Occurrence Of Iron Deficiency Research Articles

Pathogenetic Effects of Bacteria of the Genus <i>Desulfovibrio</i>. Experimental Study. Part One: Iron Metabolism

The aim of the work was to study specific systemic effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria of the genus Desulfovibrio on organism systems through creating an experimental model of intragastric bacterial invasion against the background of dysbiotic conditions of rodent gastrointestinal tract. Materials and methods. The experimental study was conducted on Wistar rats. Intestinal dysbiosis was modeled with the help of antibiotics, amoxicillin and metronidazole. Typical strain Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans VKM B-1799T was used as an infectious agent. Results and discussion. As a result of the experiment performed, during the period of acute infection (on day 15 of the experiment), a direct correlation between the concentration of the injected D. desulfuricans VKM B-1799T bacteria suspension and the serum iron level was observed: the higher the infectious agent dose, the lower the serum iron concentration. During the phase of remote effects (day 38 of the experiment), the inverse correlation between the concentrations of D. desulfuricans VKM B-1799T in the intestines of rodents was revealed: when the concentration of the infecting agent increased from 103 CFU/g and higher, the iron level decreased from 43.5 μmol/l to 38.5 μmol/l. When comparing the level of transferrin and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), an increase in those parameters was observed in all groups of rats both during the period of acute infection and the period of long-term effects, and the percentage of transferrin iron saturation decreased, indicating the occurrence of iron deficiency against the background of exposure to the infectious agent. Intestinal dysbiosis promotes colonization by opportunistic flora, including Desulfovibrio sp. Changes in the iron metabolism markers in experimental animals against the background of D. desulfuricans VKM B-1799T infestation above 103 CFU/g and the ability of this microorganism to bind iron into an unavailable form suggest that the bacteria Desulfovibrio sp. are one of the key etiological factors of iron deficiency anemia.

Penyuluhan Pentingnya Tablet Fe Untuk Ibu Hamil Di Desa Pattallassang Kabupaten Bantaeng

Anemia is one of the causes of maternal death. The prevalence of pregnant women in Indonesia is 37.1%. The low level of knowledge of pregnant women affects If pregnant women experience nutritional and iron deficiencies during pregnancy it will cause problems, both for the mother and the fetus they contain, namely anemia, bleeding, and the mother's weight does not increase normally. Lack of nutrition can also affect the delivery process which can lead to difficult and long labor, premature birth, bleeding after delivery, lack of nutrition can also affect fetal growth and can cause miscarriage, abortion, congenital defects and low birth weight of the fetus. Fe becomes limited and has an impact on the occurrence of iron deficiency. The better the knowledge of pregnant women, the better in absorbing information, especially about Fe tablets. If pregnant women experience a lack of nutrients and iron during pregnancy, it will cause problems, both for the mother and the fetus they contain, namely anemia, bleeding, and the mother's weight does not increase normally. Giving Fe tablets is one of the most effective prevention and control strategies for anemia in increasing hemoglobin levels and can reduce the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women by 20-25%. The method used is counseling. Counseling about Fe tablets is very effective in overcoming the side effects that are felt after consuming Fe tablets. The results of the service showed an increase in knowledge and compliance of pregnant women in consuming Fe tablets as an effort to prevent iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women.

Iron and stable ischemic heart disease - lessons from heart failure

Iron is an essential element for cardiomyocyte viability and contractility. Systemic iron deficiency, even without anemia, is reflected by iron deficiency in cardiomyocytes. As in other cells, there is here a complex, local and autonomous regulation of iron metabolism, based on two molecular systems: the hepcidin/ferroportin/transferrin receptor-1 axis; and the iron regulatory proteins-1,2 system. These molecular pathways allow cardiomyocytes to react to changes in serum iron availability. In mice, dietary manipulations of serum iron availability or cardio-specific deletions and mutations of regulatory genes for intracellular iron metabolism have clarified some aspects of the causal relationship between cardiomyocyte iron deficiency and the development of severe heart failure, prevented by intravenous iron treatment even without the occurrence of iron deficiency (sideropenic) anemia. The deleterious effects of iron deficiency and hypoxia on gene expression of the main regulators of intracellular iron and oxygen metabolism and on cardiac function are very similar in heart failure and in chronic stable ischemic heart disease, and conjure towards cardiomyocyte injury. We here hypothesize that in non-anemic patients with stable ischemic heart disease a chronic or acute serum iron deficiency can amplify the chronic activation of the cardiomyocyte hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. As a consequence, cardiac adaptative responses to chronic hypoxia/ischemia are significantly impaired, and cardiac dysfunction exacerbated. We hypothesize that, in such patients, iron replacement through forced iron supplementation may replete cardiomyocyte iron deficiency and improve ischemic heart disease. This hypothesis requires further experimental studies, but also, and already now, specific clinical trials.

Iron Deficiency Risk Factors in Undernourished Children Aged 6-23 Months in Aceh, Indonesia

The study aimed to analyse both the prevalence and risk factors for iron deficiency in undernourished children aged 6-23 months in Aceh. A cross-sectional study design was applied on 154 underweight children selected through a cluster sampling. Ferritin serum was analysed using the the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), haemoglobin level using the cyanmethaemoglobin, socio-demographic and food frequency data were collected by interviews. Data on iron intake, dietary diversity and nutrient density were assesed by the repeated 24 hours recall method for three days. The results showed that 27.3% of children suffered from iron deficiency (ID), 50.7% was anaemic and 19.7% suffered from iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Only 37.7% of children had received exclusive breast milk, 45.5% were given timely introduction of complementary feeding, 33.1% met the minimum meal frequency, 28.6% met dietary diversity, and 23.4% met the criteria for acceptable diet, 33.1% had iron intake from complementary feeding >40% RDA and 24.7% had enough iron density. Age, breastfeeding status and mother’s occupation were significantly associated with the occurrence of ID where children aged 12-23 months were at lower risk than those aged 6-11 months (OR=0.28; 95%CI:0.09-0.83), while children who were not breastfed had 11.33 times higher risk of suffering from ID (OR=11.33; 95%CI:1.38-93.39). Working mothers had 8.29 higher risk of having children with ID (OR=8.29; 95%CI:1.71-40.08). The prevalence of ID in undernourished children was very high, thus it is necessary to improve the quality of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practicess as well as other interventions integrated into reducing malnutrition and iron deficiency to accelerate prevention of malnutrition in children.

Diagnosis of anemia in populations at high altitudes

Iron deficiency and overload are risk factors for numerous poor health outcomes, and thus the maintenance of iron homeostasis is vital. Considering that hemoglobin contains 70% of the total iron in the body, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the measurement of iron levels to calculate the rate of iron deficiency anemia (IDA), although WHO recognizes that IDA is not the only cause of anemia. As hemoglobin increases with altitude, WHO recommends correcting the cut-off point to define anemia at high altitudes. An objection to this correction is that the increase in hemoglobin at high altitudes is not universal and is not linear. In addition, individuals in older age groups have lower hemoglobin levels than those in younger age groups. In infants, children, pregnant women, and adults, the prevalence of anemia using corrected hemoglobin is 3-5 times higher than that using markers of iron status. State programs seek to control anemia by means of iron supplementation. However, these programs are ineffective, particularly for high-altitude populations. Therefore, the occurrence of iron deficiency at high altitudes is controversial. The serum levels of the hormone hepcidin, which regulates iron availability, are similar in individuals at high altitudes to those of individuals at sea level, indicating that iron deficiency does not occur at high altitudes. An additional problem when correcting hemoglobin at high altitudes is that the frequency of erythrocytosis is decreased. In conclusion, the correction of the cut-off point of hemoglobin at high altitudes to determine iron deficiency is inadequate.

Co-existence of Iron Deficiency in Beta Thalassaemia Trait

Background: Beta-Thalassaemia Trait (β-TT) is common in this subcontinent as well as Bangladesh. 3% of our total population is documented to have β-TT. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), remains one of the most severe and important nutritional disorder in the world especially in Bangladesh. Microcytic hypochromic blood picture is common manifestation of both disorders. Purpose of the present study was to see whether both can co-exist.Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out in Department of Internal Medicine, Bangabandu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from January-2014 to August-2015. Total 54 participants were selected from Haematology outpatient department (OPD), BSMMU. All of them had β-TT confirmed by Capillary Haemoglobin Electrophoresis. Proper counseling was done and informed consent was taken. Relevant history was taken and examination was done. Five ml of venous blood was collected and sent to Biochemistry department to measure serum iron, ferritin and tissue iron binding capacity (TIBC). Transferrin saturation (T.Sat) was calculated by formula (iron/TIBC) X100.Results: Total 54 patients who fulfilled the recruitment criteria were finally analyzed. Among them 85% (46) patients were females and 15% (8) were males. Median age was 30 years (range11-80 yrs). Most of the patients 78 % (42) belong to the age group between 15 to 44 years. Mean (±SD) HbA2 (%) was 5.35 (±1.39), Hb (%) 9.04± (1.39), MCV (fl)- 67.02 (±10.39), MCH (pg)- 21.06 (±3.99), RDW (%)- 17.77 (±3.85). Among them 44.4% (24) had low iron (<40μg/dl), 29.6 % (16) had low ferritin (15μgm/L), 33.3% (18) had high TIBC (>407μg/dl), and 50% (27) had low transferrin saturation (<16%). 13% (7) patients were found to be iron deficiency considering all parameters and 63% (34) patients were iron deficient in at least one parameter.Conclusions: The present study shows the frequent occurrence of iron deficiency (29.6%) in subjects with β-TT which is a potentially correctable clinical condition. Proper assessment of iron level among the β-TT should be done and those who are iron deficient, should be treated promptly which may improve their general wellbeing.J MEDICINE Jan 2018; 19 (1) : 44-48

Ferrous bisglycinate 25 mg iron is as effective as ferrous sulfate 50 mg iron in the prophylaxis of iron deficiency and anemia during pregnancy in a randomized trial

To compare the effects of oral ferrous bisglycinate 25 mg iron/day vs. ferrous sulfate 50 mg iron/day in the prevention of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnant women. Randomized, double-blind, intention-to-treat study. Antenatal care clinic. 80 healthy ethnic Danish pregnant women. Women were allocated to ferrous bisglycinate 25 mg elemental iron (Aminojern®) (n=40) or ferrous sulfate 50 mg elemental iron (n=40) from 15 to 19 weeks of gestation to delivery. Hematological status (hemoglobin, red blood cell indices) and iron status (plasma iron, plasma transferrin, plasma transferrin saturation, plasma ferritin) were measured at 15-19 weeks (baseline), 27-28 weeks and 36-37 weeks of gestation. Occurrence of ID (ferritin <15 μg/L) and IDA (ferritin <12 μg/L and hemoglobin <110 g/L). At inclusion, there were no significant differences between the bisglycinate and sulfate group concerning hematological status and iron status. The frequencies of ID and IDA were low and not significantly different in the two iron groups. The frequency of gastrointestinal complaints was lower in the bisglycinate than in the sulfate group (P=0.001). Newborns weight was slightly higher in the bisglycinate vs. the sulfate group (3601±517 g vs. 3395±426 g, P=0.09). In the prevention of ID and IDA, ferrous bisglycinate was not inferior to ferrous sulfate. Ferrous bisglycinate in a low dose of 25 mg iron/day appears to be adequate to prevent IDA in more than 95% of Danish women during pregnancy and postpartum.

Welfare problems in dairy calves

The most significant welfare problems in dairy calves in intensive rearing conditions have been investigated in this paper. These problems mainly result from inadequate intake of colostrum (separation from the dam), inadequate ventilation (resulting in inappropriate airflow, low or high temperatures, high humidity and poor air quality), poor floor conditions (wet floor, without bedding), inadequate monitoring of health, exposure to pathogens causing respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders and occurrence of iron deficiency. In addition, on cattle farms in our country welfare problems in calves originate from continuous restocking (no "all in - all out") and mixing calves from different sources, as well as insufficiently balanced solid food, insufficient access to water and generally poor response of farmer to health problems, especially necessary dietary changes. A special welfare problem is insufficient floor space allowance which results in calf?s discomfort.

Importância das práticas alimentares no primeiro ano de vida na prevenção da deficiência de ferro

A reconhecida relevância da anemia por deficiência de ferro, em termos de saúde pública, decorre não apenas da magnitude de sua ocorrência, mas, principalmente, dos efeitos deletérios que ocasiona à saúde da criança. Com o objetivo de investigar as práticas alimentares no primeiro ano de vida e sua associação com a deficiência de ferro, realizou-se revisão da literatura científica nacional e internacional sobre a questão, selecionando os artigos mais relevantes. Crianças que nascem atermo e com peso adequado, ao receberem o leite materno de forma exclusiva suprem suas necessidades de ferro, sendo desnecessário qualquer complemento nos primeiros seis meses de vida. Próximo aos seis meses de idade ocorre gradualmente o esgotamento das reservas de ferro e a alimentação complementar passa a ter papel predominante no atendimento às necessidades desse nutriente. O papel do aleitamento materno na ocorrência da deficiência de ferro é ainda controverso e parece depender do país, região e tipo de leite utilizado em substituição ao leite materno. Na impossibilidade da continuidade do aleitamento materno, a substituição deste por leite de vaca aumenta o risco de a criança apresentar deficiência de ferro. Práticas complementares que comprovadamente contribuem com a prevenção da deficiência de ferro são: alimentação complementar com alta biodisponibilidade de ferro, alimentos fortificados e suplemento de ferro em doses profiláticas. Dieta com alta biodisponibilidade de ferro é aquela que contém os alimentos básicos da família, desde que saudáveis, com a presença de carne, vitamina A e vitamina C. A alimentação no primeiro ano de vida tem papel importante na prevenção da anemia por deficiência de ferro e, para sua adequada implementação, é necessário que suas diretrizes sejam adotadas como rotina nas unidades básicas de saúde.

Effect of monosilicate, phosphate, and carbonate on iron dissolution by mugineic acid

Abstract Anions adsorbed specifically onto iron minerals in soil can affect the dissolution of the minerals by phytosiderophores and the occurrence of iron deficiency in graminaceous crops. Ferrihydrite was suspended in NaCl solutions (pH 4-9) containing orthophosphate, monosilicate, or carbonate at various concentrations, and then the dissolution rates of the ferrihydrite by mugineic acid (MA) were determined . The adsorption of the anion and MA were also quantified . All the tested anions inhibited both the iron dissolution by MA and the MA adsorption onto ferrihydrite . Monosilicate inhibited the iron dissolution severely (>80%) when the pH value exceeded 8 and the final concentration exceeded 0.2 mm. The inhibition of monosilicate on iron dissolution decreased significantly with decreasing pH . On the other hand, monosilicate is commonly present in soil solutions at such high concentrations as 0 .2 mm . Moreover, strict inhibition of ferrihydrite dissolution was also observed when the ferrihydrite was...

Occurrence of iron deficiency in growing cattle.

Occurrence of iron (Fe) deficiency anaemia was investigated in 33 farms in 443 veal calves (group VC; 83% males and 17% females) fed whole, defatted or butter milk or milk powder without or with supplements and in 72 age- and weight-matched bull calves (group BC) fed roughage, concentrates with mineral and vitamin supplements. In group VC plasma Fe concentration was much more frequently decreased and total iron binding capacity was much more frequently increased than in group BC. In group VC haemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell number (RBC) in 18, 23 and 3%, respectively, of calves were below--2SD of the mean of reference values (Hb: 105 +/- 14 g/l, PCV: 0.28 +/- 0.04 l/l, RBC: 8.2 +/- 1.0 T/l [means +/- 2 SD]), shown in another study to remain stable throughout the growth period when veal calves were fed 52 mg Fe/kg milk replacer. In contrast, in calves of group RC only 3% of Hb values, 3% of PCV and 1% of RBC were below reference values. Fe deficiency anaemia is therefore a rather frequent problem in veal calves, but not in young bulls, fed roughage, concentrates and mineral/vitamin supplements.

Occurrence of iron deficiency in important crops in maharashtra and tamil nadu states in India: A report

Abstract Iron deficiency has become a serious problem in many parts of India and is one of the major factors limiting yields of many crops. The list of crop species affected by this disease is long, and includes those which were hitherto not known to be susceptible. While sugarcane, groundnut and sorghum are affected in both Maharashtra, rhizome crops like turmeric and flower crops like jasmine and Crossandra suffer from Fe chlorosis in Tamil Nadu. Many soils in Ahmednagar and Coimbatore are highly calcaeous with which pH about 8. Due to the intensive cropping with heavy irrigation the groundwater has become salty. Iron deficiency has now assumed serious proportions affecting several crops and flower plants.

Bodembehandeling in de Fruitteelt

Part 1 discusses the influence of a number of physical factors, particularly moisture conditions. The most important of the trials were on the effect of soil moisture on fruit-trees, in particular on growth of shoots and fruits, fruit set and initiation of mixed buds. The watertable was of significance for the water supply necessary for rooting; standards were given for optimum humidity. The water and air balance of sample plots in an orchard with different soil profiles were estimated and differences were compared with the reactions of fruit trees. Finally water consumption and the optimum water table were considered. Part 2 considers how soil chemistry influenced the trees. Critical values for the relation K/Mg were given as a measure of Mg deficiency. The influences of soil humidity, calcium status, nitrogen dressing and soil cover or soil vegetation on Mg deficiency were also studied. A number of soil factors or groups of soil factors were involved in the occurrence of iron deficiency. Standards were derived for zinc content of leaves, and some factors involved in zinc deficiency were detected. N deficiency was also studied. How the standards derived could be applied to soil management in practice is indicated in the final chapter.