Occurrence Of Pesticide Residues Research Articles

Effect of integrated pest management practices on the occurrence of pesticide residue in okra cultivated by farmers in Kwara state.

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a sustainable approach for minimizing the negative impacts of pests on crops while reducing reliance on synthetic pesticides. This study was conducted in Kwara State Nigeria in 2023, to investigate the effects of implementation of IPM practices on the occurrence of pesticide residues in okra cultivated by the farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria, and identify the factors affecting the use of IPM practices for pest control in okra production. A sample of 245 okra farmers was selected across 4 agricultural zones of Kwara State using a multistage sampling technique. Additionally, okra samples were collected from the farmers of each community of the local government areas. The data collected from the farmers were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including frequency count, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC). The collected okra samples were taken to the laboratory for pesticide residue extraction and analysis was performed using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometer (MS). The results showed that most okra producers in Kwara State were smallholder farmers who, despite practicing IPM, had limited knowledge of the technology. Some pesticide residues were detected in okra, out of which two were present in quantities above the maximum residue limit, while others were below the maximum residue limit. Therefore, this study recommends that the government should improve extension services in the State by providing adequate funds and training extension agents who can provide comprehensive training to farmers on the types and application of IPM as an eco-friendly technology for preventing pesticide residue in okra.

Validation and application of a method for determination of multi-class pesticides in muscle chicken breast fillets using QuEChERS extraction and GC/MS.

The occurrence of pesticide residues in animal products deserves attention because of the contamination by environmental pollutants and pesticides that may be present in the food that animals are fed. The goal of this work was the validation of a method for detection of residues of multiple classes of pesticide and determination of their residues in chicken breast fillets. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used for analysis. A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was put into practice for its validation and applied to real samples. The study optimised mass detection and investigated the effect of a freezing step during the preparation of samples. Pesticides were determined in samples from conventional and organic production. The impact of the matrix effect decreased, with the largest number of pesticides and satisfactory recovery determined by the application of mixed solvent acetonitrile and ethyl acetate for extraction. Detection of pesticide residues was achieved in a linear range between 5 and 50 µg/kg with satisfactory excellent correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The recovery of all the pesticide residues ranged between 71.2 and 118.80%. The relative standard deviation was from 2.9% to 18.1% for all validated pesticide residues. The limits of quantification were in the range of 3.0-4.9 µg/kg. Out of 56 pesticide residues analysed in real samples, 5 were detected: α endosulfan, cypermethrin, endosulfan sulphate, permethrin and p,p´-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and their concentrations ranged from 4.9 to 15.2 µg/kg. All tested samples were compliant with the evaluation criteria, and detected values of pesticide residues were lower than the maximum residual levels.

Occurrence of pesticide residues in indoor dust of farmworker households across Europe and Argentina

Pesticides are widely used as plant protection products (PPPs) in farming systems to preserve crops against pests, weeds, and fungal diseases. Indoor dust can act as a chemical repository revealing occurrence of pesticides in the indoor environment at the time of sampling and the (recent) past. This in turn provides information on the exposure of humans to pesticides in their homes. In the present study, part of the Horizon 2020 funded SPRINT project, the presence of 198 pesticide residues was assessed in 128 indoor dust samples from both conventional and organic farmworker households across Europe, and in Argentina. Mixtures of pesticide residues were found in all dust samples (25–121, min-max; 75, median). Concentrations varied in a wide range (<0.01 ng/g-206 μg/g), with glyphosate and its degradation product AMPA, permethrin, cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide found in highest levels. Regarding the type of pesticides, insecticides showed significantly higher levels than herbicides and fungicides. Indoor dust samples related to organic farms showed a significantly lower number of residues, total and individual concentrations than those related to conventional farms. Some pesticides found in indoor dust were no longer approved ones (29 %), with acute/chronic hazards to human health (32 %) and with environmental toxicity (21 %).

Pesticide residues in fresh and processed edible mushrooms from Czech markets

ABSTRACT The occurrence of pesticide residues, their metabolites and degradation products in 49 edible mushrooms (fresh, dried, canned and frozen) was investigated. Using QuEChERS extraction, followed by liquid and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, the samples collected from Czech markets were tested for 427 analytes. A total of 21 pesticide residues, their metabolites and pesticide synergists were found in quantifiable concentrations. The most frequently detected pesticide residues included prochloraz and its metabolites, metrafenone and carbendazim. Two mushroom samples were found to be in violation of the maximum residue level. In addition, the fate of 13 pesticides during the processing of fresh mushrooms was investigated. The processing factors calculated from the data ranged from 6.0 to 12.3 for drying and from 0.3 to 1.3 for deep-freezing. The results showed that most of the pesticide residues tested were stable under the conditions of mushroom processing.

Biological Preparation, Characterization of CaO Nanoparticles from Egg Shell Waste and Insecticidal Activity against Seed Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. in Maize

Calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles was biologically synthesized by calcinating egg shells from kitchen waste and characterized using SEM, UV-Vis, XRD and FT-IR. Biosynthesized CaO nanoparticles are found to be an effective insecticide against seed weevil, Sitophilus oryzae in maize. The indiscriminate use of already available commercial pesticides has led to develop resistance among the pests and also occurrence of pesticide residues in produce. The SEM study revealed that the particles are granular in shape with a size of 189 nm. The diffraction peaks of XRD were observed at 2θ = 32.320, 37.48°, 48.40°, 53.96°, 64.18°, 67.52°and exhibited polycrystalline nature. In the FTIR spectrum, a broad band at 1410 cm-1, a sign of a C-O bond which indicated the association between the oxygen atom of carbonate and the calcium atom. The insecticidal activity of CaO nanoparticles was assessed against S. oryzae by contact toxicity bioassay method. The outcomes of the bioassay studies showed that the lethal dose (LD50) for maize seeds was 72.62 mg/100 g. and within seven days of exposure, 100% death of S. oryzae was attained at a dosage of 240 mg/100 gm of maize seeds. The current study concluded that biosynthesized CaO nanoparticles may be used as an effective management technique to successfully manage the S. oryzae under storage conditions as an alternative to chemical pesticides.

Occurrence of pesticide residues in honey from apiaries with incidents of honeybee poisoning in East China and a corresponding risk assessment for honeybees and Chinese consumers.

We investigated the occurrence of 80 pesticide residues in 96 honey samples from apiaries with honeybee poisoning incidences by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and subsequently conducted risk assessments of exposure for in-hive honeybees and Chinese consumers. Six pesticides were detected with residue concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 130.9µg/kg. The mean concentrations of acetamiprid, dinotefuran, hexythiazox, propargite, semiamitraz, and carbendazim in positive samples were 7.9±9.1, 5.9±1.7, 3.0±1.6, 44.2±50.0, 9.0±9.4, and 5.5±4.1µg/kg, respectively. Carbendazim, semiamitraz, and acetamiprid were the major contaminants in honey, with incidences of 99.0%, 93.8%, and 49.0%, respectively. The cooccurrence of pesticides (≥2 pesticides) was detected in 95.9% of the samples, with up to six residual pesticides found in one sample. The HQ (hazard quotient) values of the six pesticides to in-hive honeybees were from 4.7×10-8 to 0.021, less than 1, indicating their acceptable exposure risk to honeybees. In terms of the representative-case and worst-case scenarios, the sum of separate HQs of each pesticide yielding an HI (hazard index) ranged from 0.012 to 0.016 for in-hive worker honeybees and from 0.015 to 0.021 for in-hive larva honeybees, indicating an overall acceptable potential cumulative risk of multiple pesticides to in-hive honeybees. Both the %ARfD (acute reference dose) value (0.0001-0.075) and %ADI (acceptable daily intake) value (0.00002-0.0046) of risky pesticides were much less than 100, revealing acceptable risk exposure to risky pesticides via honey consumption for human health. Thus, our results showed that multipesticide residual honey from apiaries with honeybee poisoning incidents in East China was safe for humans and in-hive honeybees. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This analytical approach will be used in detecting multiple pesticide residues in honey and risk assessment for dietary exposure to pesticide residues. It can support various surveillance programs about honey safety and in-hive honeybee health evaluation.

Pesticide residues and dietary risk assessment in radishes in Shandong.

Pesticide residues in radishes can induce serious health hazards, especially in children and toddlers. In order to assess potential health risk from pesticide residues in radishes, a total of 26 pesticides were evaluated by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in 1690 samples, which were collected from the year 2016 to 2019 in Shandong Province of China. All the 26 pesticide residues were detected in 752 radish samples (44.50%), but only 221 samples (13.08%) contained detectable pesticide residues, which are above the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Multiple residues with two to nine pesticides were present in 5.09% (86 out of 1690) of samples. Hazard quotient (HQ) and the cumulative risk index were far below 100, while percentage value of acute reference dose (%ARfD) of triazophos exceeded 100 for adults, children, and toddlers. The %ARfD value for carbofuran, aldicarb, monocrotophos, and parathion was over 100 for toddlers. From the perspective of public health, the occurrence of pesticide residues in radishes could not pose a serious health risk problem, but the acute health risk should be paid more attention, especially to toddlers. It is recommended to make strict regulations on the management of pesticide residues and human health risk assessment about pesticide residues.

Occurrence of pesticide residues in Brazilian Apis mellifera beeswax by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and pesticide hazard evaluation

Beeswax is known for its ability to retain pesticides for a long time, and the progressive accumulation of pesticides in wax has had adverse health effects on bees. This study aimed to determine the residue levels of pesticides in Brazilian beeswax and assess the health risk to bees due to exposure to these pesticides using hazard quotient calculation. Nineteen samples collected from different regions from São Paulo State, Brazil, were analyzed for the presence of 160 compounds, including 17 metabolites. A modified QuEChERS approach was used for sample preparation followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS-MS) analysis. The method validation parameters followed the requirements established by the EU SANTE 11813/2017 guideline. In 90% of the samples, one or more pesticide residues were found; among them, the most frequently found pesticides were chlorpyrifos and permethrin, which were present in 74% and 79% of the samples and had maximum levels of 18.6 ng g−1 and 72 ng g−1, respectively. The hazard quotient estimate was determined considering the acute lethal dose (LD50) per contact for each pesticide residue in beeswaxes. Thus, it has been shown that exposure to chlorpyrifos and permethrin represents an elevated risk for the health of bees.

Evaluation of pesticide residues in vegetables from Mekong, Delta, Vietnam using LC-MS/MS

Purpose: To assess the levels of pesticide residues in commonly used vegetables in Vietnam as a reference for future monitoring.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 180 samples of six different fresh vegetables including watercress, mustard green, choy sum, daikon, okra, and yam were analyzed from Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Ten popular pesticides were evaluated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after extraction with a multi-residue method (QuEChERS method).&#x0D; Results: The results were assessed according to the maximum residue limit (MRL) provided by Codex for each pesticide in each commodity. Pesticide residues above the MRL were detected in 107 samples (59 %) and 63 samples (47 %) contained residues below the MRL. Multiple residues were present in 38.3% of the samples with two to five pesticides, and 0.6 % of samples were contaminated with more than five pesticide residues. Of the pesticides investigated, eight pesticides were detected, of which abamectin, alpha-cypermethrin, acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos- ethyl, chlorantraniliprole, fenobucarb, fipronil, and trichlorfon exceeded their MRLs. Pesticide residues were detected above MRLs in samples of watercress (14 samples), mustard green (24 samples), choy sum (25 samples), daikon (26 samples), and yam (18 samples). Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, and fipronil were detected in most of the vegetable samples (100% and 89.44%, respectively).&#x0D; Conclusion: The results indicate the occurrence of pesticide residues in commonly consumed vegetables in Vietnam. The need for the regular monitoring of pesticide residues and the sensitization of farmers to better pesticide safety practices, especially the need to adhere to recommended pre-harvest intervals is recommended.

Assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables commonly consumed in Chile and Mexico: Potential impacts for public health

Pesticides are contaminants that pose serious risks to human health and the environment worldwide; however, little information is available on the occurrence of pesticide residues in vegetables in either Chile or Mexico. This study evaluated the presence of 22 pesticide residues in vegetables sold at supermarkets and farmers markets in Chile and Mexico and estimated the dietary risk. A total of 101 samples collected from 2018 to 2019 were analyzed by the QuEChERS multiresidue method using gas chromatography with a triple-quadrupole mass detector (GC–MS/MS). Eleven pesticide residues (i.e., carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, dimethoate, endosulfan alpha, endosulfan sulfate, lambda-cyhalothrin, methamidophos and monocrotophos) were quantified in chard, lettuce, green chili, tomato, and spinach. The total number and concentrations of these pesticides were greater in Mexico (10) than in Chile (3). Lambda-cyhalothrin was the most common residue in all Chilean and Mexican vegetables. Traces of carbofuran were detected in chard from Chile but not in chard from Mexico. High levels of dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, and methamidophos residues were found in Mexican spinach. Mean pesticide concentrations in Chile did not exceed the maximum residue limits. In Mexico, six pesticides exceeded the maximum residue limits of the European Union in nine conventional and five organically grown crops. However, the sum of the estimated daily intake (EDI) did not exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Continuous monitoring programs and stricter regulations for pesticide residues in vegetables are needed to promote food safety and improve public health in both countries.

First insights into the occurrence of pesticide residues in edible insects from sub-Saharan African countries

Pesticide use is a common practice worldwide, especially in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, where ongoing agriculture intensification and the need for disease vector control make it essential. The population can thus be exposed to variable amounts of pesticides through the diet. Edible insects are a highly regarded food source in SSA. However, they are still mostly harvested from the wild, where chemical applications are not necessarily controlled, representing a major cause of concern for consumers. We investigated residues of legacy (OCPs) and current-use pesticides (CUPs) in selected edible insects commonly consumed in Uganda and Nigeria, and evaluated the eventual health risk for the adult population associated with their consumption. Targeted OCPs were &lt; LOQ in all analysed edible insects, except for hexachlorobenzene (up to 0.87 ng/g dw), while several CUPs were present at notable levels. Cypermethrin showed the highest median concentration (17 ng/g dw), while the Nigerian cricket Brachytrupes membranaceus was the most contaminated sample, with concentrations of aldicarb, propoxur, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos and paclobutrazol reaching 118 ng/g dw, 327 ng/g dw, 156 ng/g dw, 26 ng/dw, and 14 ng/g dw, respectively. The concentrations of pesticides were generally well below the available maximum residue levels (MRLs), and the dietary risk assessment did not indicate health threats for the adult population. However, we suggest that the monitoring of the chemical safety of edible insects in SSA should be further investigated and insects should be integrated into more extensive dietary studies.

Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Imported Datepalm Fruits in United Arab Emirates

The occurrence of pesticide residues in representative samples collected from imported dates palm fruits during 2020 to United Arab Emirates (UAE) was investigated to ensure compliance with the standard specifications and requirements by the regulatory and supervisory authorities, maintain the health and safety of consumers and improve food safety. An accurate, rapid, and reliable method for the simultaneous determination of pesticide multi-residues in 230 samples imported dates by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI (+)-MS/MS) operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) method was used. The performance of the analytical method was validated in accordance with EU SANCO guidelines (SANTE/12682/2019) for monitoring pesticide multi-residues to check compliance with existing regulations, especially for European Community. Residues level of 343 compounds were determined in 230 samples. Results indicated that the percentage of samples with residues above the maximum residue levels (MRL) was 4.34% in dates samples, whereas samples with residues within MRL were 7.39% in dates samples. A total of 230 samples of 88.26% were free from detectable residues. Out of the 343 pesticides tested, 11 pesticides were found above the limit of detection, according to UAE, Codex, and European regulations. The main purpose of this work is to inform citizens and traders who have concerns about food safety on the capability of the MOCCAE on quality assurance regarding pesticide residue in imported food.

Occurrence of Pesticide Residues in Spanish Honey Measured by QuEChERS Method Followed by Liquid and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

In the current study, the QuEChERS extraction method with slight modifications, followed by liquid and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, was applied for the determination of 399 pesticide residues in 91 raw honey samples from northeastern Spain. The quality control procedure established in Document No. SANTE/12682/2019 was successfully followed: the responses in reagent blank and blank honey samples were below 30% of the reporting limit (0.01 mg kg−1) for all analysed compounds, the correlation coefficients (R2) were higher than 0.99 in most calibration curves, the deviation of back-calculated concentration from the true concentration was below ±20% (using the standard of 50 μg L−1 concentration), and the recoveries of spiked samples on matrix were within the range of 70–120% for almost all analytes. Only chlorfenvinphos (2–7.8 ng/g) and coumaphos (8.8–37 ng/g) were detected in 13 samples, and neither were observed to exceed their maximum residue limits (MRLs). Dietary risk assessment for pesticide residues in honey above their lowest calibrated level (LCL) was performed, and two different age groups, adults and infants, were considered as populations at risk. The contribution of honey lay far below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for both pesticide residues. Therefore, according to our results, honey is unlikely to pose concerns for consumer health in terms of its contribution to dietary long-term exposure. However, to maintain the level of compliance, pesticide residues in honey should be continuously monitored.

Dietary Risk Assessment and Ranking of Multipesticides in Dendrobium officinale

The presence of pesticide residues in Dendrobium officinale (D. officinale), a commonly used herbal medicine, has attracted much attention in recent years. Therefore, this study presents the levels of 141 pesticide residues in forty D. officinale samples, which were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). And we used a deterministic estimate model to assess chronic and acute dietary exposure risk, as well as the cumulative risks for adults, children, and specific groups of consumers. Furthermore, the residual risk of individual pesticides was sorted by adapting the matrix-ranking scheme. In 92.5% of the samples, 43 pesticides were detected, of which difenoconazole had the highest detection frequency. Multiple residues were detected in 85.0% of the samples, and one sample contained even up to 17 pesticides. The chronic hazard quotient (HQc) and the acute hazard quotient (HQa) were far below 100%, and both cumulative chronic and acute hazard indices (HI) did not exceed 100%. The risk scoring scheme showed that four pesticides were considered to pose a comparatively potential high risk, including difenoconazole, carbofuran, fipronil, and emamectin benzoate. The results indicated that the occurrence of pesticide residues in D. officinale could not pose a serious health problem to the public.

Occurrence of Pesticide Residues in Freshwater and Estuarine Fishes of Thamirabarani River

Background: Studies pertaining to the presence of OCP residues in the freshwater and marine ûshes caught from the Thamirabarani river basin region are not available to analyze the extent of bioaccumulation to assess their safety for human consumption. Hence, this study was undertaken as a maiden work to examine the OCP residues in the fishes collected from ûve sites spanning from the source to mouth region of the Thamirabarani river system, along with other related niches to examine the effect of environment pollution.Methods: Pesticides from fish muscle and their organs were extracted as per AOAC 2007.01 using QuEChERS method. A Gas Chromatograph model Perkin Elmer - equipped with Ni Electron Capture Detector of activity 15 MCi was used for the analysis. A volume of 1.0µl of the extracts was injected. The operating conditions were capillary column Elite-5 capillary column, 60m x 0.25mm, 1.00µm temperature programme: 70ºC (2 min) to 180ºC (I min) 25ºC/min to 300ºC 5ºC/min, Injection temperature: 270ºC, Detector temperature: 300ºC, Carrier gas: Nitrogen at 1.0 mL/min, Make up gas: Nitrogen at 29 mL/min.Result: Among fishes, rohu accumulated maximum of 0.4014 to 0.605 ug/kg of DDT in station IV and V respectively. Dhananjayan and Muralidharan (2010) reported OCPs in 156 fishes sample from Kaveri river. The average concentration of DDT ranged between 0 and 0.605 ug/kg. Bhuvaneshwari and Babu rajendran (2012) also reported 2.8 ug/g of DDT in fishes from Kaveri river. The low occurrence of DDT in the presence study is mainly due to their rapid degradation with living organisms.

LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS analysis of pesticide residues in Ecuadorian and Filipino Cavendish bananas imported into Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT The occurrence of pesticide residues in bananas imported from Ecuador and the Philippines into Saudi Arabia was investigated. Eighty-seven banana samples were purchased from various supermarkets around the country. The conventional QuEChERS method was used to extract 294 pesticides in whole bananas and the analysis was carried out using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. In total, nine pesticides were detected of which azoxystrobin, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, imazalil, and thiabendazole were the most frequently found in bananas from both countries. The levels of these pesticides were complaint according to the Saudi Food & Drug Authority’s (SFDA) maximum residue levels (MRLs), therefore they cannot be considered a public health problem. Detectable residues of these agrochemicals show that they are used extensively in banana cultivation. The Ecuadorian Agency for Agricultural Quality Assurance (Agrocalidad) and the Saudi Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (MEWA) prohibit the use of carbendazim in agriculture, while the Filipino Fertiliser and Pesticide Authority (FPA) allows its use. A legislative comparison of pesticide approval status revealed a lack of consensus between banana exporting and importing countries that could affect food safety and trade.

Pesticide Residues on Tomatoes Grown and Consumed in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya

The effects of pesticides on human health are of great concern worldwide despite their usefulness in agriculture. The aim of the study was to evaluate pesticide residues on tomatoes grown and consumed in Kirinyaga County in order to determine whether the levels fall within recommended MRLs. Reported increased use of unspecified pesticides and undocumented residue levels in tomatoes produced in the country justified the need to evaluate pesticide residues in tomatoes grown in the area and consumed locally. The study, which was conducted in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya between July 2017 and July 2018 used analytical study design. Tomato samples of Rambo variety mainly grown in open fields and greenhouses in the Irrigation Scheme were purposively sampled from thirty-five sampling sites in open fields, greenhouses, markets and consumers. The samples were taken to Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services (KEPHIS) laboratory in Nairobi for analysis. Analysis was done using Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) multi-residue analytical method for Low-Fat products. Four pesticide residues detected on tomatoes above the recommended EU and Cordex MRLs were: malathion (0.0315±0.0032 mg/kg) in open fields, carbendazim (1.2341±0.1667 mg/kg) and thiamethoxam (0.3736±0.0358 mg/kg) from greenhouses and acephate (0.0321±0.0032 mg/kg) from the market. Pesticide residue levels of tomatoes from consumers were all significantly (p&lt;0.001, p&lt;0.01) below the EU and Cordex permitted MRLs. Occurrence of pesticide residues on tomatoes from production to consumption levels is of great concern to consumers because of the perceived long term negative health effects. Implementation, strengthening and enforcement of the food policy in the country will enhance frequent monitoring of pesticide residue levels in fresh produce consumed locally in Kenya.

Pesticide residues in fruit juice in Serbia: Occurrence and health risk estimates

The occurrence of pesticide residues in food and the consequent health risks attract considerable attention. The current study comprised 139 samples of fruit juice present on the Serbian market. Out of 69 pesticide active substances analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation, 19 were detected, ranging from 0.001 to 0.629 mg/kg, most frequently these were carbendazim, acetamiprid and pyrimethanil. Almost 60 % of 71.2 % of positive samples contained multiple residues, up to 6. Residues of unapproved pesticides were detected in 2.9 % of samples, while the percentage of samples not in compliance with the permitted maximum levels was 2.2 %. The probability of exceeding the toxicological reference value was insignificant for any of the pesticides assessed in any of the consumer groups considered, with the exception of adolescents acutely exposed to carbofuran (113 % of ARfD). Chronic cumulative exposure to triazole pesticides showed very low risk, regardless of the applied approach - Hazard Index or Relative Potency Factors, used to scale the exposure relative to cyproconazole as the index compound for hepatotoxic effects. An estimate of the lifetime cancer risk attributable to the presence of carcinogenic pesticides in fruit juice was sufficiently protective, corresponding to a total of 0.013 additional cancer cases annually.

Pesticide Residues and Their Metabolites in Grapes and Wines from Conventional and Organic Farming System.

In this study, the occurrence of pesticide residues and their metabolites in grapes and wines was investigated. A targeted analysis of 406 pesticide residues in 49 wine and grape samples from organic and conventional production were performed using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction method, followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Multiple residues (>4 residues/sample) were detected in 22 tested samples. The most commonly detected residues were fungicides (e.g., boscalid) and insecticides (e.g., methoxyfenozide). An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry method (UHPLC–(HR)MS) was used for screening of pesticide metabolites. We also provide a method and database for detecting pesticide metabolites (extending our previously published database to 49 metabolites originating from 25 pesticides). An introduced strategy of targeted screening of pesticide metabolites was applied for authentication of 27 organic grapes and wines. In total, 23 samples were free of quantifiable residues/detected metabolites or contained residues approved for organic production.

English

The aim of this study was to assess the level of pesticide residues in locally produced grape wine in Tanzania. Fifty samples of grape wine from different locations in Dodoma urban and Bahi district were analyzed to determine the presence of 49 pesticides using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) multi-residue extraction, followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Twenty-two pesticides were detected among the 49 pesticides analyzed. The selected 49 pesticides was based on its use in grape cultivation which were reported by grape farmers in the study location which includes fungicides, insecticides and herbicides. The pesticides whose concentrations exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRL) were: Pyroquilon, ethofumasate, chlorobeb, azobenzene and cycloate in 38, 33, 46, 14 and 1 wine samples, respectively. Of the samples analyzed 9 (18%) contained one pesticide, 8 (16%) contained two different pesticides, 23 (46%) contained three different pesticides 8 (16%). The results indicated the occurrence of pesticide residues in grape wine produced in Dodoma urban and Bahi districts, Tanzania, and pointed to an urgent need to develop comprehensive intervention measures to reduce potential health risk to consumers. Key words: Pesticides residues, grape wine, food safety, maximum residue levels (MRL).