Occurrence Of Phthalic Acid Esters Research Articles

Occurrence of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in key species of anthozoans in Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea's biodiversity is declining due to climate change and human activities, with plastics and emerging contaminants (ECs) posing significant threats. This study assessed phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) occurrence in four anthozoan species (Cladocora caespitosa, Eunicella cavolini, Madracis pharensis, Parazoanthus axinellae) using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All specimens were contaminated with at least one contaminant, reaching maximum values of 57.3 ng/g for the ∑PAEs and 64.2 ng/g (wet weight) for ∑APIs, with dibutyl phthalate and Ketoprofen being the most abundant. P. axinellae was the most contaminated species, indicating higher susceptibility to bioaccumulation, while the other three species showed two-fold lower concentrations. Moreover, the potential adverse effects of these contaminants on anthozoans have been discussed. Investigating the impact of PAEs and APIs on these species is crucial, given their key role in the Mediterranean benthic communities.

Occurrence of Phthalate Acid Esters (PAEs) in Protected Agriculture Soils and Implications for Human Health Exposure.

This study explored occurrence of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in protected agriculture soils and assessed their potential health risks to humans. Results showed that DEHP and DBP were the most abundant PAEs congeners, with mean concentrations of 318.68μg/kg and 137.56μg/kg, respectively. DOP and BBP concentrations were relatively low, and DMP and DEP were not detected in all samples. DBP concentrations were higher than the allowable concentration standard value. Additionally, soil pH and organic matter were key environmental parameters which may play the vital roles to the occurrence of organic pollutants. Heath risk assessment results indicated that dermal contact was the predominant human exposure route under non-dietary conditions, and children obtained higher health risk scores than adults. In summary, the overall health risk scores were at an acceptable level. These results provide insights for assessing soil environmental safety and ecological risks in protected agricultural soil.

Occurrence of phthalic acid esters in sediment samples from East China Sea

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in many industrial and household products. The widespread distribution of PAEs in marine environment has attracted great concerns, due to their adverse health effects on marine organisms. However, the data on the occurrence of PAEs in sediment from East China Sea is still scarce. In this study, 16 PAEs were analyzed in 67 sediment samples collected from the Hangzhou Bay, Taizhou Bay, and Wenzhou Bay. Eight PAEs were detected in collected sediment samples, and the total concentrations of detected PAEs (∑PAEs) were in the range of 654–2603 ng/g. The di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the predominant PAE (mean 663 ng/g; accounted for mean 52% of ∑PAEs), followed by di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP; 284 ng/g; 22%), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 184 ng/g; 15%), and dimethyl phthalate (63 ng/g; 5.0%). The mean sediment concentration of ∑PAEs in the Hangzhou Bay (1623 ng/g) was higher than that in the Taizhou Bay (1282 ng/g) and Wenzhou Bay (1185 ng/g). Concentrations of diethyl phthalate, DiBP, and DBP were significantly and positively correlated with one another in sediment from Taizhou Bay and Wenzhou Bay. The estimated inventories of ∑PAEs in sediment from Hangzhou Bay, Taizhou Bay, and Wenzhou Bay were 82 tons, 28 tons, and 26 tons, respectively. Overall, this study provides the first data on the occurrence of PAEs in sediment from the East China Sea, which is necessary to conduct the PAE exposure risk assessment for the marine benthos.

Occurrence of phthalic acid esters in marine organisms from Hangzhou Bay, China: Implications for human exposure

Owing to the wide application of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the manufacturing of plastic products, they are ubiquitous in the marine environment. However, the occurrence of various PAEs in marine organisms from China has not been well characterized. In this study, 341 marine organism samples (including fish, shrimp, crab, and shellfish) were collected from Hangzhou Bay, China and analyzed for 16 PAEs. Further, the human PAE exposure risks raised from the consumption of marine organisms were evaluated for adults and children. In total, eight PAEs were detected in collected organism samples, with the concentration of total PAEs (∑PAEs) ranging from 64 to 2840 ng/g (mean 238 ng/g). Crab (mean 811 ng/g) samples had the highest mean concentration of ∑PAEs, followed by fish (465 ng/g), shrimp (293 ng/g), and shellfish (261 ng/g) samples. Among detected PAEs, di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were the predominant PAEs, and they collectively accounted for 84–97% of the ∑PAEs concentrations in all samples. The estimated daily intakes of DiBP, DBP, and DEHP were more than one order of magnitude higher than remaining PAEs. Calculated hazard quotient values of PAEs were all <0.1, suggesting non-cancer risks for the general population through the consumption of marine organisms. Overall, for the first time, this study systematically examined the occurrence of multiple PAEs in four types of marine organisms from Hangzhou Bay, China.

Widespread occurrence of phthalic acid esters in raw oilseeds in China used for edible vegetable oil production

ABSTRACTSeven different phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were quantified in 124 samples of 16 types of oilseeds from China using a simplified GC-MS method. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate were found in all tested oilseed samples. Each made a high contribution to the summed total PAEs. Total PAE concentrations in 124 oilseeds ranged from 0.14 to 3.05 mg kg–1, and the mean was 0.99 mg kg–1. Mandulapalka (Cyperus esculentus) samples were the most severely contaminated among all the tested specimens; maize germ samples were least contaminated. Di-n-octyl phthalate and butylbenzyl phthalate were not detected in 12 and five types of oilseeds, respectively. Only eight samples contained all seven analytes. No difference was observed between woody oil-bearing plant and herbaceous oil-bearing plant in terms of PAEs content.

Occurrence of phthalic acid esters in source waters: a nationwide survey in China during the period of 2009–2012

The first nationwide survey of six phthalic acid esters (PAEs) (diethyl phthalate (DEP); dimethyl phthalate (DMP); di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP); butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP); bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP)) in source waters was conducted in China. The results showed these PAEs were ubiquitous in source waters. DBP and DEHP were the most frequently detected with high concentrations ranging nd–1.52 μg/L and nd–6.35 μg/L, respectively. These PAEs concentrations (except DBP) in surface water (rivers, lakes and reservoirs) were generally higher than those in groundwater; DBP had high concentrations in groundwater in Northeast China (Liao River Basin) and North China (Hai River Basin). Their concentrations in the northern regions were generally higher than those in the southern and eastern regions; particularly, in North China. Three short-chain PAEs (DMP, DEP and DBP) were detected with high concentrations in Hai River Basin, Pearl River Basin and Yellow River Basin.

Occurrence of phthalic acid esters in Gomti River Sediment, India

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are well-known ubiquitous environmental pollutants and used as plasticizers for the manufacturing of plastic products. During this exploratory study, an attempt has been made to determine the concentration and distribution of five prominent PAEs, viz. di-methyl phthalate (DMP), di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-octyl phthalate (DOP) in the sediment samples of Gomti River collected from 30 different locations. Identification and quantification of PAEs were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mean concentration values of DMP, DEP, DBP, DEHP, and DOP were found as 10.54, 4.57, 10.41, 31.61, and 5.16 microg/kg, respectively. Limit of detection and limit of quantification for each PAE were also calculated and found in the ranges of 0.09-0.55 and 0.28-1.67 microg/kg. DEHP was the most frequently detected PAE (present in 93.3% samples); however, DOP was found only in 36.7% samples.

The occurrence of phthalic acid esters in various samples of commercially available sodium chloride injections (Indian Pharmacopoeia)

Conclusive evidence for the presence of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in 15 out of 17 commercially available sodium chloride injection (Indian Pharmacopoeia) samples was obtained and concentration levels as high as 11.0 mg/500 ml of saline were detected. The presence of such contaminants in i.v. fluids, avoidable by the institution of appropriate quality control measures before manufacturing and marketing, is a matter of serious concern. Stipulated specifications in different pharmacopoeias are meant only to ensure sterility and pyrogenicity, and it is advisable that cognisance be taken of the presence of toxic contaminants e.g. di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.