurysms concomitant with the adenoma. IA treatment was performed before PA surgery in 25 patients (21.2%) and 15 patients received simultaneous treatment to IA and PA (12.7%). Conclusion: Patients with PAs have a considerable prevalence of IAs. Hormonal imbalances and mechanical changes induced by tumor growth, particularly influenced by GH and IGF-1, contribute to this coexistence. Surgical intervention is common, requiring meticulous precautions to avoid complications. More longitudinal studies including close follow-up with a description of outcomes are necessary to guide treatment protocols for this condition.

Characteristic analysis of autoimmune encephalitis with antibodies against the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor

The clinical data of 7 patients with anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) encephalitis admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2015 to January 2024 were retrospectively collected, and 87 cases with complete literature data were included for summary analysis. Seven casess exhibited limbic encephalitis, including 3 with lung cancer and 1 with thymoma. All cases were treated with glucocorticoids and/or human immunoglobulin. Four cases with concurrent tumors were followed up for 1 to 25 months and all died. Among the 94 patients (7 admitted cases and 87 documented cases), there were 76 cases with tumor (80.9%), including 33 cases of thymoma (43.4%), 23 cases of lung cancer (30.3%), 9 cases of breast cancer (11.8%), and 6 cases of ovarian tumor (7.9%). The tumor was diagnosed in 13 cases (18.8%) before encephalitis, 40 cases (58.0%) within 1 month after encephalitis, 13 cases (18.8%) within 1-6 months, 2 case (2.9%) within 6-12 months, and 1 case (1.4%) after 1 year. Compared to the 18 patients without tumors who were followed up for>1 year, the 76 patients with tumors showed an increase in age and incidence of mental disorders (both P<0.05), while follow-up time and proportion of good prognosis were decreased (both P<0.05). Closely follow-up should be conducted within 1 year after anti-AMPAR encephalitis, especially in the lungs, thymus, breast, and ovaries. The prognosis of patients with tumors is poor, and older age and mental disorders may indicate the occurrence of tumors.

Genetic aspects of hereditary pancreatitis

Hereditary pancreatitis is a genetically determined disease that occurs in 1-10% of adult patients with chronic pancreatitis and in more than 50% of pediatric patients. Patients with hereditary pancreatitis have an increased risk of developing complications, pancreatic cancer, therefore early detection is important for screening for the occurrence of malignant neoplasm. The purpose of the review was to analyze the literature data on modern approaches to the diagnosis of hereditary pancreatitis and to familiarize with diagnostic methods. Methods A literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, UpToDate, genetic databases using keywords. The data of 80 articles and the expert opinion of specialists providing care to patients with pancreatitis were used. Conclusion Carrying out molecular genetic diagnostics plays an important role in the study of pathogenesis, assessment of variants of the course of the disease. The article presents the currently known aspects that are important for working with patients with hereditary pancreatitis.