Occurrence Of Other Diseases Research Articles

Adsorption of tryptophan by covalent organic frameworks

Abstract Hemoperfusion based on adsorption has been widely used to remove the blood toxins of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. It is important to develop adsorbents with high adsorption capacity, and specific adsorption performance for toxins is highly desired for hemoperfusion. Herein, we evaluate the tryptophan adsorption performance of four kinds of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and so on. Benefitting from the abundant pore, suitable pore size, and attractive effect between tryptophan and hydroxy groups in COFs, TAPB-DHTA-COF and TAPT-DHTA-COF with abundant hydroxy groups show remarkable adsorption performance for tryptophan, which is superior to commercial activated carbon. Furthermore, the selective adsorption of COF does not affect other components in the blood, thus avoiding the occurrence of other diseases. Therefore, COFs offer a promising platform for the adsorption of toxins in hemoperfusion.

A concise review of the effect of efflux pump on biofilm intensity in bacteria with a special view to Mycobacterium

Abstract Excessive, arbitrary, self-medication, and misuse of antibiotics have caused widespread antibiotic resistance, but with the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistances, these concerns have increased. Efflux pumps are an important pathway involved in antibiotic resistance and can send the drug used in clinical cases out of the bacterial cell. Many studies show the role of these pumps in biofilm formation as well as increasing biofilm formation. Considering the effective relationship between antibiotic resistance from the efflux pump pathway and biofilm increase in bacteria, the purpose of this study was to investigate various aspects of the efflux pump pathway in biofilm exacerbation, especially in Mycobacterium. For this purpose, we studied more than 60 articles with keywords efflux pump, antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis from valuable data sources such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Through the investigation, we came to the conclusion that the efflux pump is one of the main pathways of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, especially M. tuberculosis, which can increase the formation of biofilm in them, and as a result of this cooperation, the treatment process can become much more difficult. We suggest that all drug resistance pathways and their genes are investigated in the occurrence of other diseases, not only tuberculosis, in different geographical areas.

Morphology Basis of Cervical Cancer

Background: Cervical cancer is a cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix–the lower part of the uterus that connects it to the vagina and represents a global public health problem. For many years, we have known that the main cause of preinvasive lesions and cervical cancer is the human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV infection is most common in young, sexually active women under the age of 25, but cervical cancer is more common in older women. In developing countries, this prevalence is higher and describe most frequent clinical manifestations in the praxis. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze and describe morphology basis of cervical cancer. Methods: This is cross-sectional study based on meta-analysis of the facts published in scientific literature stored in indexed databases about morphology basis of the cervical cancer with description of clinical manifestations and its consequences describing morbidity and mortality rate in the population worldwide. Results and Discussion: The development of cervical cancer is associated with persistent infection with oncogenic types of HPV. The most common oncogenic types of HPV worldwide are HPV 16 and HPV 18 and are responsible for the development of more than 70% of all cervical cancers. HPV 16 has the greatest oncogenic potential. Due to oncogenic potential, human papilloma viruses are divided into high-risk, low-risk and undefined malignant potential. Low-risk types cause genital warts, while high-risk types are associated with preinvasive cervical lesions and cervical cancer. HPV infects basal cells of the squamous epithelium of the genital tract. Infection occurs at the site of microtrauma, areas of metaplasia, and through certain, little-known cellular receptors. Of the total infected, 1% develop a persistent infection, and in a small number of cases, one of the premalignant or malignant changes develops. For the occurrence of malignant changes, it is necessary that the infected organism has a decline in the body’s defenses, the existence or occurrence of other diseases and other viral infections, all with the cooperation of general risk factors (smoking, UV radiation, chemical agents) and with some risk behavior (promiscuity). Cervical intraepithelial (CIN) lesion is a premalignant change of the cervix that occurs due to chronic infection with high-risk types of HPV. Conclusion: It is very important in the future to connect the area of cervical cancer, HPV and DNA methylation, in order to better determine the changes that precede cervical cancer. Prevention and screening measures could also greatly reduce the incidence of HPV infection and the mortality rate caused by cervical cancer.

Znanje i stavovi zdravstvenih profesionalaca zaposlenih u tercijarnim zdravstvenim ustanovama o hepatitisu B i merama prevencije

Introduction: Hepatitis B infection is an occupational disease of professionals healthcare professionals at the global level. It is estimated that 600,000 to 800,000 healthcare professionals in the world experience an accident at work. The results of evidence-based studies suggest that there is a gap in knowledge about HBV among healthcare professionals. Aim: The aim of this research is to assess knowledge and attitudes about the hepatitis B virus and prevention measures in the population of healthcare professionals employed in tertiary healthcare institutions in Montenegro. Material and Methods: A transversal prospective research ("cross-sectional" study) was conducted, where the results were obtained using the original author's questionnaire. The research was conducted in a tertiary level health institution (Clinical Center of Montenegro). The questionnaire was conducted on a voluntary and anonymous basis. Among the methods of inferential statistics, Pearson's rank coefficient and ANOVA test were used. Among the statistical methods, the Chi square test (X 2-test) was used. The results are shown in a table. The level of significance is p<0.05. Results: There were 272 health professionals who took part in the research, among whom the largest share in the research was nurses and technicians with a percentage of participation of 76.1%, then doctors 17.3%, laboratory technicians 5.5%. The majority of respondents were female gender 77%, while male respondents participated in the research with 23%. The average age of our respondents was 38.76 years. The results of our research showed a high level of knowledge of professionals healthcare professionals about the ways of transmission of HBV infection, while a significantly lower level of knowledge of professionals healthcare professionals about knowing the symptoms of HBV infection and the risk of developing certain diseases caused by this virus is recorded. Of the examined group of health professionals, 81.5% point out that they are often exposed to contact with the patient's blood in their work, while 52.2% of respondents state that in their previous work they had an accident in which they came into contact with the patient's blood one or more times. Conclusion: Analyzing the data obtained from the research, one gets the impression of incomplete information, knowledge and interest about the HBV virus among health professionals , especially when it comes to the respondents' knowledge of the symptoms of this infection, its risk for the occurrence of other diseases and the importance of general and specific prevention. In this regard, as a proposal for measures to be planned and implemented in KCCG, it would primarily refer to the continuous education of employees at all levels of education.

Clinical Impact of Surgical Sarcopenia on Long-term Survival.

Preoperative sarcopenia is associated with various cancers and affects the long-term prognosis of patients. After gastrectomy for gastric cancer, dynamic changes in body composition occur, and sarcopenia becomes more apparent after surgery than before surgery. However, the relationship between sarcopenia in the early postoperative period and long-term survival is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of surgical sarcopenia on long-term outcomes of patents with gastric cancer. We included 408 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy (distal or total gastrectomy) for gastric cancer at the Kanagawa Cancer Center from December 2013 to November 2017. Sarcopenia was defined using the skeletal muscle index (SMI), using computed tomography (CT) one month after gastrectomy. We compared the long-term outcomes between patients with and without sarcopenia. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 83.2% and 91.4% in the surgical and non-surgical sarcopenia groups, respectively. The hazard ratio (HR) of surgical sarcopenia for OS was 2.410 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.321-4.396). In addition, surgical sarcopenia was associated with non-cancer-related deaths and deaths from other cancers. Patients with surgical sarcopenia after gastrectomy should be carefully monitored not only for gastric cancer recurrence but also for the occurrence of other diseases, including other cancers.

Prevalence of Obesity and Severe Obesity among Professionally Active Adult Population in Poland and Its Strong Relationship with Cardiovascular Co-Morbidities-POL-O-CARIA 2016-2020 Study.

For several decades, a steady increase in the percentage of overweight and obese people has been observed all over the world. There are many studies available in the literature emphasizing the relationship of overweight and obesity with the occurrence of other diseases. The aim of this study is to characterize the prevalence of obesity and severe obesity, as well as their changes over time, among professionally active adults who underwent occupational medicine examinations in Poland in 2016–2020, for the POL-O-CARIA 2016–2020 study. In total, the results of 1,450,455 initial, control and periodic visits as part of the occupational medicine certificate were analyzed. Statistical calculations were performed with the use of IBM SPSS Statistics 25. In both groups (men/women), a significant decrease was observed every year for people who had normal body weight. In addition, the tendency to increase in people with I and III degrees of obesity was more strongly observed in the male group. A significant relationship was also observed between BMI categories and the occurrence of all analyzed comorbidities: hypertension, type 2 diabetes, lipid disorders and coronary artery disease (chi2 (70) = 12,228.11; p < 0.001). Detailed results showed that in the group of patients diagnosed with hypertension or lipid disorders, significant differences were observed between all groups; it turned out that as the BMI level increased (I, I, III), there was an increase in the percentage of occurrence of hypertension (38.1%, 41% and 45.3%, respectively) and type 2 diabetes (3.2%, 4.6% and 5.8%, respectively) (p < 0.001). Our analysis indicates that the prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity will continue to increase nationwide, with an accompanying large increase in comorbidities.

Associations between Consumption of Dietary Fibers and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Mortality in Chinese Adults: Longitudinal Analyses from the China Health and Nutrition Survey.

Although many studies have explored the relationship between total dietary fiber intake and the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases, the results are mixed. There is also a lack of research on the association between dietary fiber intake from different food sources and disease. Using data from the China Nutrition and Health Database from 2004 to 2015, Cox proportional risk models were used to explore the associations between total dietary fiber and fiber intake from different food sources and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. After multi-factorial adjustment, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of total dietary fiber intake (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1) in type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality cohorts were 1.20 (0.93, 1.55), 0.91 (0.75, 1.12), 0.93 (0.64, 1.35), 1.13 (0.60, 2.12), 1.13 (0.60, 2.12), and 1.13 (0.84, 1.52). Whole-grain fiber intake was positively associated with hypertension but not with the occurrence of other diseases. No association was observed between legume fibers, fruit fibers, and vegetable fibers in the cohorts of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Our study did not find any association between total dietary fiber and dietary fiber intake from different food sources and type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality in the Chinese population. The role of dietary fiber in the Chinese population may be overestimated. More extraordinary efforts are needed to further confirm the association between dietary fiber and these diseases in the Chinese population.

Penerapan Program Care Each Other (Menerapkan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat Pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19) di Panti Asuhan Aisyiyah DKI Jakarta

Background: Inadequate sanitation facilities are closely related to the incidence of infectious diseases and poor personal hygiene in orphanages, especially during COVID-19.Conducting programs related to clean and healthy living habits can prevent the occurrence of other diseases. Objective: improve the knowledge and behavior of orphans in implementing clean and healthy living habits throughthe Caring for One Another program. Method: starts from the preparation phase, implementation in the form of health education, discussions and demonstrations through animated videos. rabbit; Result: Thisactivity expands participants' knowledge before andafter theCaring for One Another activity. Conclution: Delivering the Care Each Other program has proven effective in increasing knowledge and understanding of clean and healthy living habits through hand washing.

The Coexistence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is growing worldwide. Epidemiological data suggest a strong relationship between NAFLD and T2DM. This is associated with common risk factors and pathogenesis, where obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia play pivotal roles. Expanding knowledge on the coexistence of NAFLD and T2DM could not only protect against liver damage and glucotoxicity, but may also theoretically prevent the subsequent occurrence of other diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders, as well as influence morbidity and mortality rates. In everyday clinical practice, underestimation of this problem is still observed. NAFLD is not looked for in T2DM patients; on the contrary, diagnosis for glucose metabolism disturbances is usually not performed in patients with NAFLD. However, simple and cost-effective methods of detection of fatty liver in T2DM patients are still needed, especially in outpatient settings. The treatment of NAFLD, especially where it coexists with T2DM, consists mainly of lifestyle modification. It is also suggested that some drugs, including hypoglycemic agents, may be used to treat NAFLD. Therefore, the aim of this review is to detail current knowledge of NAFLD and T2DM comorbidity, its prevalence, common pathogenesis, diagnostic procedures, complications and treatment, with special attention to outpatient clinics.

Insomnia Promotes Hepatic Steatosis in Rats Possibly by Mediating Sympathetic Overactivation.

Background: Insomnia is a widespread problem that can lead to the occurrence of other diseases and correlates closely with sympathetic nerve hyperactivation. Obesity-induced hepatic steatosis is mediated by sympathetic overactivation. However, it remains unclear whether insomnia may cause hepatic steatosis. The goal of this study was to preliminarily investigate whether insomnia caused hepatic steatosis in rats via sympathetic hyperactivation.Methods: A total of 32 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided randomly into four groups: model, sympathetic denervation (Sd), estazolam, and control (eight rats/group). Model group received sustained sleep deprivation using the modified multiple platform method. In the Sd group, rats underwent sleep deprivation after receiving Sd by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Estazolam group: the rats concurrently received sleep deprivation and treatment with estazolam. The other eight rats housed in cages and kept in a comfortable environment were used as control. Blood samples were obtained for analysis of plasma lipids and hepatic function. Sympathetic hyperactivation-related indexes and hepatic steatosis in liver tissues were tested.Results: Liver enzymes, plasma lipid levels, and hepatic steatosis were elevated in insomnia rats, and sympathetic hyperactivation was found. Insomnia-induced hepatic steatosis was effectively lowered with pharmacological ablation of the hepatic sympathetic nerves. Furthermore, the treatment of insomnia with estazolam inhibited sympathetic activation and reduced hepatic steatosis.Conclusion: Sustained sleep deprivation-induced insomnia promotes hepatic steatosis in rats possibly by mediating sympathetic overactivation.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF VITAMIN D 25(OH)D LEVELS WITH THE INCIDENCE OF HYPERTENSION ON THE ELDERLY AT PUBLIC HEALTH CLINIC

Introduction: Hypertension is a chronic disease which its presence is often not known until occurrence of other diseases. Several studies had previously investigated the relationship between vitamin D concentration and hypertension. However, no concluding result is obtained. This paper aimed to determine the relationship between vitamin D 25(OH)D concentration and hypertension onelderly at a public health clinic located at Reni Jaya, South Tangerang.Methods: This was cross-sectional study conducted in a public health clinic between January 2017 to January 2018. One hundred and fifty subjects were recruited by consecutive sampling after informed consent were obtained.Anamnesis, physical examination, and anthropometric measurement were performed by general practitioners. The following day serum vitamin D 25(OH)D examination were collected and examined at certied laboratory. The data werethen analyzed using Chi-Square test.Results : As many as 80 (53.4%) subjects had insufficient vitamin D 25(OH)D concentration (25-50 nmol/L). Stage I and II hypertension were found in 51 (34.0%) and 34 (22.7%) subjects, respectively. Age was significantly associated with hypertension (p=0.048). No significant association was observed between vitamin D 25 (OH)D and hypertension p=0.347.Conclusions: There was no significant association between serum vitamin D 25(OH)D and hypertension.

Hokuriku-plus familial hypercholesterolaemia registry study: rationale and study design

IntroductionFamilial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an autosomal-dominant inherited genetic disease. It carries an extremely high cardiovascular risk associated with significantly elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The diagnostic rate of this disease...

Regulation of the inflammatory cycle by a controllable release hydrogel for eliminating postoperative inflammation after discectomy

Surgery is the final choice for most patients with intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Operation-caused trauma will cause inflammation in the intervertebral disc. Serious inflammation will cause tissue defects and induce tissue degeneration, IDD recurrence and the occurrence of other diseases. Therefore, we proposed a scheme to treat recurrence after discectomy by inhibiting inflammation with an aspirin (ASP)-loaded hydrogel to restore the mechanical stability of the spine and relieve local inflammation. ASP-liposomes (ASP-Lips) were incorporated into a photocrosslinkable gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) via mixing. This material can effectively alleviate inflammation by inhibiting the release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. We further assessed the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and degeneration-related factors, such as type II collagen (COL-2), Aggrecan, matrix metallopeptidases-3 (MMP-3), MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 (ADAMTS-4) and ADAMTS-5 in rat nucleus pulpous cells. The level of IDD was analyzed through H&E, safranin-O staining and immunohistochemistry in rabbit samples. In vitro, we found that ASP-Lip@GelMA treatment significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines, MMP-3 and -13, and ADAMTS-4 and -5 and up-regulated COL-2 and Aggrecan via the inhibited release of HMGB-1 from the nucleus. In vivo, ASP-Lip@GelMA can effectively inhibit inflammation of local tissue after disc surgery and fill local tissue defects. This composite hydrogel system is a promising way to treat the recurrence of IDD after surgery without persistent complications.

Association between blood β-hydroxybutyrate at 7 days postpartum and milk yield, disease occurrence and fertility in grazing dairy cattle with seasonal calving: a case study

Context Ketosis in grazing cattle has been sparsely studied. A large commercial grazing dairy in southern Chile, representative of a significant proportion of the systems in the country, was used in this case study. Aims The study had three objectives: (i) to establish a cut-off for β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration for subclinical ketosis (SCK), and use this to measure the proportion of cows with SCK at 7 days postpartum in spring- and autumn-calving cows; (ii) to describe the relationship of SCK and other periparturient diseases and fertility; and (iii) to compare milk yield of healthy cows and those affected by SCK in a dairy herd with autumn and spring parturitions under grazing conditions in southern Chile. Methods During 2016, 234 cows with autumn parturitions and 632 cows with spring parturitions (n = 866) were assessed for blood BHB at 7 days postpartum. A receiver operating characteristic analysis for a BHB cut-off value was completed. Models were developed for disease occurrence, culling risk, conception risk and pregnancy rate, considering SCK as the main explanatory variable. Key results In total, 810 cows were used for the final analysis. The frequency of cows with SCK, based on the cut-off value obtained (BHB ≥1.1 mmol/L), was 22.2% at 7 days postpartum. The risk of SCK was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) in cows calving in spring (27.0%) than in autumn (10.3%), and in multiparous (24.6%) than primiparous cows (15.1%). The seasonal difference in proportion of cows with SCK was parity-dependent, because the frequency of SCK in multiparous cows was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.0005) in spring (32.0%) than autumn (10.1%), whereas SCK in primiparous cows showed no significant (P = 0.41) difference between spring (15.4%) and autumn (12.5%). Milk production up to 100 days-in-milk was greater (P = 0.002) in cows with SCK (3394 kg) than without SCK (3015 kg). Disease occurrence was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) in cows with SCK and in multiparous cows (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). There was no difference in conception risk at first service (P = 0.62) or in overall pregnancy rate (P = 0.90) between cows with and without SCK. Conclusions Multiparous cows calving in spring had the highest risk of SCK (BHB ≥1.1 mmol/L). SCK was associated with higher milk yield and greater occurrence of other diseases, but not with reproductive performance. Implications Grazing herds have challenges with SCK that may require different management strategies depending on the calving season and the parity of the animals.

Association between hyperketonemia in early lactation and culling and hyperketonemia in subsequent lactation in Holstein dairy cows

Hyperketonemia (HYK) is an early lactation metabolic disease frequently observed in high-producing dairy cattle and it has been associated with suboptimal reproductive performance, decreased milk yield, increase occurrence of other diseases, and increase in culling. The majority of the reports so far focused on the association of HYK and these outcomes during early lactation, however, the effect of HYK in the whole lactation and following lactations has not been as extensively characterized. Therefore, our primary objective was to evaluate the association of HYK occurring during the first 10 days after calving and culling in Holstein dairy cows throughout an entire lactation. Our secondary objective was to determine the likelihood of the occurrence of HYK in subsequent lactations in Holstein dairy cows.

Prediction of By-Diseases in Diabetic Patients Using Associative Classification with Improved Classifier Accuracy for Decision Support System

Associative Classification in data mining technique formulates more and more simple methods and processes to find and predict the health problems like diabetes, tumors, heart problems, thyroid, cancer, malaria etc. The methods of classification combined with association rule mining gradually helps to predict large amount of data and also builds the accurate classification models for the future analysis. The data in medical area is sometimes vast and containss the information that relates to different diseases. It becomes difficult to estimate and analyze the disease problems that change from period to period based on severity. In this research paper, the use and need of associative classification for the medical data sets and the application of associative classification on the data in order to predict the by-diseases has been put front. The association rules in this context developed in training phase of data have predicted the chance of occurrence of other diseases in persons suffering with diabetes mellitus using Predictive Apriori. The associative classification algorithms like CAR is deployed in the context of accuracy measures.

A service-based system for malnutrition prevention and self-management

Malnutrition is considered one of the root causes for the occurrence of other diseases. It is particularly common in the ageing population, where it requires more efficient handling and management to enable longer home independent living. However, to achieve this, a number of related challenges need to be overcome, especially those related to management of health and disease let alone other social and logistical barriers. This paper presents the design of a distributed system that enables homecare management in the context of self-feeding and malnutrition prevention through balanced nutritional intake. The design employs a service-based system that incorporates a number of services including monitoring of activities, nutritional reasoning for assessing feeding habits, diet recommendation for food planning, and marketplace invocation for automating food shopping to meet dietary requirements. The solution is deployed in a small pilot in 12 elder adult houses that, in early results, demonstrates its holistic user-centred scalable approach for malnutrition self-management.

Avoiding double counting when deriving economic values through stochastic dairy herd simulation

It has been a challenge to avoid double counting when economic values (EV) of traits are derived for breeding goal traits when using stochastic herd simulation models. In this study multiple regression and model building with mediator variables representing other traits in the breeding goal were evaluated to avoid double counting. EV were derived from data simulated with the SimHerd dairy herd simulation model. Scenarios were simulated to represent dairy herds with low and high levels of metritis and cow mortality. The simulated data was analyzed statistically with the economic net return per cow-year as the dependent variable and either the incidences of metritis or the incidence of cow mortality as the independent variables. In the model with metritis we corrected for mediator variables representing the direct effects of metritis on milk yield, fertility and occurrence of other diseases. The EV was estimated as the marginal change in economic net return in response to a change in the trait of interest. To avoid the multiple regression models to correct the EV for structural herd effects (changes in distribution of parities and lactation stages) we used a single animal based indicator variable for each trait of interest, such as incidence rate of cow mortality 1–100 DIM in multiparous cows.The EV value of improving the trait ‘incidence rate of metritis 1–100 DIM in multiparous cows’ by 0.01 was estimated to be €0.93. The importance of avoiding double counting was demonstrated as the EV of metritis was overestimated by 82% when no mediator variables were included in the multiple regression analysis. And by ignoring structural herd effects for the EV of metritis we demonstrated an underestimation in the order of 9%. Further pitfall of underestimation was demonstrated for EV of cow mortality.The EV of improving the trait ‘incidence rate of cow mortality 1–100 DIM in multiparous cows’ by 0.01 was estimated to be €46.4. Correcting for the independent variation in mortality between simulation replicates within the individual scenarios was found to be important.The results of this study suggests a new method for designing simulation experiments and analyzing simulated herd effects for estimation of EV of traits in a breeding goal. This deals with a number of previous and new concerns of how to correct for double counting and at the same time still include the structural herd effects.

Obesity and its Association with Food Consumption, Diabetes Mellitus, and Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly.

BackgroundObesity affects a large part of elderly individuals worldwide and is considered a risk predictor for the development of chronic diseases such as cardiac diseases, the leading causes of death in the elderly population.ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of obesity and associated factors, with emphasis on the occurrence of other diseases and on food consumption in elderly individuals treated at the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS).MethodsCross-sectional sampling study performed in the city of Goiânia (Brazil) including elderly individuals (≥ 60 years) receiving primary care. During home visits, we performed anthropometric measurements and applied a structured, standardized, and pre-tested questionnaire assessing socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle conditions, occurrence of diseases, and food consumption. We performed multiple Poisson regression analysis using a hierarchical model and adopting a significance level of 5%.ResultsWe evaluated 418 elderly patients with a mean age of 70.7 ± 7 years. Their body mass indices had a mean value of 27.0 kg/m2 and were higher in women than in men (27.4 kg/m2 versus 26.1 kg/m2, respectively, p = 0.017). Obesity had a prevalence of 49.0%, a risk 1.87 times higher between the ages of 60-69 years and 70-79 years, and a rate 1.4 times higher among individuals with more than four morbidities. On multivariate analysis, the factors associated with obesity were age 60-69 and 70-79 years, inadequate consumption of whole-wheat grains and adequate consumption of fruit, musculoskeletal diseases, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction.ConclusionsObesity had a high prevalence in the evaluated elderly population and was associated with food consumption, musculoskeletal disease, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction.

Breast Cancer and Postmenopausal Obesity: the Risk Factors in this Relationship

The prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly in both the developed and the developing countries, thus contributing to the occurrence of other diseases, e.g. hypertension, diabetes and breast cancer. Breast cancer involves a multifactorial process in which the surrounding microenvironment is known to be of great importance in the development and progression of the disease. Thus, adipose tissue, due to its immunological, metabolic and endocrine properties, may play a crucial role in the onset and progression of the disease. The relationship between obesity and breast cancer needs to be studied and characterized so that more effective treatments can be developed, faster and more secure diagnostic and prognostic tests might emerge and, mainly, so that public policies can be designed to prevent the increasing incidence of the disease related to obesity. The main hypotheses regarding the increased risk of developing breast cancer among obese women, i.e. sex hormones, adipokines, insulin and cytokines, are discussed in this review.