Occurrence Of Squalene Research Articles

The Occurrence of Squalene in Human Milk and Infant Formula.

(1) Background: The aim of the conducted research was to analyze the squalene content in infants’ food. (2) Methods: The experimental material included human milk collected from 100 women from Poland and three different infant formulas. The breast milk fat was extracted according to the Rose–Gottlieb method (AOAC), while the squalene content was determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. (3) Results: The highest amount of squalene was identified in the milk of women aged 18–25 (p < 0.05), and its content in milk decreased with the age of lactating women. Moreover, the greatest amount of squalene was identified in milk from the first lactation period (colostrum), while in mature milk, its content was more than two times lower. There was a correlation between breastfeeding BMI and the squalene content in milk (r = 0.78). (4) Conclusions: The conducted research shows that the level of squalene in human milk depends on physiological factors such as the lactation period and individual factors (age, BMI). The results of the conducted research indicate that breast milk is richer in squalene than modified milk. This study shows the importance of breastfeeding and indicates the superiority of breast milk over infant formulas.

Occurrence of squalene and cholesterol in various species of Czech freshwater fish

The triterpenoid hydrocarbon squalene, C&lt;sub&gt;30&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;, abundantly occurring in nature, is known as a substance with a high anti-tumour activity proven by a number of research studies. A high content of squalene was found mainly in shark liver oil and also in olive oil and amaranth seed oil. Our work was aimed at examining squalene contents in fresh water fish. Altogether 20 fish species were analysed. Squalene was determined in the unsaponifiable matter of muscular and visceral fat by a capillary gas chromatography method using a flame ionisation detector; the analysis of the unsaponifiable matter was augmented by cholesterol assay. The quantity of squalene found in muscular and visceral fat of individual fish averaged hundreds of mg/kg, ranging from 98.0 to 1536.8 mg/kg in muscular fat and from 70.1 to 1803.8 mg/kg in visceral fat. Muscular cholesterol amounted from 0.011% to 0.170% and visceral cholesterol from 0.104% to 0.297%.

Cellular fatty acid composition with special reference to the existence of hydroxy fatty acids, and the occurrence of squalene and sterols in species of Rhodospirillaceae genera and Erythrobacter longus.

Cellular fatty acids, squalene, and sterols in the bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria, which include Rhodospirillaceae genera, and Erythrobacter, were investigated. Hydroxy fatty acid composition, and the existence of squalene, Hop-22(29)-ene and Hopan-22-ol explained the heterogeneity of Rhodospirillaceae genera.Erythrobacter longus is distinguished from Rhodospirillaceae species on the basis of hydroxy fatty acid composition. Protomonas extorquens is similar to Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Rhodopseudomonas rutila on the basis of DNA base composition, the quinone system, cellular fatty acid composition, hydroxy fatty acid composition, and occurrence of Hop-22(29)-ene and Hopan-22-ol.

Occurrence of squalene in methanol-grown bacteria.

The nonpolar lipids of methanol-grown bacteria which utilize one-carbon (C1) compounds via the RMP pathway (Pseudomonas C, Pseudomonas methylotropha, and Methylomonas methanolica) were found to contain squalene in concentrations between 0.1 to 1.16 mg/g of cell (dry weight). Squalene could not be detected in lipid extracts of methanol-grown bacteria which utilize C1 compounds via the serine pathway.

Occurrence of squalene, di- and tetrahydrosqualenes, and vitamin MK8 in an extremely halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium cutirubrum

The nonpolar (acetone-soluble) lipids of the extremely halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium cutirubrum, were found to consist of red carotenoid pigments (43%) and squalenes (48%) with a small amount of a vitamin K-type quinone. The squalenes were shown by n.m.r. and mass spectra to consist of the fully isoprenoid squalene (S; C3OH5o), dihydrosqualene (S2; CJ&152), and tetrahydrosqualene (S4; C30H54) in the ratio of 1.0:0.4:0.1. S2 probably has one re- duced internal isoprenoid group, and S4 has one internal and one terminal reduced isoprenyl group. The vitamin K-type quinone was shown by n.m.r. and mass spectra to have a Cho isoprenoid side chain, and is thus identified as menaquinone-8 (MK-8).

The Occurrence of Squalene in Lipid of Fowlpox Virus

Abstract The lipids of highly purified fowlpox virus and those of the normal and infected host cell (chick scalp epithelium) were studied. 1. It was found that the virus contained 34% lipid with squalene being a major component (16.8%) and the only hydrocarbon present. In contrast, squalene was either absent or present only in trace amounts in normal epithelium. 2. Except for the presence of squalene, the lipid classes of the virus qualitatively resembled those found in the normal cell, but thin layer chromatography and individual measurements revealed marked differences in quantitative distribution. The amount of cholesteryl ester, in particular, was elevated in the virus. Cholesterol, mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acid, phospholipid, and an unidentified lipid class composed the remainder of the virus lipid. 3. Total fatty acids of the virus and the surrounding matrix and those of the normal and infected epithelium were mainly saturated and monoenoic with less than 10% polyenoic members present. Analysis with a complementary thin layer and gas-liquid chromatographic procedure revealed that a minimum of 31 fatty acids containing both even and odd chain members from C12–C28 inclusive were present. Branched chain acids were not found. Two points of dissimilarity between the fatty acid composition of the virus and the normal epithelium were the depression in percentage of odd chain acids and the increased monoene to saturate ratio observed with the virus acids. Fatty acid patterns in the cholesteryl ester, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and phospholipid fractions of the virus did not differ greatly. 4. Complex mixtures of aldehydes were discovered in the virus and epithelium phospholipid fractions. At least 54 components, predominately saturated, were detected. Two essentially complete homologous series (normal and isoaldehydes) with even and odd chain members from C10–C28 were found. Anteiso-aldehydes were also present. Aldehydes of the virus were more unsaturated and contained less branched chain members than those of the epithelium. 5. The function of the lipid in fowlpox virus is unclear. The present evidence, however, indicates that the lipid of fowlpox virus differs markedly from that of cell membranes.

The Occurrence of Squalene in Natural Fats

The Occurrence of Squalene in Natural Fats

Occurrence of Squalene in the Egg Oil from Shark

Occurrence of Squalene in the Egg Oil from Shark