Occurrence Of Mental Health Problems Research Articles

Qualitative Pilot Interventions for the Enhancement of Mental Health Support in Doctoral Students

Doctoral degrees include Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and other professional doctorates such as Engineering Doctorate (EngD), Doctor of Education (EdD), or Doctor of Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy). Unlike undergraduate- or postgraduate-taught students, doctoral study focuses on a single, autonomous piece of research. Research indicates a high occurrence of mental health problems in doctoral students. This paper describes the piloting and qualitative evaluation of a range of interventions designed to enhance the mental health support for doctoral students at one UK university. These interventions sought to target an array of known factors that affect the mental health of doctoral students, including individual capacity for coping with stress and social support availability.

Description of the Psychological Condition of Pregnant Women's Husbands in the Umban Sari Community Health Center Working Area

A woman's pregnancy can influence the psychological and physical health of her husband. He experiences a psychological pressure during the pregnancy period. This research aimed to find out the description of the husband’s psychological condition of the pregnant women. The design used in this reseach was descriptive research and the sampels were selected by using non-probability sampling technique with purposive sampling and gained 92 respondents as the research samples. This research employed Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ)-20. The research result obtained 92 respondents, amounted 28 respondents (30,4%) were indicated with emotional disorder. The description of the cognitive symptom which was frequently experienced the most by the husband of the pregnant women was difficult in taking decision (5,45), the anxiety symptom which was mostly experienced was not sleeping well (47,8%), and the most experienced symptom of depression was crying more frequently (27,2%), the somatic symptom and the most complained was headache (43,5%), and the most symptom of energy decrease was easily tired (43,5%). Conclusion: It is important to have an early detection or screening concerning the mental health and health education program to prevent the occurrence of mental health problems on the husband of pregnant women.

Understanding the Mental Health of Doctoral Students

Doctoral degrees include Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and other professional doctorates such as Engineering Doctorate (EngD), Doctor of Education (EdD) or Doctor of Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy). Unlike undergraduate or postgraduate taught students, doctoral students focus upon a single, autonomous piece of research. Research indicates a high occurrence of mental health problems, mental distress, and symptoms of anxiety or depression in doctoral students. Additionally, there is concern that they may be less likely to disclose existing mental health problems or access support services than undergraduate or postgraduate taught students. This entry explores the known factors that contribute to the mental health of doctoral students studying in the United Kingdom.

Relation Between Family Environment, Life Satisfaction, Depression and Anxiety

The background of this study is that as the standard of living and stress increases, most people begin to be dissatisfied with their current lives. And there is a gradual increase in the occurrence of mental health problems in people, especially depression and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Thus, this study intends to investigate the effect of the interaction of life satisfaction and family environment on individual depression and anxiety. A cross-sectional survey method was used to administer the questionnaire to 121 respondents. The Index of Life Satisfaction Scale(LSIA), Depression Scale(PHQ-9), 7-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale(GAD-7), and Family Environment Scale(FES) were used to investigate the relationship between current life satisfaction, family environment, and individual depression and anxiety. The results shows that life satisfaction index was significantly associated with depression and anxiety (p<0.05). In addition, anxiety was significantly associated with family members are always give each other the greatest help and support (p=0.008), family members always openly expressing their feelings for each other (p=0.030); depression was significantly associated with family members are always give each other the greatest help and support (p=0.025), members often quarrel at home (p=0.002), there is a kind of harmony and consistency in family (p=0.015), and family members are all heartily supportive of each other(p=0.032). Thus, life satisfaction index affects anxiety and depression, and some family environment situations are significantly associated with the development of anxiety and depression.

A targeted psychological treatment for sleep problems in young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis in England (SleepWell): a parallel group, single-blind, randomised controlled feasibility trial

Sleep disturbance is common and problematic for young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis. Sleep disruption is a contributory causal factor in the occurrence of mental health problems, including psychotic experiences, anxiety, and depression. The implication is that treating sleep problems might have additional benefits on mental health outcomes in individuals at high risk. The present study had two aims: first, to establish the feasibility and acceptability of a randomised controlled trial to treat sleep problems with the aim of reducing psychotic experiences in young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis; and second, to provide proof of concept of the clinical efficacy of the treatment. We did a parallel group, single-blind, randomised controlled feasibility trial in two National Health Service trusts in England. Eligible participants were aged 14-25 years, a patient of mental health services, assessed as being at ultra-high risk of psychosis on the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States, and having current sleep problems (score of ≥15 on the self-report Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either a targeted psychological therapy for sleep problems (SleepWell) plus usual care or usual care alone via an automated online system, with non-deterministic minimisation that balanced participants for ISI score and referring service. The SleepWell therapy was delivered on an individual basis in approximately eight 1-h sessions over 12 weeks. Assessments were done at 0, 3, and 9 months, with trial assessors masked to treatment allocation. The key feasibility outcomes were the numbers of patients identified, recruited, and retained, treatment uptake, and data completion. Treatment acceptability was measured with the Abbreviated Acceptability Rating Profile (AARP). In preliminary clinical assessments, the primary clinical outcome was insomnia at 3 and 9 months assessed with the ISI, reported by randomised group (intention-to-treat analysis). Safety was assessed in all randomly assigned participants. The trial was prospectively registered on ISRCTN, 85601537, and is completed. From Nov 18, 2020, to Jan 26, 2022, 67 young people were screened, of whom 40 (60%) at ultra-high risk of psychosis were recruited. Mean age was 16·9 years (SD 2·5; range 14-23), and most participants identified as female (n=19 [48%]) or male (n=19 [48%]) and as White (n=32 [80%]). 21 participants were randomly assigned to SleepWell therapy plus usual care and 19 to usual care alone. All participants provided data on at least one follow-up visit. 39 (98%) of 40 participants completed the primary outcome assessment at 3 and 9 months. 20 (95%) of 21 participants assigned to SleepWell therapy received the prespecified minimum treatment dose of at least four sessions. The median treatment acceptability score on the AARP was 48 (IQR 46 to 48; n=17; maximum possible score 48). At the post-intervention follow-up (3 months), compared with the usual care alone group, the SleepWell therapy group had a reduction in insomnia severity (ISI adjusted mean difference -8·12 [95% CI -11·60 to -4·63]; Cohen's d=-2·67 [95% CI -3·81 to -1·52]), which was sustained at 9 months (ISI adjusted mean difference -5·83 [-9·31 to -2·35]; Cohen's d=-1·91 [-3·06 to -0·77]). Among the 40 participants, eight adverse events were reported in six participants (two [11%] participants in the usual care group and four [19%] participants in the SleepWell therapy group). One serious adverse event involving hospital admission for a physical health problem was reported in the SleepWell therapy group, and one patient in the usual care alone group transitioned to psychosis. None of these events were classed as being related to trial treatment or procedures. A randomised controlled trial of a targeted psychological sleep therapy for young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis is feasible. Patients can be retained in the trial and assessments done by masked assessors. Uptake of the sleep therapy was high, and we found preliminary evidence of sustained reductions in sleep problems. A definitive multicentre trial is now needed. NIHR Research for Patient Benefit and NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre.

Fear of COVID-19, risk perception and preventive behavior in health workers: a cross-sectional analysis in middle-income Latin American countries.

The aim of this study was to examine the association between fear of COVID-19 and risk perception with preventive behavior in health professionals from four Latin American countries. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted. Health professionals with on-site care in Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Peru were surveyed. Information was collected through an online self-report questionnaire. The main variables were preventive behavior as the dependent variable and fear of COVID-19 and risk perception as independent variables. Linear regression was used, and unstandardized beta coefficient and value of ps were calculated. Four hundred and thirty-five health professionals were included, the majority were aged 42 years or older (45.29, 95%CI: 40.65-50.01) and female (67.82, 95%CI: 63.27-72.05). It was shown that the greater the fear of COVID-19, the greater the preventive behavior of COVID-19 infection (B = 2.21, p = 0.002 for total behavior; B = 1.12, p = 0.037 for additional protection at work; B = 1.11, p < 0.010 for hand washing). The risk perception of COVID-19 infection had a slight direct relationship with preventive behaviours (B = 0.28, p = 0.021 for total behavior; B = 0.13, p = 0.015 for hand washing), with the exception of the preventive behavior of using additional protection at work (p = 0.339). We found that fear and risk perception are associated with increased practice of hand washing and use of additional protection at work. Further studies are required on the influence of working conditions, job performance and the occurrence of mental health problems in frontline personnel with regard to COVID-19.

Mental health problems among transition-aged youth with physical disabilities: an initial evaluation.

Decreased participation and complex transitions into adulthood among youth with disabilities may impede their well-being. To advance knowledge on the co-occurrence of mental health problems and physical disability, this brief report describes the frequency of mental health problems, measured by the Behavior Assessment System of Children (BASC-3), among transition-aged youth (14-25 years) with physical disabilities and examines the association between mental health problems and sex, age, and number of functional issues. Thirty-three participants completed a demographic questionnaire and the BASC-3. Frequency of BASC-3 scales falling within 3 categories: "within norms", "at risk", and "clinically significant" were described. Crosstabs and Chi-square tests were used to examine the association between BASC-3 scales and sex, age (< and ≥ 20), and number of functional issues (< and ≥ 6). Overall, "somatization", "self-esteem", "depression" and "sense of inadequacy" were the most common subscales being at risk. Participants with a higher number of functional issues (≥6) were more likely to fall within "at risk" or "clinically significant" categories across 20 (out of 22) BASC-3 scales, and female participants tended to fall more within "at risk" or "clinically significant" categories for 8 of BASC-3 scales. Younger participants (<20) were ranked in the "at risk" or "clinically significant" categories for 7 scales. Findings lend further support for the occurrence of mental health problems emerging in youth with physical disabilities and highlight initial trends especially across functional levels. Further investigation of such co-occurrences and the factors that affect their development is needed.

Økt bruk av psykiske diagnoser for unge

Background/aim: Substance abuse and mental illness cause considerable health loss in Norway. Prescription and survey data indicate increased occurrence of such ailments among young people. The aim of this study was to explore the trend in the assignment of mental health diagnoses among primary care physicians and in specialist health care. Methods: We linked data from the national primary care register Norwegian Control and Payment of Health Reimbursements Database (KUHR) and the Norwegian Patient Registry for specialist care for the years 2008–2018 for individuals born between 1986 and 1997. For each episode of care, we received information on age, sex and registered diagnosis. We estimated proportions of the population that had been diagnosed with various mental illnesses for the age groups 15–21 and 22–28 in the birth cohorts 1993–1997 and 1986–1990. Results: In the cohort that turned 21 years of age in 2018, 30% of women and 23% of men had been diagnosed with a mental illness during the period 2012–2018. The proportions increased from 23% for women and 21% for men in the cohort that turned 21 years of age in 2014. A similar increase was observed among those aged 22–28. Anxiety and depression-related diagnoses accounted for the greatest increases in both age groups. Implications: We find increased assignment of mental health diagnoses for young people during the period 2008–2018. This increase may be caused by a higher occurrence of mental health problems and illnesses, expanded treatment provision, change of diagnostic criteria among clinicians and/or a lower threshold for seeking help. Keywords: mental health diagnoses, mental illness, mental disorders, young adults, youth

Risk and protective factors associated with internalizing and externalizing mental health problems among 13-15-year-old youth

The main aim of the research was to identify factors associated with the occurrence of mental health problems in adolescents. The study group consisted of elementary and junior high school students from Ilawa aged 13-15 years (N=574). The self-administered, anonymous questionnaire had been completed during school lessons. Two groups of mental health problems were included in the study: internalizing (depressive symptoms and emotional problems) and externalizing (use of psychoactive substances, aggressive behavior, delinquency), as well as a number of psychosocial factors (parental support and control, school bonding, peer influence, victimization, leisure activities). Hierarchical logistic regression models with Wald statistics were used to identify risk and protective factors. Parental support and control appeared to be universal protective factors that reduce the risk of both internalizing and externalizing problems. On the other hand, being a victim of peer violence and spending a lot of time on e-contacts appeared to be risk factors for both groups of adolescent mental health problems. In addition, sex, negative peer influences, school bonding, and use of computer / video games were important factors in the regression models. Prevention of mental health problems should be directed to education of parents in the skills of support and monitoring adolescents, strengthening the bonding to school and resilience to the negative influences of peer company.

Physical activity and the development of general mental health problems or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children and adolescents: A cross-lagged panel analysis of long-term follow-up epidemiological data.

Studies have shown that physical activity (PA) can provide a helpful, low-risk, and cost-effective intervention for children and adolescents suffering from mental health problems. This longitudinal study aimed to assess whether PA prevents the development of mental health problems, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Data were analyzed from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) collected from more than 15.000 children and adolescents at three different time points over a period of more than 10 years. Parents scored the PA of the study participants on three frequency levels according to WHO recommendations, and mental health problems were assessed by means of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The total problem score (SDQ-Total) and the hyperactivity/inattention symptoms sub-scale (SDQ-H/I) were used in an autoregressive cross-lagged model to examine their relationship with PA. The results showed that PA of boys and girls at preschool age was inversely associated with the occurrence of mental health problems and, in particular, ADHD symptoms about 6 years later. Higher levels of PA were associated with better general mental health and fewer ADHD symptoms at the next time point (Wave 1). These effects were not observed from preadolescence (Wave 1) to adolescence (Wave 2), neither for girls nor for boys. These findings indicate that medium-to-high PA may be a supportive factor for good mental health in children in preschool and elementary school. Future studies will have to show whether PA may be a helpful add-on for interventional programs for improving general mental health and alleviating ADHD symptoms among children and adolescents.

Progress in qualitative study on mental health service demand of children and adolescents with adverse childhood experiences.

As a global public health problem, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is an important factor leading to serious psychological and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. Mental health service plan based on mental health service needs is the key to effectively improve the psychological problems of children and adolescents with ACEs. Emotional support, life skills training, mental health education, and individualized psychological intervention can effectively improve the mental health of children and adolescents with ACEs. Among them, emotional support is an important way to help individual reduce psychological and behavioral problems; secondly, life skills training can significantly improve the individual's psychosocial ability; and mental health education is a necessary way to promote the development of individual mental health. Individualized psychological intervention can promote individual to obtain more professional mental health service and improve their psychological symptoms, which is crucial for preventing the occurrence of mental health problems. Future research can develop targeted mental health interventions based on the specific mental health service needs.

Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Mental Health Problems in Female Cancer Survivors: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of cancer survivorship stage and health-related behaviors on the risk of developing mental health problems (depressive and anxiety disorders) in women who have experienced cancers that affect women (breast cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer). Using the healthcare utilization and medical checkup data from 2010 to 2020 provided by the National Health Insurance Service, the occurrence of mental health problems since 2020 was tracked for 36,801 women diagnosed with cancer. The occurrence of mental health problems was defined as the cases in which the disease code was assigned to anxiety disorders (F40~F44, F48) and depressive disorders (F32~34, F41.2, F92) as presented in ICD-10. To evaluate the effect of cancer survivorship stage and health-related behaviors on the development of mental health problems, the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard model. During the follow-up period of 5.6 years, anxiety disorder occurred in 14,698 (39.9%), and by cancer type, breast cancer survivors accounted for the most at 1.02 per 1000 person-years. The risk of anxiety disorders increased in those who experienced cervical cancer (AHR, 1.08, 95% CI, 1.03–1.13) and those in the acute survivorship stage (AHR, 1.38, 95% CI, 1.22–1.55). In terms of health-related behaviors, the risk of developing anxiety disorder was shown to be reduced in drinkers (AHR, 0.91, 95% CI, 0.87–0.96), former smokers (AHR, 0.86, 95% CI, 0.77–0.97), and current smokers (AHR, 0.80, 95% CI, 0.71–0.90). During the follow-up period of 5.6 years, depressive disorder occurred in 6168(16.8%), and by cancer type, ovarian cancer survivors accounted for the most at 1.30 per 1000 person-years. The risk of developing depressive disorders was highest in those who experienced ovarian cancer (AHR, 1.40, 95% CI, 1.27–1.53) and those in the acute survivorship stage (AHR, 2.99, 95% CI, 2.60–3.42). For health-related behaviors, the risk of developing depressive disorders was increased in former smokers (AHR, 1.32, 95% CI, 1.14–1.54), current smokers (AHR, 1.21, 95% CI, 1.04–1.41), and those with insufficient physical activity (AHR, 1.09, 95% CI, 1.02–1.15). It has been confirmed that cancer type, cancer survivorship stage, and health-related behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, and physical activity, are significantly related to the risk of mental health problems. Thus, it is necessary to develop strategies to cope with mental health problems at the individual and national levels and to develop interventions to promote a more active lifestyle.

Discrimination and mental health in the minority sexual population: Cross-sectional analysis of the first peruvian virtual survey.

This study sought to evaluate the association between discrimination and having mental health problems in the past 12 months in the sexual minority population in Peru. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a secondary database corresponding to the first LGBTI survey in Peru in 2017. We included adults who self-identified their sexual orientation as gay, lesbian, bisexual, pansexual, or asexual/others. Both the exposure and dependent variables were self-reported by the participants. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to determine the association by calculating adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Out of 9760 respondents, more than two-thirds of the participants reported having been discriminated against or having experienced violence at some time in their lives (70.3%) and one-fourth reported having mental health problems (23.8%). In the multivariable regression model, the prevalence of mental health problems in the last 12 months was 72% higher for the group of individuals who experienced discrimination when compared with the group that did not experience discrimination (APR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.57-1.88). The association was stronger among who self-identified lesbians (APR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.65-2.64). The prevalence of mental health problems and discrimination was high in this population. In addition, we found a statistically significant association between discrimination and the occurrence of mental health problems in the last 12 months.

Mental health and academic performance in a cohort of first year primary school children in Chile

IntroductionPsychiatric disorders are common in children, and academic attainment is lower in children with psychiatric disorders. There are few data about the occurrence of mental health problems and the academic attainment among children in Chile.ObjectivesTo determine the occurrence of mental health problems and its association with academic attainment in first-year students of elementary schools in ChileMethods The study was conducted in 39 urban and rural public elementary schools in Chile in 2019. The academic performance was measured using the Woodcock Muñoz IV Battery and the Corsi Bock-Tapping test. Mental health was assessed using the self-report Dominique Interactive and Strengths in children and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) instruments in their parents and teachers. A triangulation of information was conducted between different informants.Results Overall 610 children were included in the analysis (mean age 7.10 years (SD=0.58), 51% women, 36% from rural area). A higher score in mathematics and reading was negatively correlated to a higher score in emotional symptoms, hyperactivity and peer relationship difficulties, separately, based on both teacher- and parent-reported SDQ. The correlation coefficient between reading scores with Dominique Interactive and Strengths externalizing symptoms was -0.22 (p&lt;0,05). A higher maternal education level was associated with higher education attainment in their children (p &lt;0,05). There was no association between rurality and children’s mental health symptoms.ConclusionsThe current results can inform local stakeholders in Chile about the importance of mental health at a very early age.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Psychological maltreatment, coping flexibility, and death obsession during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-mediation analysis.

Recent psychological studies have reported that child maltreatment is a common issue during the COVID-19 pandemic, with negative factor leading to greater risk of occurrence of mental health problems. However, the relationship between psychological maltreatment and psychological factors is complex. Understanding the factors, which may help to provide interventions, is a critical step for mental health providers. This study aims to examine the relationships between psychological maltreatment, coping flexibility, coronavirus anxiety, coronavirus stress, and death distress. We collected data from 394 Turkish young adults (76% male: average age 21.36 ± 2.57 years) during the outbreak of COVID-19. The results of multi-mediation analysis showed that psychological maltreatment was positively related to the death obsession. More importantly, this relationship could be explained through the mediated effects of coping flexibility, coronavirus anxiety, and coronavirus stress. This study highlights the non-negligible role of psychological maltreatment in affecting death obsession and the role of coping flexibility in explaining the psychological influence of maltreatment.

Well-being and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected the lives of everyone. Some studies suggest that the incidence of mental health problems increased during the pandemic. The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics of mental well-being and the risk of developing depression among different age groups during the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia.MethodsData from eight waves of the Slovenian panel web survey SI PANDA was used, namely the 1st wave: from 4th to 6th December 2020 (n = 1001); 8th wave: from 12th to 15th March 2021 (n = 1002). The sample included adults aged 18 to 74 years. In all eight waves, we used The World Health Organisation-Five Well Being Index (WHO 5), which is a short self-reported scale of current mental well-being and also has appropriate validity for screening for depression. Data were analyzed using the SPSS25, we applied the Mantel Haenszel linear trend test and the chi square test.ResultsThe results show that from the 1st to the 8th wave of the study (from December 4th 2020 to March 15th 2021), mental well being in the whole sample improved slightly (M H test for trend, p < 0,001), both in men and women, across all age groups. In addition, there was a declining trend in the risk of developing depression among the population aged between 30 and 64 years. However, this decrease was not observed in the 65-74 and 18-29 age groups in the mentioned time frame. In the youngest age group we could observe substantial fluctuations in the risk for depression between research waves, whereas in the eldest population a favourable decline in the risk for depression was not observed.ConclusionsRisk of developing depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia is different among different age groups. Studies suggest that the occurrence of mental health problems increased during the pandemic, but not necessarily in parallel with the level of mental well being experienced by adults, which was also shown in the Slovenian sample.Key messages From December 4th 2020 to March 15th 2021 there was a declining trend in the risk of developing depression among the population aged between 30 and 64 years.The most vulnerable groups for depression symptoms in COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia were 65–74 and 18-29 age groups.

The Association Between Alcohol Use and Suicidal Ideation Among Employees.

ObjectiveThe risk of suicide is assessed by identifying the relationship between alcohol-use patterns and suicidal ideation in Korean employees. MethodsThe study involved 13,858 employees who underwent workplace mental health screening at the Workplace Mental Health Institute of Kangbuk Samsung Hospital over a 6-year period between 2014 and 2019. Analysis was performed separately for Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Korea (AUDIT-K) items related to the frequency/volume of alcohol consumption (items 1 to 3, AUDIT-C) and those regarding alcohol dependence/related problems (items 4 to 10, AUDIT-D/P). Subjects were then classified into three groups on the basis of the presence or absence of clinical depression and suicidal ideation. The groups’ sociodemographic factors and clinical features of depression, anxiety, and alcohol-use patterns were analyzed with a chi-square test as well as one-way analysis of variance, followed by a post hoc test using the Bonferroni correction. ResultsAUDIT-K and AUDIT-D/P scores were significantly associated with the presence or absence of clinical depression as well as the presence or absence of suicidal ideation (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were found among the three groups with regard to the AUDIT-C score (p=0.054). ConclusionIdentifying or treating alcohol dependence/related problems can help lower the occurrence of mental health problems, and suicidal ideation in particular, in employees and reduce social costs.

Assessing the behavioural trajectories of terrorists: The role of psychological resilience

ABSTRACT Within studies critically examining terrorist behaviour, the examination of mental health has largely focused on the relationship with the movement towards terrorist involvement. The impact of engagement in terrorism upon mental health has rarely been studied. However, recent research has shown that there is an association between terrorist engagement and the occurrence of mental health problems across the spectrum of terrorist involvement. This work therefore expands on previous research, and disaggregates three discrete stages of terrorist involvement; pre-engagement, engagement, and disengagement, to critically examine the role of psychological resilience on mental health. To determine whether psychological resilience protects against the negative psychological repercussions of terrorist involvement, we undertake cluster analyses. Results indicate that there is a subset of actors who demonstrate psychological resilience, and appear to maintain their mental health despite their experiences during involvement in terrorism.

Use of Alcohol and Addictive Drugs During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Norway: Associations With Mental Health and Pandemic-Related Problems.

Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 has had a major impact on people's daily life. This study aimed to examine use of alcohol and addictive drugs during the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway and examine their association with mental health problems and problems related to the pandemic.Methods: A sample of 4,527 persons responded to the survey. Use of alcohol and addictive drugs were cross-tabulated with sociodemographic variables, mental health problems, and problems related to COVID-19. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the strength of the associations.Results: Daily use of alcohol was associated with depression and expecting financial loss in relation to the COVID-19 outbreak. Use of cannabis was associated with expecting financial loss in relation to COVID-19. Use of sedatives was associated with anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Use of painkillers was associated with insomnia and self-reported risk of complications if contracting the coronavirus.Conclusion: The occurrence of mental health problems is more important for an understanding of the use of alcohol and addictive drugs during the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway, compared to specific pandemic-related worries.

What predicts internal and external mental disorders in adolescent boys and girls? Results from a 10-year longitudinal study

ABSTRACT Although it is known from epidemiological research that girls are more likely to develop internalizing disorders and boys are more likely to develop externalizing disorders, differences between girls and boys are rarely examined in risk research. This longitudinal study of 356 families identified risk factors for the development of externalizing and internalizing disorders from childhood (age 4) to adolescence (age 14 years). The aim of this study is to examine gender differences in the predication. Mental disorders of boys were overall more predictable than those of girls. Mother’s substance abuse during pregnancy/breastfeeding, mother´s psychopathology and the presence of a mental disorder in the child in kindergarten age were identified as risk factors for internalizing and externalizing disorders in adolescence. There were no significant differences between girls and boys in predicting the individual risk factors. Externalizing disorders were better predicted than internalizing disorders. Early occurrence of mental health problems is important for the development of mental disorders. Further research on gender-specific risk factors is needed.