Occurrence Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research Articles

Quality of life and post-traumatic stress disorder among elderly earthquake survivors: a focus on the February earthquake in Turkey.

On 6 February, 2023, Turkey experienced a disaster resulting from two major earthquakes. The elderly population stands out as one of the most vulnerable and least adaptable. This study aims to identify the quality of life (QOL) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among elderly earthquake survivors in Turkey. This research was conducted between 1 October, 2023 and 15 December, 2023 as a cross-sectional design. During the data collection process, survey questions prepared by the researchers (29 questions) and the Elderly Quality of Life Scale (OPQOL-Bref) and the Impact of Events Scale (IES-R) were used. Three hundred and eighty-four elderly people participated in the study. PTSD was more common in those diagnosed with chronic diseases after the earthquake, in those who had a drug-free period after the earthquake, in those who smoked and quit smoking, and in those who started psychiatric medication after the earthquake. Post-traumatic stress was seen more frequently in those with low QOL scores and in those who had a longer period of not using medication after the earthquake. It was observed that QOL was better in married people, high school graduates, those with average income levels, those who did not have chronic diseases before and after the earthquake, those who did not have a drug-free period after the earthquake, those who were physically active, and those who did not use psychiatric medication after the earthquake. Chronic disease diagnosis post-earthquake, drug-free periods, smoking habits, and psychiatric medication usage were identified as influential factors in PTSD occurrence. Additionally, the study shed light on the profound effect of earthquake-related experiences, such as house damage, injuries, deaths in first-degree relatives, displacement, and changes in living conditions, on PTSD prevalence.

The relationships between perceived parental rearing, social support, PTSD, and depression in people living with HIV in China: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are two major psychological disorders that affect the mental health of people living with HIV (PLWH). The occurrence of PTSD and depression may be linked to perceptions of parental rearing styles in childhood. However, little is known about the relationship between perceived parental rearing styles, and PTSD and depression in the PLWH population. This study investigated 300 PLWH and explored the relationship between perceived parental rearing style, social support, PTSD, and depression. The results indicated that perceived paternal and maternal warmth were negatively associated with PTSD. Perceived maternal warmth and overprotection were negatively associated with depression. Social support acted as a mediator between perceived parental warmth, PTSD, and depression. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on patients who feel they experienced a lack of parental warmth during childhood and provide psychological care and support, which may help reduce the risk of developing PTSD and depression.

Addressing trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, and post-traumatic growth in breast cancer patients.

Breast cancer (BC) is a common cancer among females in Africa. Being infected with BC in Africa seems like a life sentence and brings devastating experiences to patients and households. As a result, BC is comorbid with trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and post-traumatic growth (PTG). To identify empirical evidence from peer-reviewed articles on the comorbidity trajectories between BC and trauma, BC and PTSD, and BC and PTG. This review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines of conducting a systematic review. Literature searches of the National Library of Medicine, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were conducted using search terms developed for the study. The search hint yielded 769 results, which were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. At the end of the screening, 24 articles were included in the systematic review. BC patients suffered trauma and PTSD during the diagnosis and treatment stages. These traumatic events include painful experiences during and after diagnosis, psychological distress, depression, and cultural stigma against BC patients. PTSD occurrence among BC patients varies across African countries, as this review disclosed: 90% was reported in Kenya, 80% was reported in Zimbabwe, and 46% was reported in Nigeria. The severity of PTSD among BC patients in Africa was based on the test results communicated to the patients. Furthermore, this review revealed that BC patients experience PTG, which involves losing, regaining, and surrendering final control over the body, rebuilding a personified identity, and newfound appreciation for the body. Patients with BC undergo numerous traumatic experiences during their diagnosis and treatment. Psychological interventions are needed in SSA to mitigate trauma and PTSD, as well as promote PTG.

Epigenome-wide association studies identify novel DNA methylation sites associated with PTSD: A meta-analysis of 23 military and civilian cohorts.

The occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a traumatic event is associated with biological differences that can represent the susceptibility to PTSD, the impact of trauma, or the sequelae of PTSD itself. These effects include differences in DNA methylation (DNAm), an important form of epigenetic gene regulation, at multiple CpG loci across the genome. Moreover, these effects can be shared or specific to both central and peripheral tissues. Here, we aim to identify blood DNAm differences associated with PTSD and characterize the underlying biological mechanisms by examining the extent to which they mirror associations across multiple brain regions. As the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) PTSD Epigenetics Workgroup, we conducted the largest cross-sectional meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs) of PTSD to date, involving 5077 participants (2156 PTSD cases and 2921 trauma-exposed controls) from 23 civilian and military studies. PTSD diagnosis assessments were harmonized following the standardized guidelines established by the PGC-PTSD Workgroup. DNAm was assayed from blood using either Illumina HumanMethylation450 or MethylationEPIC (850K) BeadChips. A common QC pipeline was applied. Within each cohort, DNA methylation was regressed on PTSD, sex (if applicable), age, blood cell proportions, and ancestry. An inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis was performed. We conducted replication analyses in tissue from multiple brain regions, neuronal nuclei, and a cellular model of prolonged stress. We identified 11 CpG sites associated with PTSD in the overall meta-analysis (1.44e-09 < p < 5.30e-08), as well as 14 associated in analyses of specific strata (military vs civilian cohort, sex, and ancestry), including CpGs in AHRR and CDC42BPB. Many of these loci exhibit blood-brain correlation in methylation levels and cross-tissue associations with PTSD in multiple brain regions. Methylation at most CpGs correlated with their annotated gene expression levels. This study identifies 11 PTSD-associated CpGs, also leverages data from postmortem brain samples, GWAS, and genome-wide expression data to interpret the biology underlying these associations and prioritize genes whose regulation differs in those with PTSD.

Poor sleep quality contributes to occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma patients

To evaluate the impact of poor sleep quality on occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in trauma patients. We prospectively recruited 256 trauma patients hospitalized in 4 general hospitals in Zunyi during the period from October, 2021 to November, 2022, and 226 of the participants completed the PTSD survey and assessment. The patients' sleep quality within a month before trauma was estimated using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and their sleep quality within 7 days after admission was monitored by smart bracelet sleep monitoring; the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) was used to detect the occurrence of PTSD during the follow-up. The detection rate of PTSD in the patients was 19.47% at 1 month and 17.61% at 3 months after trauma. The patients who developed PTSD had poorer sleep quality before the trauma, as shown by significantly higher PSQI scale scores (P < 0.001), than those without PTSD, and they showed a sleep abnormality rate as high as 72.73% prior to PTSD onset. Within 7 days after admission, the patients developing PTSD had lower sleep quality scores with more frequent night awakenings (P < 0.05). A 1 month and 3 months after trauma, the patients with PTSD had significantly higher PSQI scores than those without PTSD (P < 0.05). PTSD is more likely to occur in trauma patients with poor sleep quality before trauma.

Pre-Pandemic Predictivity of Anxious-Depressive Symptoms in Post-Surgical Traumatic Distress in Hysterectomy for Benign Disease and COVID-19 Outbreak: A Case-Control Study.

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic led to several needed containment measures that conditioned the onset of depressive, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms in the population. These symptoms, especially if not diagnosed and treated, can also occur in patients undergoing medical care or surgery, with a high impact on people's lives and causing low adherence to treatment. The study evaluates whether the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worsened the onset of post-surgical distress and symptoms of anxiety and depression in a population undergoing hysterectomy for benign disease during the pandemic era, comparing it with a population with the same characteristics but recruited before COVID-19. Methods: The sample was evaluated before surgery (T1), post-operatively (T2), and 3 months after surgery (T3) through a sociodemographic questionnaire and through the HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) to evaluate anxious-depressive symptoms and the PCL-5 (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5) to assess the onset of post-surgical distress. Results: Patients treated after the COVID-19 pandemic showed a higher depressive symptoms rate compared with those treated before (p-value = 0.02); conversely, pre-COVID-19 patients were more prone to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (p-value = 0.04). A significant association between the occurrence of PTSD and anxiety-depressive symptoms registered at T2 (p-value = 0.007) and T3 (p-value < 0.0001) emerged. In the end, the COVID-19 pandemic has exerted a detrimental influence on the mental well-being of the patients under investigation, with a notable exacerbation of their mood disturbances. Conclusions: The findings advocate for the implementation of psychometric and psychodiagnostic assessments to promptly detect high-risk scenarios that could lead to PTSD, compromising treatment compliance and exacerbating the overall outcome, resulting in substantial direct and indirect burdens.

The war continues not only on the front: a broader look at PTSD in the context of the Russian invasion and its impact on Ukrainian citizens – systematic rewiev

Russia's aggression against Ukraine is undoubtedly a tragic event that will bring various, often difficult to predict, consequences at many levels of functioning. Certainly, the mental health of war victims faces many challenges. The mental health crisis that occurs during war is a public health problem.28 One of the main disorders that appear in people directly or indirectly related to war is PTSD. It arises as a result of experiencing extremely dangerous, terrifying events that go beyond one's ability to cope and is manifested by symptoms such as: obsessive, persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events, avoidance of factors causing a "return" to traumatic memories, excessive arousal and a sense of constant threats.8, 10 Many factors influence the occurrence of PTSD. It is extremely important to look at the reasons that make it difficult to obtain support. mental health and improving the support system. Ukrainian children and youth deserve special attention here. A developing young society must face particularly great challenges, and it is their mental well-being that guarantees better development of the entire nation. Every effort must be made to ensure that citizens of a country at war receive adequate support. We have many methods of help, from basic emergency support, through a wide range of psychotherapy, to medications in the most severe cases. Additionally, the knowledge of the existence of a phenomenon such as post-traumatic growth may give hope and motivation to act to people in mental crisis struggling with symptoms of PTSD. However, the war continues and there will be more and more victims struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health disorders. We cannot determine at this point how much damage this conflict will cause. However, it is worth acting now to prevent and limit the tragic consequences of the situation in which Ukraine finds itself.

Assessment of the impact of COVID-19 and political instability on mental health of university students in Sudan.

The mental health of students plays a crucial role in their learning and performance. The COVID-19 pandemic, the political turmoil and a coup in Sudan has exacerbated stress and anxiety among university students in Sudan due to uncertainty about their academic activities. To assess post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurrence and coping strategies adopted by university students in Sudan. This cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to June 2022. It used the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief-COPE) and Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) questionnaires to assess the occurrence of PTSD and coping strategies among 596 university students in Sudan. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the frequency and percentage, Student's t test was used to compare the means of 2 groups and one-way analysis of variance to compare the means of ≥ 3 groups. There was a high prevalence of PTSD among the students, with a score of 31.2 (SD 16.4). The total score of PTSD was higher among female students. Around 36% of the students had a PTSD score > 37, which is considered high enough to suppress immune function. The most widely adopted coping strategies were religion and acceptance of the situation, while substance use was the least. Students who had COVID-19 infection during the pandemic differed significantly from uninfected students in the application of coping strategies. In contrast, students whose family members or friends had COVID-19 were not significantly different from students with uninfected family members or friends in the application of the coping strategies, such as self-blame, denial, substance use, and behavioural disengagement. We recommend the initiation and implementation of psychological counselling programmes for university students in Sudan onsite or remotely. Further research should be carried out to assess the long-term effects of the pandemic and the political conflicts so as to design and implement appropriate and efficient interventions.

Half a Century of Research on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Scientometric Analysis.

We conducted a scientometric analysis to outline clinical research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our primary objective was to perform a broad-ranging scientometric analysis to evaluate key themes and trends over the past decades. Our secondary objective was to measure research network performance. We conducted a systematic search in the Web of Science Core Collection up to 15 August 2022 for publications on PTSD. We identified 42,170 publications published between 1945 and 2022. We used CiteSpace to retrieve the co-cited reference network (1978-2022) that presented significant modularity and mean silhouette scores, indicating highly credible clusters (Q = 0.915, S = 0.795). Four major trends of research were identified: 'war veterans and refugees', 'treatment of PTSD/neuroimaging', 'evidence syntheses', and 'somatic symptoms of PTSD'. The largest cluster of research concerned evidence synthesis for genetic predisposition and environmental exposures leading to PTSD occurrence. Research on war-related trauma has shifted from battlefield-related in-person exposure trauma to drone operator trauma and is being out published by civilian-related trauma research, such as the 'COVID-19' pandemic impact, 'postpartum', and 'grief disorder'. The focus on the most recent trends in the research revealed a burst in the 'treatment of PTSD' with the development of Mhealth, virtual reality, and psychedelic drugs. The collaboration networks reveal a central place for the USA research network, and although relatively isolated, a recent surge of publications from China was found. Compared to other psychiatric disorders, we found a lack of high-quality randomized controlled trials for pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. These results can inform funding agencies and future research.

The effect of nurse-initiated diary intervention on posttraumatic stress disorder and recall of memories in ICU survivors: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPatients’ recall of memories from the ICU plays an important role in the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder. This study aimed to determine the effect of nurse-initiated diary intervention on post-traumatic stress disorder and recall of memories in ICU survivors.MethodsThis RCT study included all patients admitted to two trauma ICUs in Southeast of Iran. Thirty patients considered in control and intervention groups. Data collection tools included the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the ICU Memory Tool (ICU-MT). The researcher wrote daily diaries of the intervention and control groups during the first 72 h of their admissions. SPSS25 was used to analyze the data.ResultsThe total mean PTSD score in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p > 0.0001, z = -3.75). The number of those in the intervention group who clearly recalled their admission to hospital, their hospital stay before being admitted to the ICU and all memories from the ICU stay, was more than those in the control group; this difference was statistically significant (p > 0.0001).ConclusionThe results showed that the nurse-initiated diary was effective on the PTSD and recall clear memories of patients admitted to the ICU. We suggest medical and educational centers to use this intervention in order to reduce the posttraumatic stress disorder in these patients. As nurse-initiated diary intervention had no significant difference in the recall of different types of memories from the ICU, we require further studies in this field.

Are 6 more accurate than 4? The influence of different modes of delivery on postpartum depression and PTSD

BackgroundEmpirical evidence shows that 4.6–6.3% of all women develop a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and approximately 10–15% postpartum depression (PPD) following childbirth. This study explores the relationship between delivery mode and the occurrence of PTSD and PPD, specifically examining four distinct caesarean section (CS) modes: primary on maternal request (Grade 4), medically indicated primary (Grade 3), secondary CS from relative indication (Grade 2) and emergency secondary CS (Grade 1), compared to vaginal and assisted vaginal delivery (AVD). The research aims to understand how these six subcategories of delivery modes impact PPD and PTSD levels. Common predictors, including the need for psychological treatment before childbirth, fear of childbirth, planning of pregnancy, induction of labor, birth debriefing, and lack of social support after childbirth, will be analyzed to determine their association with postpartum mental health outcomes.MethodsThe study was planned and carried out by a research team of the psychology department at the Medical School Hamburg, Germany. Within an online-study (cross-sectional design) N = 1223 German speaking women with a baby who did not die before, during or after birth were surveyed once between four weeks and twelve months postpartum via an anonymous online questionnaire on demographic and gynecological data, delivery mode, PTSD (PCL-5) and PPD (EPDS).ResultsFor both psychiatric disorders, ANOVA revealed significant differences between delivery mode and PPD and PTSD. With weak effects for PPD and medium to strong effects for PTSD. Post-hoc tests showed increased levels of PPD for two CS types (Grade 1, Grade 3) compared to vaginal delivery. For PTSD, secondary CS from relative indication (Grade 2), emergency secondary CS (Grade 1) and assisted vaginal delivery (AVD) were associated with elevated levels of PTSD. Regression analysis revealed delivery mode as a significant predictor of EPDS- (medium effect size) and PCL-5-Score (medium to high effect size).LimitationDelivery was considered as the potential traumatic event, and any previous traumas were not documented. Additionally, the categorization of delivery modes relied on subjective reports rather than medical confirmation.ConclusionThe study highlights the influence of delivery mode on the mental health of postpartum mothers: different modes influence postpartum disorders in various ways. However, the definition of delivery mode was only stated subjectively and not medically confirmed. Further research should investigate which aspects of the different delivery modes affect maternal mental health and explore how the perception of childbirth may be influenced by specific delivery experiences.

Exposure to Traumatic Events at Work, Post-Traumatic Symptoms, and Professional Quality of Life among Italian Midwives: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, following exposure to traumatic events, in Italian midwives and their consequent influence on the quality of midwives' professional lives. In addition, data were collected on the major traumatic events described by midwives. A cross-sectional study related the socio-demographic characteristics of 286 midwives with the scores obtained on two assessment scales, one for post-traumatic stress disorder (IES-R) and the other for quality of life (ProQOL V). The percentage of midwives who obtained a score higher than the predetermined threshold value in both questionnaires was noted, and the correlations that emerged were highlighted. Through this qualitative method, their significant work-related traumatic events were investigated to finally detect the prevalence percentage of each category. The proportion of midwives scoring higher than 33 on the IES-R scale, indicating a higher likelihood of PTSD, was 48.6%. Freelancers or outpatient clinic midwives had lower mean IES scores (p = 0.049). A significant inverse correlation was observed between age and IES-R score and between the compassion satisfaction subscale and time since completing education (p = 0.028). A comparison between the IES-R and ProQOL scales showed a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.001), in particular, between the burnout (BO) (p < 0.001) and secondary traumatic stress (STS) (p < 0.001) subscales. The thematic categorization of traumatic events included mother/child death, mother/child medical complications, relational problems with patients or team members, and organizational problems/medical staff's inexperience. The emerging data may confirm the data in the literature, namely those showing that midwives are prone to developing work-related PTSD, particularly due to their exposure to traumatic events such as maternal and neonatal death.

Potential causal association between gut microbiome and posttraumatic stress disorder

BackgroundThe causal effects of gut microbiome and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are still unknown. This study aimed to clarify their potential causal association using mendelian randomization (MR).MethodsThe summary-level statistics for gut microbiome were retrieved from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the MiBioGen consortium. As to PTSD, the Freeze 2 datasets were originated from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Working Group (PGC-PTSD), and the replicated datasets were obtained from FinnGen consortium. Single nucleotide polymorphisms meeting MR assumptions were selected as instrumental variables. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was employed as the main approach, supplemented by sensitivity analyses to evaluate potential pleiotropy and heterogeneity and ensure the robustness of the MR results. We also performed reverse MR analyses to explore PTSD’s causal effects on the relative abundances of specific features of the gut microbiome.ResultsIn Freeze 2 datasets from PGC-PTSD, eight bacterial traits revealed a potential causal association between gut microbiome and PTSD (IVW, all P < 0.05). In addition, Genus.Dorea and genus.Sellimonas were replicated in FinnGen datasets, in which eight bacterial traits revealed a potential causal association between gut microbiome and the occurrence of PTSD. The heterogeneity and pleiotropy analyses further supported the robustness of the IVW findings, providing additional evidence for their reliability.ConclusionOur study provides the potential causal impact of gut microbiomes on the development of PTSD, shedding new light on the understanding of the dysfunctional gut-brain axis in this disorder. Our findings present novel evidence and call for investigations to confirm the association between their links, as well as to illuminate the underlying mechanisms.

Candidate Genetic Markers for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Within the Scope of Forensic Psychiatry

This study was conducted to investigate the role of two candidate polymorphisms to improve the diagnosis of Post-Traumatic StressDisorder (PTSD) in forensic psychiatry settings. Individuals who applied to our unit with PTSD symptoms following a traffic accident were included. The control group consisted of people who had experienced a similar accident without any symptoms. Sociodemographic data-form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI 3) were applied to the patients and controls, and the frequencies of the rs8042149 polymorphic allele of the RORA gene and the rs717947 polymorphic allele (4p15) were investigated. A total of 103 people were included (54 case, 49 control). The rates of polymorphisms were not different between the groups. Higher education levels were associated with lower PTSD incidence while higher scores in the Social Subscale of ASI strongly predicted the occurrence of PTSD. The polymorphisms assessed did not help to differentiate the groups in the current sample. The potential of the Social Subscale of ASI-3 in predicting the occurrence of PTSD following a trauma should be evaluated in a longitudinal design.

Interventions psychotraumatisantes chez les ramasseurs de blessés : déterminants du stress post-traumatique chez les sapeurs-pompiers de Lomé

PurposeThe general objective was to evaluate the factors influencing the onset of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in firefighters in Lomé. MethodThis was a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study of the case-control and content analysis of the discourse relating to firefighters and their experience in the face of psychotraumatic interventions in Lomé. This study was carried out from June 1 to 14, 2021. Two groups were formed: one group consisted of firefighters who presented with PTSD defined by a score greater than 51 on the QSPT with the presence of the 8 DSM V criteria; a control group made up of firefighters who did not present with PTSD. One case was matched to a control. ResultsThe firefighters were divided into 2 groups depending on whether or not they had presented with PTSD; hence 40 cases were matched to 40 controls. The male gender predominated in the case group at 75%; as in the control group, at 77.5%. The M/F sex ratio was 3/1 in the cases. Overall, the mean age was 32.4±6.1 years. With respect to personal vulnerability, being conscientious, perfectionist, they had probabilities P=0 each and ORs respectively equal to 21.3 [2.3–10.4] and 6.2 [1.4–5]. Those who demonstrated a reluctance to make requests, fear of being criticized, and excessive submission to others had probabilities P=0.0003 [1.3–4.9], P=0.0009 [1.3–5.6] and P=0 respectively, 0001 [1.4–4.9]. In terms of those experiencing trauma, both the feeling of a loss of control and that of being alone in facing situations constituted a significant risk for the onset of PTSD with P=0 and OR=21 [2.3–10.4]; P=0.0001 and OR=6.4 [1.4–4.3] respectively. In others, the desire to leave the profession, emotional exhaustion and alcohol consumption after the intervention constituted a significant risk factor in the occurrence of PTSD. ConclusionThe fact of being conscientious, with a feeling of loss of control during interventions, associated with the desire to leave the profession were the main risk factors linked to the occurrence of PTSD.

Sexual Violence against Minors: A Study of 35 Cases

Sexual violence refers to any contact or interaction (visual, verbal, or psychological) where an adult uses a child or adolescent for sexual stimulation, either for their own satisfaction or that of a third party. It represents a fairly common, urgent, and challenging situation to diagnose, while avoiding any underestimation or overestimation. Hence, the relevance of our study, which aims to describe and analyze the psychological and social aspects of sexual abuse in minors under the age of 18 who were seen at the pediatric psychiatry department of Arrazi Hospital in Salé. The identified risk factors were as follows: an average age of 10 years, male gender, and a conflicted family dynamic. The only factor associated with the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after sexual assault was having a stay-at-home mother. Furthermore, it was observed that the higher the age of the first sexual assault, the greater the risk of developing depressive disorders. Victims from families marked by domestic violence had a 25.5 times higher risk of developing this disorder after a sexual assault. Compared to victims with parents in a couple, those who were divorced had a higher number of comorbid PTSD diagnoses, while widowhood was associated with a decrease in the number of comorbid diagnoses. Lastly, it was found that justice intervention in response to sexual assault was associated with a higher number of comorbid psychiatric disorders with PTSD. To ensure the care of children who are victims of abuse and family violence, it is essential to involve professionals from various disciplines. A comprehensive and multidisciplinary evaluation must be conducted, taking into account medical, psychological, psychiatric, and social aspects. Thus, this information provides valuable foundations for developing strategies for the prevention and early detection of child abuse.

Relationship of Stressors and Psychosocial Support with Occurrence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Patients with Covid-19

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is common in COVID-19 survivors and can be caused by a variety of stressors, including the duration of infection, severity, and location of isolation when infected with COVID-19. Furthermore, public anxiety caused by the rapid increase in the number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19 plays a role in the occurrence of PTSD. To reduce the risk of mental disorders, psychosocial support is required. The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence of PTSD in COVID-19 survivors, to describe aspects of psychosocial support for COVID-19 survivors, and to assess the relationship between stressor factors and psychosocial support and the occurrence of PTSD in COVID-19 survivors. This research used an analytical observational research design with a cross sectional approach, involving 149 respondents aged 17-65 years, 52 men and 97 women from the COVID-19 survivor community known as COVID Survivor Indonesia (CSI) in DKI Jakarta. The Medical Outcomes Study–Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS) and The Impact Of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) questionnaires were distributed via Google Form to collect data. Data was processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 26.0, and results were analyzed using descriptive univariate and bivariate using Chi Square. There is a significant relationship between stressor factors and the occurrence of PTSD, specifically the duration of infection with COVID-19 (P = 0,026), severity when infected with COVID-19 (P = 0,027), and place of isolation when infected with COVID-19 (P = 0,023). Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between psychosocial support and the occurrence of PTSD (p = 0,001). Management of COVID-19 patients is required to detect stressor factors and provide psychosocial support so that COVID-19 survivors can return physical and psychological health.

PREVENTION OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN ATHLETES, INCLUDING IN THE CONDITIONS OF MILITARY ACTIONS IN UKRAINE

Post-traumatic stress is defined, both in terms of terminology and content, as a special form of the general pathological reaction of the human body, which occurs in a situation (as a result) when stress (as a process) overloads the adaptive, psychophysiological resources of the human body with the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorders. A gender (sexual) feature of the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorders is the fact that this syndrome occurs twice as often in female adults than in male adults. The above must be taken into account in practice, both in relation to women's sports in general and the sports activities of female athletes directly, especially under the conditions of martial law, as is the case in Ukraine. The purpose of the study: to determine the main approaches to the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder in athletes, including under the conditions of military operations in Ukraine. Research methods: theoretical analysis of scientific literature: generalization, synthesis, formalization, abstraction. Research results and conclusions. In order to prevent the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder in athletes, especially during the period of military operations on the territory of Ukraine, preventive measures are necessary. The main methodological approaches to the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder in athletes under the conditions of military operations in Ukraine are proposed. A special sportsmen survey questionnaire was developed to detect possible post-traumatic stress disorder in sportsmen and women. In order to prevent the possible occurrence of PTSD, it is recommended to carry out educational work among athletes on the prevention of PTSD, to organize healthy and healthy nutrition using computer programs for assessing and correcting nutrition. It was concluded that athletes, especially during military operations, are recommended to carry out such a preventive measure as a survey using special survey questionnaires for athletes in order to prevent and diagnose the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder. It is desirable to carry out explanatory work with athletes regarding the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder, especially during the military period. In order to prevent the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder, it is desirable to organize a healthy and healthy diet for sportsmen and especially sportswomen.

Family presence during resuscitation.

Patients and their relatives often expect to be actively involved in decisions of treatment. Even during resuscitation and acute medical care, patients may want to have their relatives nearby, and relatives may want to be present if offered the possibility.The principle of family presence during resuscitation (FPDR) is a triangular relationship where the intervention of family presence affects the healthcare professionals, the relatives present, and the care of the patient involved. All needs and well-being must be balanced in the context of FPDR as the actions involving all three groups can impact the others. The primary aim of this review was to investigate how offering relatives the option to be present during resuscitation of patients affects the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related symptoms in the relatives. The secondary aim was to investigate how offering relatives the option to be present during resuscitation of patients affects the occurrence of other psychological outcomes in the relatives and what effect family presence compared to no family presence during resuscitation of patients has on patient morbidity and mortality. We also wanted to investigate the effect of FPDR on medical treatment and care during resuscitation. Furthermore, we wanted to investigate and report the personal stress seen in healthcare professionals and if possible describe their attitudes toward the FPDR initiative. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL from inception to 22 March 2022without any language limits. We also checked references and citations of eligible studies usingScopus, and searched for relevant systematic reviews using Epistomonikos. Furthermore, we searched ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP, and ISRCTN registry for ongoing trials; OpenGrey for grey literature; and Google Scholar for additional trials (all on 22 March 2022). We included randomized controlled trials of adults who have witnessed a resuscitation attempt of a patient (who was their relative) at the emergency department or in the pre-hospital emergency medical service. The participants of this review included relatives, patients, and healthcare professionals during resuscitation. We included relatives aged 18 years or older who have witnessed a resuscitation attempt of a patient (who is their relative) in the emergency department or pre-hospital. We defined relatives as siblings, parents, spouses, children, or close friends of the patient, or any other descriptions used by the study authors. There were no limitations on adult age or gender. We defined patient as a patient with cardiac arrest in need of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), a patient with a critical medical or traumatic life-threatening condition, an unconscious patient, or a patient in any other way at risk of sudden death. We included all types of healthcare professionals as described in the included studies. There were no limitations on age or gender. We checked titles and abstracts of studies identified by the search, and obtained the full reports of those studies deemed potentially relevant. Two review authors independently extracted data. As it was not possible to conduct meta-analyses, we synthesized data narratively. The electronic searches yielded a total of 7292records after deduplication. Weincluded 2 trials (3 papers) involving a total of 595 participants:a cluster-randomized trial from 2013involving pre-hospital emergency medical services units in France, comparing systematic offer for a relative to witness CPR with the traditional practice, and its 1-year assessment;and a small pilot study from 1998 of FPDR in an emergency department in the UK. Participants were19to 78years old, and between 56% and 64% were women. PTSD was measured with theImpact of Event Scale, and the median score ranged from 0 to 21(range 0 to 75; higher scores correspond to more severe disease).In thetrial that accounted formost of the included participants (570/595), the frequency of PTSD-related symptoms was significantly higher in the control group after 3 and 12 months,andin the per-protocol analysesa significant statistical difference was found in favor of FPDR when looking at PTSD, anxiety and depression, and complicated grief after 1 year. One of the included studies also measured duration of patient resuscitation and personal stress in healthcare professionals during FPDR and found no difference between groups. Both studies had high risk of bias, and the evidence for all outcomes except one was assessed as very low certainty. There was insufficient evidence to draw any firm conclusions on the effectsof FPDRon relatives' psychological outcomes. Sufficiently powered and well-designed randomized controlled trials may change the conclusions of the review in future.

Insights into the Involvement and Therapeutic Target Potential of the Dopamine System in the PosttraumaticStressDisorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychiatric disease closely related to life-threatening events and psychological stress. Re-experiencing, hyperarousal, avoidance, and numbness are the hallmark symptoms of PTSD, but their underlying neurological processes have not been clearly elucidated. Therefore, the identification and development of drugs for PTSD that targets brain neuronal activities have stalled. Considering that the persistent fear memory induced by traumatic stimulation causes high alertness, high arousal, and cognitive impairment of PTSD symptoms. While the midbrain dopamine system can affect physiological processes such as aversive fear memory learning, consolidation, persistence, and extinction, by altering the functions of the dopaminergic neurons, our viewpoint is that the dopamine system plays a considerable role in the PTSD occurrence and acts as a potential therapeutic target of the disorder. This paper reviews recent findings on the structural and functional connections between ventral tegmental area neurons and the core synaptic circuits involved in PTSD, gene polymorphisms related to the dopamine system that confer susceptibility to clinical PTSD. Moreover, the progress of research on medications that target the dopamine system as PTSD therapies is also discussed. Our goal is to offer some hints for early detection and assist in identifying novel, efficient approaches for treating PTSD.